Test Bank For Theories of Personality 11th Edition by Schultz

Test Bank for Theories of Personality 11th Edition by Schultz
Test Bank for Theories of Personality 11th Edition by

Schultz
To download the complete and accurate content document, go to:

https://testbankbell.com/download/test-bank-for-theories-of-personality-11th-edition-b
y-schultz/
Visit TestBankBell.com to get complete for all chapters

Chapter 6—Erik Erikson: Identity Theory
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. According to Erikson, personality develops:

a. mostly during early childhood. c. during adolescence.
b. only until age five. d. over the entire life span.
ANS: D
PTS: 1
A-HEAD: Introduction
REF: 160
FEEDBACK: Erikson extended Freud's theory in three ways. He elaborated on Freud's stages of
development, suggesting that personality continues to develop over the entire life span.
2. Erikson extended Freud's theory by placing greater emphasis on the _____ than on the _____.
a. id; ego c. superego; ego
b. ego; id d. unconscious; id
ANS: B
PTS: 1
A-HEAD: Introduction
REF: 160
FEEDBACK: Erikson extended Freud's theory in three ways. He placed greater emphasis on the ego
than on the id. In Erikson's view, the ego is an independent part of the personality. It is not dependent
on or subservient to the id, as Freud had said.
3. Erik Erikson lived out one of his most famous concepts through:
a. his rejection of an important father figure—Freud.
b. the failure to earn an academic degree.
c. several identity crises.
d. his refusal to sign an oath of loyalty to the field of medicine.
ANS: C
PTS: 1
A-HEAD: The Life of Erikson (1902–1994)
REF: 160
FEEDBACK: It is not surprising that the theorist who gave us the concept of the identity crisis, Erik
Erikson, experienced several of the same kind of crises of his own which he was never able, over his
lifetime to resolve.
4. Erikson's childhood and youth were characterized by:

a. a number of identity crises. c. a strong bond with his biological father.
b. a conflicted relationship with his negligent d. a strong Oedipal complex.
mother.
ANS: A
PTS: 1
REF: 160
FEEDBACK: It is not surprising that the theorist who gave us the concept of the identity crisis
experienced several of the same kind of crises of his own which he was never able, over his lifetime to
resolve. Erik did not know for some years that Homburger was not his biological father and said that
he grew up unsure of his name and psychological identity. Another crisis of identity occurred when
Erik started school. Despite his Danish parentage he considered himself German, but both his German
and his Jewish classmates rejected him.
5. From his early work and analysis with Anna Freud, Erikson developed an interest in:
a. psychoanalytic work with children.
b. feminine psychology.
c. understanding the biological influences of personality development.
d. the unconscious and subconscious thoughts of his patients.
ANS: A
PTS: 1
REF: 161
FEEDBACK: Anna Freud, unlike her father, was interested in the psychoanalysis of children. Her
influence, plus Erikson's own classroom teaching experiences, made him aware of the importance of
social influences on personality and led him to also focus on child development.
6. After migrating from Vienna, Erikson worked:

a. in Germany with schizophrenic patients.
b. with young children in Africa.
c. at a guidance center for emotionally disturbed delinquents.
d. with Sigmund Freud.
ANS: C
PTS: 1
REF: 161–162
FEEDBACK: In 1933, recognizing the growing Nazi menace, the Eriksons immigrated to Denmark
and then to the United States, settling in Boston. Erikson established a private psychoanalytic practice
specializing in the treatment of children. He also worked at a guidance center for emotionally
disturbed delinquents and served on the staff of Massachusetts General Hospital.
7. Erikson studied each of the following groups except:

a. delinquents. c. Native American tribes.
b. schizophrenic adults. d. normal children.
ANS: B
PTS: 1
REF: 162
FEEDBACK: In the United States, Erikson established a private psychoanalytic practice specializing
in the treatment of children. He also worked at a guidance center for emotionally disturbed delinquents
and served on the staff of Massachusetts General Hospital. In 1936, he was invited to the Institute of
Human Relations at Yale, where he and a Yale anthropologist collaborated on a study of the
child-rearing practices of South Dakota's Sioux Indians.
8. In which of the following did Erikson note the phenomenon of identity confusion?
a. His study of patients in Vienna c. His study of schizophrenic adults
b. His study of World War II veterans d. All of these are correct.
ANS: B
PTS: 1
REF: 162
FEEDBACK: In his observations of American Indians in South Dakota and in California, Erikson
noted certain psychological symptoms that appeared to be related to a sense of alienation from cultural
traditions and resulted in the lack of a clear self-image or self-identity. This phenomenon, which
Erikson initially called identity confusion, was similar to the condition he had observed among
emotionally disturbed veterans after World War II.
9. Erikson divided the growth of the personality into:

