Test Bank For The West 1st by Grafton

Test Bank for The West 1st by Grafton
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CHAPTER 7
BETWEEN WORLDS: LATE ANTIQUITY AND THE MAKING OF
THE MIDDLE AGES, 476–900
CONCEPT OUTLINE
I. Introduction
II. Byzantium: East Rome Transformed (527–630)

A. Justinian: Rebuilding Authority
1. A New Legal Code
2. Fiscal Reform
3. The Nika Riots (532)
4. Imperial Grandeur
B. The Christian Empire
1. The Church of Hagia Sophia
2. Emperor of State and Church
3. Religious Icons: The Eastern Tradition
C. Economy and Society
1. Work
2. Women’s Lives
D. Imperial Strength and Decline
1. Plague (541–542)
2. The Revival of Persia
3. War with Sasanian Persia (540–630)
4. Reform under Heraclius
III. The Origins of Islam (600–650)

A. Arab Societies
B. “There Is One God and Muhammad Is His Prophet”
1. Early Teachings
2. From Mecca to Medina
C. The Formation of Islam
1. Living by Allah’s Commands
D. An Expanding State
1. The Question of Succession
2. Shiites and Sunnis
E. The Early Conquests (633–719)
IV. Islam and Byzantium: Cultural Adaptation (7th–10th Centuries)

A. Iconoclasm
B. The Macedonian Renaissance
C. Caliphate Culture
1. Scripture and Interpretation
2. The Mosque
3. The Dome of the Rock
4. The House of Wisdom
5. Islamic Scholarship
V. The West in Late Antiquity (475–843)

A. Theodoric’s Gothic Realm
B. Lombard Duchies in Italy
C. The Heritage of the Ancients in the Latin West
1. The Works of Boethius
2. Cassiodorus: Learning as the Path to God
D. Founding the Medieval Latin Church
1. Benedict and the Benedictines
2. Scholastica
3. Gregory: Sustaining the Church
4. Christianity in Ireland
5. Bede: A New Christian Culture
E. The Frankish Kingdom: the Merovingians (483–561)
1. Clovis
2. Fusing Germanic and Roman Institutions
F. The Frankish Empire: The Carolingians (768–843)
1. Charlemagne
2. Vassals and Envoys
3. A New Emperor
4. Economic and Social Life
5. Improvements in Agriculture
6. Alcuin and the Carolingian Renaissance
7. Collapse of the Frankish Domains
VI. Conclusion
FOCUS QUESTIONS
1. What political and cultural initiatives invigorated Byzantium?
2. What were the most important characteristics of early Islam?
3. What were the cultural interactions of the Islamic world and Byzantium?
4. In what ways were the societies of the Latin west rebuilding in this period?
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. What events were held in the Hippodrome in Constantinople?

a. religious ceremonies
b. chariot races
c. coronations
d. executions of Christians
e. beast hunts
ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: p. 211 OBJ: 1
TOP: I MSC: Remembering
2. Which of the following was one of Justinian’s many accomplishments?

a. He enacted major religious reforms.
b. He built walls that surrounded the capital.
c. He updated the imperial law code.
d. He oversaw a revival of classical studies.
e. He enacted constitutional reforms that permitted peasants to vote.
ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: p. 213 OBJ: 1
TOP: II.A MSC: Remembering
3. How did the Corpus Iuris change women’s rights over property?
a. The Corpus Iuris ignored it.
b. The Corpus Iuris denied it.
c. The Corpus Iuris revised it.
d. The Corpus Iuris restricted it.
e. The Corpus Iuris erased it.
ANS: C DIF: Difficult REF: p. 213 OBJ: 1
TOP: II.A.1 MSC: Understanding
4. Under the Corpus Iuris, who controlled the foundation of the laws?
a. the people
b. military generals
c. gods
d. the emperor
e. the consuls
ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: p. 213 OBJ: 1
TOP: II.A.1 MSC: Remembering
5. The splendor of Hagia Sophia enhanced whose image?

a. the clergy
b. the city of Constantinople
c. the architect
d. the emperor
e. Jesus of Nazareth
TOP: II.B MSC: Applying
6. What did Justinian install in several cities in addition to Constantinople?

a. public works projects
b. generals to serve as mayors
c. female governors
d. public health directors
e. caliphates to rule
ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: p. 215 OBJ: 1
7. What theological controversy did the Council of Nicea fail to solve, resulting in its continuation for several
centuries?
a. the debate about the nature of Christ, fully divine and fully human
b. the sacraments in Communion
c. the incorporation of the Hebrew scriptures into the Christian Bible
d. the nature of God, whether eternal or time-bound
e. the authority of bishops versus priests
ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: p. 217 OBJ: 1
TOP: II.B MSC: Remembering
8. What does “Christianity became imperial” mean?

