Statistics For The Behavioral Sciences 3rd Edition Privitera Test Bank

Statistics for the Behavioral Sciences 3rd Edition Privitera Test Bank
Statistics for the Behavioral Sciences 3rd Edition

Privitera Test Bank
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Privitera, Statistics for the Behavioral Sciences, 3rd edition
SAGE Publishing, 2018
Chapter 6: Probability, Normal Distributions, and z Scores
Test Bank
Multiple Choice
1. A theoretical distribution that evenly distributes data around the mean, median, and
mode is called the
A. normal distribution.
B. bell-shaped distribution.
C. Gaussian distribution.
D. all of these.
Ans: D
Learning Objective: 6-1: Identify eight characteristics of the normal distribution.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Characteristics of the Normal Distribution
Difficulty Level: Easy
2. The following distribution most closely approximates a
A. normal distribution.
B. positively skewed distribution.
C. negatively skewed distribution.
D. multimodal distribution.
Ans: A
3. Most behavior is believed to ______ a normal distribution.

A. be exactly equal to
B. not resemble at all
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C. approximate
Ans: C
4. The normal distribution has all of the following characteristics, except that
A. it is symmetrical.
B. its distribution is theoretical.
C. the total area under the curve is greater than 1.0.
D. the mean, median, and mode are equal.
Ans: C
5. What is the implication for the tails of a normal distribution being asymptotic?
A. that scores above the mean are distributed the same as scores below the mean
B. that extreme scores are possible in the tails of a normal distribution
C. that there are an infinite number of possible normal distributions
D. that this characteristic has no practical implication
Ans: B
6. The mean can take on any value and the standard deviation can take on any positive
value. Therefore,
A. scores above the mean are distributed the same as scores below the mean.
B. extreme scores are possible in a normal distribution.
C. there are an infinite number of possible normal distributions.
D. this characteristic has no practical implication.
Ans: C
7. The normal distribution is symmetrical, which means that

A. scores above the mean are distributed the same as scores below the mean.
B. extreme scores are possible in a normal distribution.
C. there are an infinite number of possible normal distributions.
D. this characteristic has no practical implication.
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Ans: A
8. Scores far from the mean are located in the ______ of a normal distribution.
A. body
B. tails
C. most sensitive areas
D. most uncertain areas
Ans: B
9. In a normal distribution, 50% of all data:

A. fall above the mean.
B. fall below the median.
C. fall above and below the mode.
D. all of these.
Ans: D
10. Which of the following is a possible value for the standard deviation of a normal
distribution?
A. –
B. 0
C. –2
D. 0.5
Ans: D
11. The standard normal distribution is normally distributed with a mean of ______ and
a variance of ______.
A. 0; 1
B. 1; 0
C. any value; any positive value
D. any positive value; any value
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Ans: A
Learning Objective: 6-2: Define the standard normal distribution and the standard
normal transformation.
Answer Location: The Standard Normal Distribution
12. The unit of measurement distributed along the x-axis of a standard normal
distribution is referred to as a
A. standardized score.
B. x score.
C. normalized deviation.
D. z score.
Ans: D
13. The ______ converts any normal distribution with any mean and any variance to a
standard normal distribution with a mean of 0 and variance of 1.
A. normal distribution
B. standard normal distribution
C. standard normal transformation
D. unit normal table
Ans: C
14. A researcher determines that students study an average of 80 ± 20 (M ± SD)

min/week. Assuming these data are normally distributed, what is the z score for
students studying 60 min/week?
A. 1.0
B. –1.0
C. .3413
D. .1587
Ans: B
Cognitive Domain: Application | Analysis
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Instructor Resource
15. A researcher finds that the average preschool-aged child drinks two cups of milk per
day. Assuming these data are normally distributed, the z score for the average cups per
day in this example is
A. less than 0.
B. greater than 0.
C. exactly equal to 0.
D. there is not enough information to answer this question.
Ans: C
Cognitive Domain: Analysis
16. A professor finds that the students scored a 76 ± 8 (M ± SD) on the final exam. On
this exam, a score of 90 is an A. Assuming these data are normally distributed, what is
the z score for 90 (the cutoff for an A)?
A. 1.75
B. 1.50
C. 1.25
D. There is not enough information to answer this question.
Ans: A
Difficulty Level: Medium
17. A therapist has a goal to reduce the mean number of patient symptoms expressed
for a particular disorder to two symptoms per day. Following therapy, she determines
that the z score for 2 symptoms per day is 0. Assuming the data are normally
distributed, did she reach her goal?
A. No, because the z score indicates 0 improvement.
B. No, because the z score is not negative (indicating a reduction in symptoms).
C. Yes; in fact, she actually reduced the mean number of symptoms to 0.
D. Yes, because a z score of 0 is the average, or mean.
Ans: D
18. A parent decides to reward her child if he eats an average of at least five bites of his
vegetables at dinner during the first week. She finds that her child ate 4 ± 0.8 (M ± SD)
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bites per meal for the first week. Assuming these data are normally distributed, should
this parent reward her child?
A. Yes, because the z score for 5 bites is greater than 0.
B. Yes, because the z score for 5 bites is less than 0.
C. No, because the z score for 5 bites is greater than 0.
D. No, because the z score for 5 bites is less than 0.
Ans: C
19. A researcher determines that students are active about 60 ± 12 (M ± SD) min/day.
Assuming these data are normally distributed, what is the z score for students being
active 48 min/week?
A. 1.0
B. –1.0
C. 0
Ans: B
20. A distribution of z scores is distributed in what type of unit of measurement?