a. nine stages up to adolescence. c. eight psychosocial stages of development.
b. four psychosexual levels. d. six categories of biological changes.
ANS: C
PTS: 1
A-HEAD: Psychosocial Stages of Personality Development
REF: 162
FEEDBACK: Erikson divided the growth of the personality into eight psychosocial stages of
development. To Erikson, eight successive stages encompass the life span. At each stage, we must
cope with a crisis in either an adaptive or a maladaptive way.
10. Erikson included all of the following in his theory of personality except:
a. the eight stages of life. c. basic strengths.
b. social and environmental forces. d. unconscious forces.
ANS: D
PTS: 1
REF: 162, 163
FEEDBACK: Erikson divided the growth of the personality into eight psychosocial stages. The major
difference between Erikson's and Freud's theories is that Erikson emphasized psychosocial correlates,
whereas Freud focused on biological factors. According to Erikson, it is the social and environmental
forces to which we are exposed that control the ways in which the genetically predetermined stages of
development are realized. Erikson also proposed that each of the eight psychosocial stages provides an
opportunity to develop our basic strengths.
11. Erikson used the term _____ to refer to the idea that human development is governed by a sequence of
stages that depend on hereditary factors.
a. functional autonomy of motives
b. epigenetic principle of maturation
c. expressive behavior
d. primary-process thought
ANS: B
PTS: 1
REF: 163
FEEDBACK: Erikson suggested that the developmental process was governed by what he called the
epigenetic principle of maturation. By this he meant that inherited forces are the determining
characteristics of the developmental stages. The prefix "epi" means "upon"; therefore, development
depends on genetic factors.
12. Erikson's epigenetic principle of maturation:

a. concerns the time required for a child to grow or mature to become an adult.
b. states that personality is determined entirely by genetics.
c. asserts that development is determined by both biological and social factors.
d. confirms that only social and environmental factors determine our personality.
ANS: C
PTS: 1
REF: 163
FEEDBACK: According to the epigenetic principle of maturation, inherited forces are the determining
characteristics of the developmental stages; development depends on genetic factors. However, it is the
social and environmental forces to which we are exposed that control the ways in which the
genetically predetermined stages of development are realized. Thus, our personality development is
affected by both biological and social factors.
13. In the context of Erikson's psychosocial stages of development, identify a true statement about the
personal conflicts in the developmental stages.
a. The potential for these personal conflicts exists at birth.
b. Each conflict or crisis can be overcome in one of two ways.
c. The personal crises involve a shift in perspective.
d. All of these are correct.
ANS: D
PTS: 1
REF: 163
FEEDBACK: In Erikson's theory, human development involves a series of personal conflicts. The
potential for these conflicts exists at birth as innate predispositions, each of which will become
prominent at different stages when our environment demands certain adaptations. Each confrontation
with our environment is called a crisis. The crisis involves a shift in perspective.
14. According to Erikson, if a conflict at one developmental stage cannot be resolved, then a person is
more likely to:
a. resolve it during the later stages.
b. compensate for it at the next stage of development.
c. find it difficult to adapt to later problems.
d. overcome problems faster in later stages.
ANS: C
PTS: 1
REF: 163
FEEDBACK: Each developmental stage has its particular crisis or turning point that necessitates some
change in our behavior and personality. We may respond to the crisis in one of two ways: a
maladaptive way or an adaptive way. Only when we have resolved each conflict can the personality
continue its normal developmental sequence and acquire the strength to confront the next stage's crisis.
If the conflict at any stage remains unresolved, we are less likely to be able to adapt to later problems.
15. In Erikson's view, at each stage of psychosocial development, _____.