a. The pope became the emperor of the eastern kingdom.
b. Justinian was head of the state and church.
c. The emperor was linked to the church, while the image of Christ was transformed to ruler of the
universe.
d. The Byzantine church employed imperial troops to combat heretics.
e. Justinian moved his court from the imperial palace to Hagia Sophia.
ANS: C DIF: Difficult REF: pp. 218–219 OBJ: 1
TOP: II.B.3 MSC: Evaluating
9. Which statement describes the lives of women in Byzantium?

a. Women married young and needed to work the rest of their lives.
b. Women enjoyed much elevated status because of the reforms implemented by Empress Theodora.
c. Women tended to marry late or remain unmarried and enter convents.
d. Women received about the same treatment as noble women.
e. Women lived vastly different lives than women in ancient Athens.
ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: pp. 219–220 OBJ: 1
TOP: II.C.2 MSC: Applying
10. Who did Belisarius, Justinian’s general, defeat?

a. Visigoths
b. Vandals
c. Vandals and other Goth tribes on the Italian peninsula
d. Moslems
e. Celts
ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: p. 220 OBJ: 1
TOP: II.D MSC: Remembering
11. In Constantinople, how many people died per day during the plague?
a. 500
b. 1,500
c. 2,000
d. 1,000
e. 10,000
ANS: E DIF: Easy REF: p. 221 OBJ: 1
TOP: II.D.1 MSC: Remembering
12. Who in Justinian’s circle did NOT survive the plague?

a. the queen
b. his general
c. his court
d. his mother
e. his son
13. What was notable about the revived Persian state?

a. It had a democratic government.
b. It had religious toleration.
c. It followed pacifist policies.
d. It adopted the Christian religion.
e. There was a noticeable lack of display and formality around the emperor.
ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: p. 221 OBJ: 1
TOP: II.D.2 MSC: Understanding
14. What empire recovered as Heraclius began his reign?

a. Muslim
b. Roman
c. Frankish
d. Gothic
e. Persian
15. How did Heraclius maintain the Byzantine empire?

a. He defeated the Mongolian army.
b. He defeated three separate Persian armies.
c. He reunited the Byzantine and Roman empires.
d. He negotiated peace with Muslim forces.
e. He divided his empire in half.
ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: pp. 221–222 OBJ: 1
16. What were the two furthest regions that were connected by the Silk Road?
a. Ctesiphon to Constantinople
b. India to Turkey
c. China to Constantinople
d. China to Rome
e. Alexandria to Ravenna
ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: p. 223 OBJ: 2
TOP: III.A MSC: Remembering
17. Why were inhabitants of Mecca hesitant to receive Muhammad’s message?

a. Muhammad was a newcomer, virtually unknown to the townspeople.
b. He was practically penniless, with no discernible income.
c. His message about Allah was clearly monotheistic.
d. His reputation was sullied by reports of numerous affairs.
e. He was not Arabic.
TOP: III.B.1 MSC: Understanding
18. What does the world Islam mean?

a. Allah is amazing.
b. peace
c. voluntary submission to God
d. wisdom
e. love and kindness to all
TOP: III.C MSC: Remembering
19. Where did Muhammad devise the main components of his new religion?
a. Medina
b. Mecca
c. Baghdad
d. Jerusalem
e. Antioch
ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: pp. 224–225 OBJ: 2
TOP: III.B.2 MSC: Remembering
20. What do the essential beliefs of Islam say about it as a religion?

a. It required intensive study of sacred texts to grasp its theology.
b. It would require a hierarchy of administrators and teachers.
c. It focused on mystical experiences and revelation.
d. It expected followers to care for one another but did not expect extreme asceticism.
e. It allowed wide latitude in the interpretation of key beliefs.
ANS: D DIF: Difficult REF: pp. 225–226 OBJ: 2
TOP: III.C MSC: Analyzing
21. Which of the following best describes the penalties prescribed in Islam?
a. They were revolutionary and unexpected.
b. They were typical of the Near Eastern religions and law codes.
c. They were exceptionally mild, even lax.
d. They were handed down to Muhammad on stone tablets, just like the case with Moses.
e. They were extremely harsh, even by ancient standards.
ANS: E DIF: Difficult REF: p. 226 OBJ: 2
TOP: III.C.1 MSC: Analyzing
22. What office did Muhammad serve while he was in Medina and Mecca?
a. the highest priest
b. top military office
c. true prophet
d. religious and secular ruler
e. foremost ambassador
TOP: III.D MSC: Remembering
23. How did Muhammad’s followers view themselves?