A. Binomial outcomes
B. Probabilities
C. Standard deviation units
D. Depends on the shape of the distribution
Ans: C
21. State whether the first area is bigger, the second area is bigger, or the two areas are
equal: the area to the left of z = 1.00, or the area to the left of z = –1.00.
A. The first area is bigger.
B. The second area is bigger.
C. The two areas are the same.
Ans: A
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Instructor Resource
Learning Objective: 6-3: Locate proportions of area under any normal curve above the
mean, below the mean, and between two scores.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Locating Proportions
equal: the area to the right of the mean, or the area between z = ±1.00.
Ans: B
equal: the area to the left of z = 0.80, or the area to the right of z = –0.80.
Ans: C
24. Which of the following is required to locate proportions of area under the normal
curve?
A. compute a z-transformation
B. find the probability of a z score in the unit normal table
C. compute a z-transformation and find the probability of a z score in the unit normal
table
D. none of these
Ans: C
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Instructor Resource
25. A researcher records the following response times to a visual stimulus: 23 ± 3.1 (M
± SD) s. Assuming these data are normally distributed, what is the probability that
participants responded in 20 s or less?
A. .1660
B. .3340
C. .6660
D. The probability is not listed in the unit normal table.
Ans: A
Cognitive Domain: Application
26. A researcher records the following number of birdcalls made during an experimental
session with robins: 7.2 ± 0.6 (M ± SD). Assuming these data are normally distributed,
what is the probability that robins made more than nine birdcalls during this
experimental session?
A. .9987
B. .4987
C. .0013
Ans: C
27. A counselor records the number of disagreements (per session) among couples
during group counseling sessions. If the number of disagreements is distributed
normally as 4.4 ± 0.4 (M ± SD) disagreements, then what proportion of couples
disagree at least four times during each counseling session?
A. .3413
B. .1587
C. .8413
Ans: C
28. A researcher measures the number of tasks completed by participants during a 5-

min multitasking session. If the number of tasks completed is distributed normally as 6.3
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± 1.0 (M ± SD) tasks, then what is the probability that participants completed less than
eight tasks?
A. .0446
B. .9554
C. .4554
Ans: B
Answer Location: Locating Scores
29. A researcher records the following body mass index (BMI) scores for a group of
participants: 28.4 ± 1.6 (M ± SD). Participants who score between 25 and 30 on this
scale are categorized as overweight. What percentage of participants fell in this
overweight category?
A. .4834
B. .1753
C. .8413
D. .8247
Ans: D
30. A researcher records the following time spent sleeping per night (in hours) in a
group of participants: 5.8 ± 1.8 (M ± SD). The researcher decides to categorize
participants who sleep between 6 and 8 hr as moderate sleepers. What percentage of
participants fell in this category?
A. about 39%
B. about 11%
C. about 35%
D. about 7%
Ans: C
31. Which of the following proportions is largest in a z distribution?

A. The proportion of area above the mean.
B. The proportion of area between z = +1 and z = –1.
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C. The proportion of area greater than z = 1.0.

D. The proportion of area less than z = 0.
Ans: B
32. Two normal distributions are observed. The first distribution has a mean of 12 and a
standard deviation of 2. The second distribution has a mean of 0 and a standard
deviation of 2. For which distribution will the z score for the mean be larger?
A. the first z distribution
B. the second distribution
C. none, the z score will be the same
Ans: C
33. Which of the following is not a step to locate a proportion in a normal distribution?
A. transform a raw score (x) into a z score
B. locate the corresponding proportion for the z score in the unit normal table
C. convert a proportion to a standard normal z score
Ans: C
34. Which of the following is required to locate z scores with a given proportion?
A. find the z score associated with a given probability
B. compute a z transformation to find the raw score
C. find the z score associated with a given probability and compute a z transformation to
find the raw score
D. none of these
Ans: C
Learning Objective: 6-4: Locate scores in a normal distribution with a given probability.
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Instructor Resource
35. A researcher records the following assessment data: 42 ± 6 (M ± SD). The

researcher only wants to sample participants scoring in the top 20% of this assessment.
What is the cutoff score for the top 20% in this example?
A. 0.84
B. 47.04
C. 36.96
Ans: B
36. What is the z score for scores in the bottom 5%?