a. They saw themselves as outcasts, redeemed by Muhammad’s sacrifice when he reclaimed Mecca.
b. They saw themselves as members of the ummah, belonging to a united community of shared beliefs
and practices.
c. They saw themselves as ascetics, who must separate themselves from all worldly attractions.
d. They saw themselves as prophets, for each Muslim should receive direct revelation from Allah.
e. They saw themselves as priests, who could administer sacraments and perform religious rites.
ANS: B DIF: Difficult REF: p. 226 OBJ: 2
TOP: III.D MSC: Applying
24. What happened during Uthman’s tenure as caliph?

a. The Qur’an was written in full text form.
b. Conquests were archived in Persia and Egypt.
c. Muslims enjoyed a reign without any controversy or conflict.
d. Muslims seized Spain from the Visigoths.
e. The Hadith was recognized as an inspired text.
TOP: III.D.1 MSC: Remembering
25. What office did Shiites insist must be direct descendants of Muhammad through Ali and Fatima?
a. prophets
b. kings
c. satraps
d. viceroys
e. caliphs
26. The Byzantines held Muslim incursions into the early eighth century with the help of what?
a. Greek fire
b. Viking mercenaries
c. innovations in artillery
d. expanded use of cavalry troops
e. scorched-earth tactics
TOP: IV MSC: Remembering
27. What did Byzantine emperor Leo the Isaurian decree?

a. All Jews must convert or leave the empire.
b. Women of all classes must refrain from using cosmetics.
c. Polygyny was an acceptable practice.
d. Religious images were akin to idols denounced in the Hebrew Bible.
e. Religious authorities must be celibate.
TOP: IV.A MSC: Remembering
28. Who gained control of the caliphate in the later seventh century and oversaw the creation of imperial Islam?
a. Shiites
b. Umayyads
c. Bedouins
d. Sasanians
e. Sunnis
ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: pp. 226–227 OBJ: 3
29. What happened during the Umayyad Caliphate?

a. Muhammad was recognized as divine.
b. Polygyny was officially accepted.
c. Arabic became the official language of the government.
d. Women could serve as Muslim priests.
e. Women could serve in the Muslim military.
TOP: IV.C MSC: Remembering
30. What was the difference between the Hebrew Scriptures or the Christian New Testament and the Qur’an?
a. The Qur’an claimed to be inspired.
b. The Qur’an distinguished between male and female genders.
c. The Qur’an warned of an impending judgment.
d. The Qur’an does not follow a narrative structure.
e. The Qur’an described dietary restrictions.
ANS: D DIF: Difficult REF: p. 229 OBJ: 3
TOP: IV.C.1 MSC: Analyzing
31. Why is the Dome of the Rock sacred to Muslims?

a. It housed the rock upon which Muhammad received revelation.
b. It marked their greatest victory against the Byzantines.
c. It was the first mosque to be built.
d. It is believed to be the place where Muhammad ascended into heaven.
e. It housed the meeting in which Shiites and Sunnis resolved their differences.
ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: pp. 229–230 OBJ: 3
TOP: IV.C.3 MSC: Remembering
32. Which of the following is true about the caliphate in the early eighth century?
a. The caliphate exceeded the power of the Roman emperors.
b. The caliphate was in decline compared to its ascendant power in the seventh century.
c. The caliphate was the most powerful governmental entity among similar institutions in the
Mediterranean world.
d. The caliphate was repressing the pursuit of knowledge and artist interests.
e. The caliphate served as a model that western emperors used to reform their own governments.
TOP: IV MSC: Remembering
33. Which of the following best describes the House of Wisdom, created by the caliph Haroun al-Rashid?
a. It became the center of an Islamic revival.
b. Byzantine troops ransacked it.
c. It produced the first inscription of a verse from the Qur’an.
d. It was a place for Christian, Jewish, and Muslim scholars to share ideas.
e. It housed the first great library in the ancient world.
TOP: IV.C.4 MSC: Understanding
34. The Persian scholar Avicenna is especially noteworthy for his contributions to which field?
a. astronomy
b. agriculture
c. mathematics
d. medical knowledge
e. Islamic theology
TOP: IV.C.5 MSC: Remembering
35. In order for Theodoric to seize authority over Italy, what did he have to do?
a. He had to make peace with the caliph in Baghdad.
b. He had to murder Odoacer, the Germanic leader with authority over the western Roman Empire.
c. He had to remove all vestiges of Roman rule and offices.
d. He had to convert to Catholic Christianity.
e. He had to pay tribute to the Visigothic chief, Alaric.
ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: p. 232 OBJ: 4
TOP: V.A MSC: Understanding
36. What was Theodoric’s religion?

a. Zoroastrianism
b. Catholic Christianity
c. Islam
d. Arian Christianity
e. He remained a pagan.
TOP: V.A MSC: Remembering
37. Which of the following is a belief of Arian Christianity?

a. Jesus came from a superior race of people.
b. God the father created his son, and Jesus could not be divine.
c. All members of the Trinity were coeternal and coequal.
d. Catholicism had been corrupted during the last century.
e. Muslims, as people of the book, should be tolerated.
TOP: V.A MSC: Understanding
38. Why were the Visigoths notable?

a. They had great libraries and medical scholars.
b. They practiced favorable treatment of religious dissenters, including Jews.
c. They maintained rigid distinctions between Visigothic warriors and Roman families.
d. They had a harsh law code that dictated severe penalties on Jews refusing to convert.
e. They had a close relationship with Byzantine emperors.
TOP: V.A MSC: Remembering
39. What new German tribe moved into Italy after Theodoric’s death in 526?
a. Saxons
b. Franks
c. Lombards
d. Visigoths
e. Vandals
TOP: V.B MSC: Remembering
40. What did Boethius write in The Consolation of Philosophy?

a. Biblical texts were far superior to classical writings.
b. Reading Plato is more useful than reading Old Testament authors.
c. He wrote about the vicissitudes of fate without mentioning the Christian God.
d. He wrote a sarcastic diatribe, condemning all pagan authors.
e. He described how the study of ancient philosophies garnered him international praise.
ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: pp. 233–234 OBJ: 4
TOP: V.C.1 MSC: Understanding
41. What did Cassiodorus say about the Christian life in his Institutes?
a. It should be based on prayer and fasting.
b. It should be spent in intense study of the Bible and other praiseworthy works of the church fathers.
c. It was a life of sacrifice for others.
d. It was a life spent in isolation from the temptations of the world.
e. It should be dismissed or ignored, for the Christian God was not involved in the human world.
TOP: V.C.2 MSC: Understanding
42. What rule did Benedict devise for western monastic orders?
a. Monks should be organized in communal living.
b. Monks should be required to work alongside peasants.
c. All monks must devote themselves entirely to the study of the Bible.
d. All monks should ignore the Roman pope.
e. All monks should be trained to combat Islam.
TOP: V.D.1 MSC: Remembering
43. What were double monasteries?

a. They were monasteries that housed priests and monks.
b. They were always led by men.
c. They were monasteries created as pairs.
d. They housed both monks and nuns.
e. They were short-lived because expenses were doubly costly.
44. What were the Dialogues by Pope Gregory?

a. They were a collection of the deeds of Roman emperors.
b. They were a collection of the miracles performed by previous popes.
c. They were a collection of the conversations of Jesus and his disciples not recorded in the gospels.
d. They were a collection of the miracles and lives of Christian saints.
e. They were a collection of the tales of encounters between the minions of Satan and monks.
ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: pp. 236–237 OBJ: 4
45. Irish monks wrote some of the first

a. musical pieces for monks.
b. commentaries on the Gospels.
c. laws used by Germanic tribes.
d. preaching handbooks, full of saintly anecdotes.
e. penitentials, treaties that described what behaviors were deemed sinful.
46. Who was responsible for establishing the Merovingian dynasty?

a. Alaric
b. Odoacer
c. Clovis
d. Alfred
e. Bede
TOP: V.E.1 MSC: Remembering
47. What position, usually ruling their districts independently, helped early medieval Frankish kings?
a. comes or counts
b. knights
c. satraps
d. abbots
e. bishops
TOP: V.E.2 MSC: Remembering
48. Charlemagne’s introduction of a new denarius coin allowed for what?

a. It precipitated the decline of Muslim authority in Europe.
b. It allowed for the growth of trade.
c. It signified his power over papal mining of silver.
d. It advertised the invention of new mining techniques.
e. It announced the switch from gold to silver currency.
ANS: B DIF: Difficult REF: p. 242 OBJ: 4
TOP: V.F.4 MSC: Applying
49. What improved Frankish agriculture in the eighth and ninth centuries?
a. the moldboard plow
b. wind-driven water mills
c. new fertilizers
d. the transition from horses to oxen
e. the change in climate
TOP: V.F.5 MSC: Remembering
50. What is remarkable about the German noblewoman Hroswitha?

a. She engineered a palace coup that toppled Charlemagne’s rule.
b. She became the leading theologian in her day.
c. She was notable for her work in medicine.
d. She was exceptionally literate and wrote several comedies with strong female characters.
e. She ruled as the only female pope.
TRUE/FALSE
1. The Corpus Iuris had a limited impact and was only used in the Byzantine Empire.
ANS: F DIF: Moderate REF: p. 213 OBJ: 1

2. Justinian’s queen, Theodora, had little sway in his reign; she was primarily important for ceremonial purposes.
ANS: F DIF: Easy REF: p. 214 OBJ: 1

3. Justinian was solely interested in Constantinople, and he made no significant improvements in any other cities
within the Byzantine Empire.
ANS: F DIF: Easy REF: p. 215 OBJ: 1

4. Although Heraclius won impressive victories against the Persians, he was responsible for losing Jerusalem to the
Muslims.
ANS: F DIF: Easy REF: pp. 221–222 OBJ: 1

5. The Qur’an required Muslims to radically change how they would have previously dealt with personal insults.
ANS: T DIF: Difficult REF: pp. 225–226 OBJ: 2

TOP: III.C.1 MSC: Applying
6. Unlike the Jews or early Christians, Muslims could not own slaves.