A. 1.645
B. –1.645
C. .4801
D. The score is not listed in the table.
Ans: B
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge/Application
37. What is the z score for scores in the top and bottom 2.5%?
A. ±1.96
B. 1.96
C. .0124
D. ±.675
Ans: A
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge | Application
38. A professor records the following final exam scores: 78 ± 7 (M ± SD). Students
scoring in the top 14% get an A. What is the cutoff score for the top 14% in this
example?
A. 1.08
B. 70.44
C. 85.56
Ans: C
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Instructor Resource
39. A researcher records the following times (in seconds) that it took a group of mice to
complete a maze: 23 ± 4.1 (M ± SD). The top 10% of mice finishing with the fastest
times will be placed in a “maze bright” group. What is the cutoff time to be placed in this
group?
A. 17.75 s
B. 28.25 s
C. faster than 16 s
Ans: B
40. What is the z score for scores in the bottom 10%?

A. 1.28
B. 2.32
C. –2.32
D. –1.28
Ans: D
41. What is the z score for scores in the top 2.5%?

A. .675
B. 1.96
C. .0124
D. .0250
Ans: B
42. Which of the following is not a step to locate a score in a normal distribution?
A. locate a z score associated with a given proportion in the unit normal table
B. transform a z score into a raw score (x)
C. transform a raw score (x) into a z score
Ans: C
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Instructor Resource
43. A researcher records the following times (in seconds) that it took a group of students
to complete an exam: 18 ± 2 (M ± SD) min. How long did it take 80% of students to
complete the exam?
A. less than 16 min
B. 16.32 min
C. less than 18 min
D. 19.68 min
Ans: D
44. The ______ are the range of continuous values containing the score of interest in a
binomial distribution.
A. observed limits
B. approximate limits
C. real limits
D. speed limits
Ans: C
Learning Objective: 6-5: Compute the normal approximation to the binomial distribution.
Answer Location: The Normal Approximation to the Binomial Distribution
45. An example of a binomial variable includes

A. time (in seconds).
B. weight (in pounds).
C. sex (male, female).
D. all of these.
Ans: C
46. Another name for a binomial variable is a

A. random variable.
B. systematic variable.
C. participant variable.
D. dichotomous variable.
Ans: D
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47. Which of the following is an appropriate step for the normal approximation of the
binomial distribution?
A. check for normality
B. find the real limits
C. find the proportion located within the real limits
D. all of these
Ans: D
48. A researcher wants to know the probability of selecting a student athlete from a
school population where 5% of students are athletes. If the researcher selects a sample
of 120 students, is it appropriate to use the normal approximation of the binomial
distribution to estimate this probability?
A. Yes, because the sample size is large.
B. Yes, because nq is greater than 10.
C. No, because np is greater than 10.
D. No, because np is less than 10.
Ans: D
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension | Application
49. A researcher wants to know the probability of being named on the honor roll from a
population where 8% of students are on the honor roll. If the researcher selects a
sample of 400 students, then what is the mean number of students expected to be on
the honor roll? Hint: This is a binomial distribution, where p = 0.08 and q = 0.92.
A. 29
B. 32
C. 368
D. 200
Ans: B
50. In a hypothetical job field, 10% of workers are promoted within their first year of
employment. For this hypothetical job field, what is the probability that exactly 25
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Instructor Resource
workers were promoted in their first year in a random sample of 200 workers? Hint: This
is a binomial distribution, where p = .10 and q = .90.
A. less than 5%
B. greater than 95%
C. between 5% and 6%
D. between 15% and 16%
Ans: A
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension | Analysis
True/False
1. Most behavioral phenomena are believed to approximate the normal distribution.

Ans: T
2. An assumption of normality is largely used for statistical inference and theory.

Ans: T
3. In a normal distribution, the mean can only take on positive values.

Ans: F
4. The total area under a normal curve increases as the standard deviation increases.
Ans: F
5. The mean, median, and mode are all located at the 50th percentile in a standard
normal distribution.
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Instructor Resource
Ans: T
6. The standard deviation and the mean can equal 0 in a data set that is normally
distributed.
Ans: F
7. The asymptotic tails in a normal distribution represent the possibility of outliers in a

data set.
Ans: T
8. A standard normal distribution is a specific example of one of the infinitely possible

normal distributions that could exist.
Ans: T
9. When a z score equals 0, this means that there is no variability.