TOP: III.C.1 MSC: Remembering
7. Islam is similar to Judaism because both maintain the need for a central religious leader and teacher.

TOP: IV.C.1 MSC: Analyzing
8. The Umayyad caliphate allowed Christians and Jews to congregate, and Christian churches were built within its
borders in the first decades of this government.
ANS: T DIF: Easy REF: pp. 229–230 OBJ: 3

TOP: IV.C MSC: Remembering
9. Islamic scholarship accepted all Greek learning wholesale.

TOP: IV.C.5 MSC: Understanding
10. Christian monks had formed communal associations, where they lived in common together, since the dawn of
Christianity.

TOP: V.D.1 MSC: Understanding
11. In late antiquity, landowners in western Europe were forced to identify as a “Roman” or as a “Frank.”
ANS: F DIF: Difficult REF: p. 238 OBJ: 4

TOP: V.E.2 MSC: Applying
12. In 732, Charles Martel repulsed a raiding party of Spanish Muslims at the Battle of Tours, and the Spanish stopped
venturing into France.
ANS: T DIF: Easy REF: pp. 240–241 OBJ: 4

TOP: V.F MSC: Remembering
13. The missi dominici were Charlemagne’s henchmen, trained as assassins.

14. While Frankish husbands had exceptional authority over their wives, they could not have a wife executed.

15. The Carolingian Renaissance was widely successful; numerous schools were built and literacy improved among all
classes of people.
ANS: F DIF: Moderate REF: pp. 244–245 OBJ: 4

TOP: V.F.6 MSC: Applying
ESSAY
1. How did Justinian increase the power of the Byzantine emperor?
ANS:
Justinian codified and expanded the imperial law code: this was among the most important policies he implemented
that strengthened his role as emperor. Through a committee of jurists, Justinian had the code updated; these legal
experts also collected and edited the commentary of past experts. With this new law code, imperial and royal power
was given a sure foundation. Justinian wielded ultimate authority. The empire’s taxation system was revamped
under the direction of Justinian’s adviser, John the Cappadocian. No group of subjects evaded its tax obligations.
With deeper pockets, Justinian engaged in a massive rebuilding project, intent to make Constantinople the grandest
of all capital cities. He commissioned an immense statue of himself on horseback to commemorate his military
exploits (accomplished by his renowned general, Belisarius). Intricate mosaics covered the walls and ceilings of the
impressive palace gate. In addition, Justinian rebuilt the incomparable church of Hagia Sophia. Every facet of its
architecture, from its dome to its brilliantly lit interior, was intended to inspire and transport worshippers as never
before. The emperor exclaimed upon entering the rebuilt church, “Solomon, I have outdone you.” Justinian, along
with his most competent queen, Theodora, surrounded his throne with ideological, financial, and symbolic sources
of power and prestige.
DIF: Moderate REF: p. 218 OBJ: 1

TOP: II.A MSC: Applying
2. What challenges did the Byzantine Empire encounter after Justinian’s reign?
ANS:
Emperor Justinian expanded Byzantine territory into southern Europe and North Africa through the
accomplishments of his superb general, Belisarius. The general vanquished the Vandals and then marched on to
Italy, taking Naples, Rome, and even the capital of the Goths, Ravenna. But maintaining this large empire, which
included southeast Europe, Asia Minor, and much of the Middle East, exceeded the capabilities of Byzantine
emperors. Enemies from the Persian Empire and the Caliphate could take advantage of Byzantium’s weaker rulers
and calamitous illness. During Justinian’s rule, the plague severely reduced imperial manpower. After his reign,
emperors faced a revived enemy to the east. The Parthian kingdom of Persia was superseded by the Sasanian Empire
(224–651). This well-organized empire spanned from the Euphrates in the west to the Indus River in the east. Its
emperors ruled with absolute authority and ordered mobile armies with heavily armored cavalry and skilled archers.
In 614, the Persians seized Jerusalem. The Byzantine emperor, Heraclius (r. 610–641), managed to defeat three
different Sasanian armies, and Constantinople withstood the combined force of the Persian navy and Avar warriors
in 626. While the Byzantines regained control over Jerusalem, the city and the surrounding area were soon lost to
the greatest threat to the eastern Roman empire, the Muslims. By 635, Muslim forces captured Syria and the Levant,
and when they acquired Egypt in 639, a major source of food and other supplies were lost to the Byzantines. Indeed,
Constantinople was besieged in 673 and 717 by Muslims, although it did not fall until several centuries later.
DIF: Moderate REF: pp. 220–222 OBJ: 1

TOP: II.D MSC: Analyzing
3. Explain why Islam succeeded and flourished amidst the “super” powers of the Byzantine and Sasanian empires.
ANS:
Just below Byzantium and Persia was the network of Arab Bedouin tribes, trading and benefiting from connection
with both of those “super powers.” These great empires had fought devastating wars with one another and weakened
one another beyond repair. Muhammad and the religion of Islam united the Arabic tribes into one tribe, the ummah,
the “people of Allah.” Muhammad masterfully re-educated the Arabs to think first about one’s salvation and then
about one’s place in a single tribe; they no longer saw themselves as belonging to the previous, fiercely independent
tribes. The aggression that had once been directed at competing tribes was redirected to the “outsiders”—that is, the
Persians, Visigoths, and Byzantines.
In Medina, Muhammad and his followers were able to integrate religion and politics, for they became the
political and religious leaders of the community. This model of leadership was adopted in all the areas taken by the
Muslims. They avoided the church-state conflicts that buffeted Europe in the middle ages. In the areas that the
Muslims conquered, they practiced a unique form of subjugation and tolerance. Jews and Christians were taxed, but
not treated as enemies of the state. This policy on these religious groups permitted the Muslims to assimilate other
cultures.
The Muslim religion respected the business community. Cities contained libraries, hospitals, and marketplaces.
Muslim scholars translated the Greek authors into Arabic, the universal language of the Muslim world from Spain to
India. For all these reasons, Muslim forces rapidly and thoroughly gained and maintained authority in the Middle
East, Central Asia, Africa, and Spain.
DIF: Difficult REF: pp. 222–231 OBJ: 2 TOP: III

MSC: Evaluating
4. How did the Islamic world evolve after the death of its founder, Muhammad, in 632 CE?
ANS:
After the death of Muhammad in 632, the Islamic community faced a serious dilemma; Muhammad was not
survived by a male heir. His first two successors, Abu Bakr (632–634) and Umar (634–644) were close associates.
Uthman served as caliph from 644–656, but in that year his policy of favoring close relatives caused a revolt, and he
was assassinated in 656. Those in opposition to Uthman swore allegiance to Ali, Muhammad’s cousin and son-in-
law. Ali’s leadership was not universally accepted as he tried to restore Islam to the model conceived by
Muhammad. Muslims divided into two groups, maintained to this day. The leadership of the Muslims, the caliphate,
was disputed between Ali, the cousin and son-in-law of Muhammad (married to his only surviving offspring, a
daughter, Fatima) and the Umayyads, a prominent merchant family of Mecca. In 661, the Umayyads defeated Ali in
battle; subsequently, he was assassinated after just five years as caliph.
The victors seized control over the Muslim peoples. They moved the Islamic center from Mecca to Damascus.
Ali’s followers, though defeated, were not eradicated, and from their descendants a dissenting movement arose
known as Shi’ism. The Shi’ites insisted that true caliphs had to be direct descendants of Muhammad through Ali and
Fatima. The majority of Muslims, the Sunnis, accepted the leadership of the Umayyads, and the expansion
commenced again; this dynasty lasted until 750.

TOP: III.D.1 MSC: Understanding
5. Discuss the new direction scholars such as Boethius and Cassiodorus took with Latin Christianity.
ANS:
Boethius and Cassiodorus, along with other like-minded Christian leaders, directed Catholic Christianity into a
religion that focused on an intellectual pursuit of divine truths, rather than seeking access to God through mystical
revelation. While in prison by the order of the Germanic king Theodoric, Boethius wrote his The Consolation of
Philosophy. The key character in this work, Philosophy, a woman, learns that the capricious goddess Fortune may
appear to be the determiner of men’s fates, but in truth, God rules the universe and has allowed men free choice but
requires they live virtuously. In The Consolation, Boethius does not mention the Christian God or Jesus; rather, he
relies on principles and truths evident in the study of past great philosophers that foreshadow and illuminate the
veracity of Christian scriptures.
Cassiodorus, a Roman aristocrat and government official, also taught that Christian truths and values were
imbedded in pagan works that constituted the liberal arts education. For those Christian followers who desire to live
in the way most pleasing to God, he counseled that they should devote themselves to study of the Bible, the church
fathers’ commentaries on the Christian scriptures, and the writings of specific pagan authors he annotated. He taught
the monks in his community that the clearest way to understand God’s purposes was through intense and constant
study. The surest path to God was through the mind, not the heart.
TOP: V.C MSC: Analyzing
6. Compare and contrast the tenets of Roman/Byzantine and Germanic law.
ANS:
The Corpus Iuris devised by Justinian’s legal experts differed from the Germanic law codes in philosophy. This
digest of laws included legal opinions and discussions formulated over several centuries before the issuance of the
new code. In contrast, the law codes established by the German chiefs were of very recent origin.
Another contrast was clear in the laws related to their respective governing authorities. In the Corpus Iuris, one
finds pronouncements on many different administrative offices, ranging from the emperor to the Senate, consuls,
and magistrates. In “Laws of the Salian Franks,” there is mention of some kind of “court,” but no other
governmental agency is indicated. Justinian’s law code discusses “the discovery of documents,” which implies
literacy, not only among judicial officers but also on the part of defendants. Nothing like this appears in the Salian
law code.
The Germans seemed preoccupied with personal injury. Under the category “property infractions” are offences
against the theft of “dogs,” “birds,” and “bees,” as well as other livestock. This implies that German society was not
capable of amassing significant riches. Both law codes included laws about slaves, but the German code seems more
concerned about sexual activity with slaves. In general, the German law code reflects the need to restrict or suppress
physical violence among its people, while the Corpus Iuris seeks to redress grievances between citizens and the
state.
DIF: Difficult REF: pp. 213–214 | p. 239 | p. 242 OBJ: 4