Ans: F
10. The closer a z score is to 0, the smaller the area is under the normal curve toward
the tails.
Ans: F
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Instructor Resource
11. The unit normal table can be used to find the probability of a particular score for
most, but certainly not all, possible normal distributions.
Ans: F
Answer Location: The Unit Normal Table: A Brief Introduction
12. All z scores above the mean are positive, whereas all z scores below the mean are
negative.
Ans: T
13. The unit normal table can be used to find the probability of a particular score in both
normal and nonnormal distributions.
Ans: F
14. A z score for the mean in a normal distribution is always equal to 0.

Ans: T
15. The standard normal distribution can be used to estimate probabilities with known
raw scores, but it cannot be used to estimate raw scores with known probabilities.
Ans: F
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Instructor Resource
16. In a normal distribution with 2.2 ± 4.1 (M ± SD), a researcher can appropriately
conclude that most scores occurred above the mean.
Ans: F
17. In a normal distribution with 3 ± 1 (M ± SD), a researcher can appropriately

conclude that about 84.13% of scores were greater than 2.
Ans: T
18. A researcher selected data that were normally distributed and appropriately
concluded that about 68.26% of scores occurred within one standard deviation of the
mean.
Ans: T
19. Data were normally distributed as 3.6 ± 0.6 (M ± SD). Hence, 69.15% of data
occurred below a score of 3.9 in this distribution.
Ans: T
20. In a normal distribution, the probability of a score above the mean is larger than the
probability of a score between first standard deviation above and below the mean.
Ans: F
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Instructor Resource
21. In a normal distribution, the probability of a score above –1.0 SD is equal to the
probability of a score below +1.0 SD.
Ans: T
22. The first step to locating proportions in a normal distribution is to first look up
probabilities in the unit normal table.
Ans: F
23. The z score cutoff for the top 50% of scores in any normal distribution is 0.
Ans: T
24. Data are normally distributed as 12.5 ± 0.5 (M ± SD). A score of 13.2 marks the top
30% of scores in this distribution.
Ans: F
25. In a normal distribution, a score of 8 will always be more probable than a score of 0.
Ans: F
26. For a set of data with 25 ± 2.5, at least 95% of scores fall between 20 and 30.
Ans: T
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Statistics for the Behavioral Sciences 3rd Edition Privitera Test Bank
Instructor Resource
27. For a set of data with 5 ± 1.5, at least 95% of scores are greater than 3.0.
Ans: F
28. The binomial probability distribution is distributed with 𝜇 = 𝑛𝑝 and 𝜎 = √𝑛𝑝𝑞.

Ans: T
29. A binomial probability distribution is the distribution of random outcomes for a

bivariate or dichotomous random variable.
Ans: T
30. It is appropriate to use the normal approximation of the binomial distribution with a
sample of 100 participants, where p = .07 and q = .93.
Ans: F
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Statistics for the Behavioral Sciences 3rd Edition

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Chapter 6: Probability, Normal Distributions, and z Scores

2. The following distribution most closely approximates a

3. Most behavior is believed to ______ a normal distribution.

7. The normal distribution is symmetrical, which means that

9. In a normal distribution, 50% of all data:

14. A researcher determines that students study an average of 80 ± 20 (M ± SD)

20. A distribution of z scores is distributed in what type of unit of measurement?

28. A researcher measures the number of tasks completed by participants during a 5-

31. Which of the following proportions is largest in a z distribution?

C. The proportion of area greater than z = 1.0.

35. A researcher records the following assessment data: 42 ± 6 (M ± SD). The

36. What is the z score for scores in the bottom 5%?

Difficulty Level: Medium

40. What is the z score for scores in the bottom 10%?

41. What is the z score for scores in the top 2.5%?

Difficulty Level: Easy

45. An example of a binomial variable includes

46. Another name for a binomial variable is a

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

1. Most behavioral phenomena are believed to approximate the normal distribution.

2. An assumption of normality is largely used for statistical inference and theory.

3. In a normal distribution, the mean can only take on positive values.

7. The asymptotic tails in a normal distribution represent the possibility of outliers in a

8. A standard normal distribution is a specific example of one of the infinitely possible

9. When a z score equals 0, this means that there is no variability.

Difficulty Level: Easy

14. A z score for the mean in a normal distribution is always equal to 0.

17. In a normal distribution with 3 ± 1 (M ± SD), a researcher can appropriately

28. The binomial probability distribution is distributed with 𝜇 = 𝑛𝑝 and 𝜎 = √𝑛𝑝𝑞.

29. A binomial probability distribution is the distribution of random outcomes for a

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