TOP: II.A.1 MSC: Evaluating
7. Explain how Pope Gregory I laid the foundations for the medieval Catholic papacy.
ANS:
Gregory, who became pope in 590 with unanimous support from all classes of people in Rome, worked tirelessly to
strengthen the church in Rome, in Italy, and beyond. In Italy, he defended the church’s lands and properties against
the Lombards. He organized public relief for those who were forced to flee from the Lombard attacks. He
commissioned hospitals to be built for those infected with the plague.
To fund these humanitarian projects, he revamped the church’s administrative system, keeping careful records
to ensure the collection of fees and other revenues. In connections to religious reforms, he helped create the form of
musical worship now referred to as “Gregorian Chant.” In his Dialogues, he collected the stories of Christian
martyrs and saints along with the miracles ascribed to them. In his Rule of Pastoral Care, he taught a model of
Christian service for clergy who lived and ministered in the secular world, not behind monastic walls. Sending
missionaries to the British Isles, he extended the Church’s influence to the far reaches of the defunct Roman Empire.

TOP: V.D.3 MSC: Analyzing
8. Discuss the contributions of noble and peasant women to Frankish society.
ANS:
Noble and peasant Frankish women contributed significantly to their communities and households. Noblewomen
were responsible for the provisioning and preparing of food for family and guests. They were in charge of the care
of domestic animals and the garden plots nearby their manor walls. They handled all treatment related to female
ailments and to the birthing of children. Noblewomen supervised the intricate production of embroidered fabrics that
decorated churches and clothed the clergy with beautiful vestments and other adornments.
Peasant women worked alongside their husbands in the fields. In addition to this work, they produced and sold
cloth. They processed cheese from milk and supplemented families’ diets and income with the care of poultry.
While husbands had absolute authority over wives, perhaps in recognition of the vital role of women for the
sustaining of families, a bride’s consent was as essential as a groom’s for a wedding to proceed.
DIF: Moderate REF: p. 242 OBJ: 4

TOP: V.F.4 MSC: Understanding
9. Compare and contrast the civilizations formed by the Merovingian and Carolingian Franks with that of the Umayyad
caliphate.
ANS:
The Umayyads ruled from a great capital, Damascus. In the beginning, the government followed a policy of
toleration to Christians and Jews. As time passed, the caliphate demanded standardization, and Arabic became the
official language. The government employed a vast network of administrators.
During the reigns of Pepin and Charlemagne, only the latter is mentioned as having a capital at Aachen.
Charlemagne ruled with the aid of the missi dominici, “ the lord’s envoys.” They communicated their lord’s
directives, but their work does not equate to the level and organization of an “administration.”
During the reign of the Umayyads, the religion of Islam was systemized through the dissemination of the
Qur’an and Hadith. Legal and theological principles were interpreted from these works by a body of scholars, the
ulema. Formal religious services were instituted in mosques, and spectacular shrines were erected.
Charlemagne imported learned men to Aachen and formed a school for his sons, the House of Wisdom. Nothing
comparable was devised by the later Frankish rulers. The pope was considered to be the leader of the Catholic
Church, and, after Charlemagne, conflicts between the emperor and pope dominated the European political scene.
Scholars required an exceptional level of erudition to collaborate at the House of Wisdom. Alcuin strove to convince
scholars to attain a basic liberal arts level of education and to have monasteries collect ancient texts before they
might be lost.
DIF: Difficult REF: pp. 229–231 | pp. 238–242 OBJ: 2

TOP: IV.C MSC: Evaluating
10. Did Charlemagne’s territorial accomplishments deserve the designation of “empire”?
ANS:
In general, an empire is defined as a group of states or countries under a single supreme authority. Although
Charlemagne was crowned as “Emperor of Rome” by the pope in 800 and ruled over a huge portion of land, the area
under his control was not truly representative of an empire. Because his “empire” included so much land, he was
forced to rule through counts, restricting the level of authority expected of an emperor—thus, the need for the missi
dominici, commissioned to ensure that Charlemagne’s policies were followed. Society’s lack of loyalty to
Charlemagne, and Charlemagne’s struggle to achieve a literate bureaucracy, indicate that he was more of a
figurehead than an actual ruler. Had Charlemagne’s empire been secure and united, it is likely that it would have
persisted much longer; instead, the “empire” was divided and soon fractured not long after the Treaty of Verdun was
signed in 843. As a ruler, without question, Charlemagne accomplished much, but referring to his territorial gains as
an “empire” seems to be merely a label of convenience.
DIF: Difficult REF: pp. 241–242 OBJ: 4

TOP: V.F.1 MSC: Evaluating
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II. Byzantium: East Rome Transformed (527–630)

III. The Origins of Islam (600–650)

IV. Islam and Byzantium: Cultural Adaptation (7th–10th Centuries)

V. The West in Late Antiquity (475–843)

1. What political and cultural initiatives invigorated Byzantium?

2. What were the most important characteristics of early Islam?

1. What events were held in the Hippodrome in Constantinople?

2. Which of the following was one of Justinian’s many accomplishments?

5. The splendor of Hagia Sophia enhanced whose image?

6. What did Justinian install in several cities in addition to Constantinople?

8. What does “Christianity became imperial” mean?

9. Which statement describes the lives of women in Byzantium?

10. Who did Belisarius, Justinian’s general, defeat?

12. Who in Justinian’s circle did NOT survive the plague?

13. What was notable about the revived Persian state?

14. What empire recovered as Heraclius began his reign?

15. How did Heraclius maintain the Byzantine empire?

17. Why were inhabitants of Mecca hesitant to receive Muhammad’s message?

18. What does the world Islam mean?

20. What do the essential beliefs of Islam say about it as a religion?

23. How did Muhammad’s followers view themselves?

24. What happened during Uthman’s tenure as caliph?

27. What did Byzantine emperor Leo the Isaurian decree?

29. What happened during the Umayyad Caliphate?

31. Why is the Dome of the Rock sacred to Muslims?

36. What was Theodoric’s religion?

37. Which of the following is a belief of Arian Christianity?

38. Why were the Visigoths notable?

40. What did Boethius write in The Consolation of Philosophy?

43. What were double monasteries?

44. What were the Dialogues by Pope Gregory?

45. Irish monks wrote some of the first

46. Who was responsible for establishing the Merovingian dynasty?

48. Charlemagne’s introduction of a new denarius coin allowed for what?

50. What is remarkable about the German noblewoman Hroswitha?

ANS: F DIF: Moderate REF: p. 213 OBJ: 1

ANS: F DIF: Easy REF: p. 214 OBJ: 1

ANS: F DIF: Easy REF: p. 215 OBJ: 1

ANS: F DIF: Easy REF: pp. 221–222 OBJ: 1

ANS: T DIF: Difficult REF: pp. 225–226 OBJ: 2

ANS: F DIF: Moderate REF: p. 226 OBJ: 2

ANS: F DIF: Moderate REF: p. 229 OBJ: 3

ANS: T DIF: Easy REF: pp. 229–230 OBJ: 3

9. Islamic scholarship accepted all Greek learning wholesale.

ANS: F DIF: Moderate REF: p. 231 OBJ: 3

ANS: F DIF: Moderate REF: p. 235 OBJ: 4

ANS: F DIF: Difficult REF: p. 238 OBJ: 4

ANS: T DIF: Easy REF: pp. 240–241 OBJ: 4

ANS: F DIF: Moderate REF: p. 241 OBJ: 4

ANS: F DIF: Moderate REF: p. 242 OBJ: 4

ANS: F DIF: Moderate REF: pp. 244–245 OBJ: 4

1. How did Justinian increase the power of the Byzantine emperor?

DIF: Moderate REF: p. 218 OBJ: 1

DIF: Moderate REF: pp. 220–222 OBJ: 1

DIF: Difficult REF: pp. 222–231 OBJ: 2 TOP: III

DIF: Moderate REF: pp. 226–227 OBJ: 2

6. Compare and contrast the tenets of Roman/Byzantine and Germanic law.

DIF: Difficult REF: pp. 213–214 | p. 239 | p. 242 OBJ: 4