a. the maladaptive way of coping must be suppressed
b. the ego must incorporate both maladaptive and adaptive ways of coping
c. we must eliminate our sexual and physical needs
d. the mother is most important in resolving the crisis for the child
ANS: B
PTS: 1
REF: 163
FEEDBACK: Erikson believed that the ego must incorporate both maladaptive as well as adaptive
ways of coping. Ideally, at every stage of development the ego will consist primarily of the positive or
adaptive attitude but will be balanced by some portion of the negative attitude.
16. Each of Erikson's developmental stages provides individuals an opportunity to:
a. increase their awareness of their unconscious mind.
b. explore the pleasure principle.
c. overcome genetic predispositions.
d. develop their basic strengths.
ANS: D
PTS: 1
REF: 163
FEEDBACK: Erikson also proposed that each of the eight psychosocial stages provides an opportunity
to develop our basic strengths. To Erikson, basic strengths are motivating characteristics and beliefs
that derive from the satisfactory resolution of the crisis at each developmental stage.
17. During Erikson's first stage of psychosocial development, when trust or mistrust are the ways of
coping, the most important body part is the:
a. anus. c. stomach.
b. mouth. d. nose.
ANS: B
PTS: 1
REF: 164
FEEDBACK: Erikson's oral-sensory stage of psychosocial development, paralleling Freud's oral stage,
occurs during our first year of life, the time of our greatest helplessness. During this stage, the mouth is
of vital importance. Erikson wrote that the infant lives through, and loves with, the mouth.
18. According to Erikson, _____ involves a determination to exercise freedom of choice and self-restraint
in the face of society's demands.
a. competence c. purpose
b. will d. fidelity
ANS: B
PTS: 1
REF: 165
FEEDBACK: The most important point about the muscular-anal stage of psychosocial development is
that for the first time children are able to exercise some choice, to experience the power of their
autonomous will. The basic strength that develops from autonomy is will, which involves a
determination to exercise freedom of choice and self-restraint in the face of society's demands.
19. The locomotor-genital stage of Erikson's stages of psychosocial development, which occurs between
ages 3 and 5, involves _____ as the two ways of coping.
a. initiative versus guilt c. autonomy versus doubt and shame
b. identity versus role confusion d. trust versus mistrust
ANS: A
PTS: 1
REF: 165
FEEDBACK: The locomotor-genital stage, which occurs between ages 3 and 5, is similar to the
phallic stage in Freud's system. Children express a strong desire to take the initiative in many
activities. If the parents punish the child and otherwise inhibit these displays of initiative, the child will
develop persistent guilt feelings that will affect self-directed activities throughout the person's life.
20. The adolescence stage of Erikson's stages of psychosocial development that includes the ways of
coping of identity cohesion or role confusion appears between ages:
a. 3 and 5. c. 12 and 18.
b. 6 and 11. d. 19 and 35.
ANS: C
PTS: 1
REF: 167
FEEDBACK: Adolescence, between ages 12 and 18, is the stage at which we must meet and resolve
the crisis of our basic ego identity. Those who fail to achieve a cohesive identity—who experience
what Erikson called an identity crisis—will exhibit a confusion of roles.
21. Erikson identified the stage that deals with identity cohesion versus role confusion as:
a. a time when a person has a strong sense of their own identity.
b. a stage where a person develops a variety of physical and mental abilities.
c. a moratorium to give a person time and energy to play different roles.
d. a period of consistency, hope, and resolution of conflicts.
ANS: C
PTS: 1
REF: 167
the crisis of our basic ego identity. Erikson suggested that adolescence was a hiatus between childhood
and adulthood, a necessary psychological moratorium to give the person time and energy to play
different roles and live with different self-images.
22. According to Erikson, a(n) _____ identity is preferable to no identity during the adolescent stage.
a. positive c. incongruent
b. confusing d. negative
ANS: D
PTS: 1
REF: 167
FEEDBACK: People who experience an identity crisis may withdraw from the normal life sequence
(education, job, marriage) as Erikson did for a time or seek a negative identity in crime or drugs. Even
a negative identity, as society defines it, is preferable to no identity at all, although it is not as
satisfactory as a positive identity.
23. Erikson believed that for adolescents, excessive association with fanatical groups and cults or
obsession with popular cultural icons could:
a. restrict the developing ego.
b. increase their positive well-being.
c. lead them to develop their superego.
d. help them overcome issues of fidelity.
ANS: A
PTS: 1
REF: 167
FEEDBACK: Erikson noted the strong impact of peer groups on the development of ego identity in
adolescence. He noted that excessive association with fanatical groups and cults, or obsessive
identification with icons of popular culture, could restrict the developing ego.
24. According to Erikson, the basic strength that should develop during adolescence is:
a. purpose. c. hope.
b. wisdom. d. fidelity.
ANS: D
PTS: 1
REF: 167
FEEDBACK: The basic strength that should develop during adolescence is fidelity, which emerges
from a cohesive ego identity. Fidelity encompasses sincerity, genuineness, and a sense of duty in our
relationships with other people.
25. The term fidelity encompasses:

a. sincerity, genuineness, and a sense of duty in relationships.
b. trust, autonomy, initiative, and industriousness.
c. the courage to envision and pursue goals.
d. the freedom of choice and self-restraint.
ANS: A
PTS: 1
REF: 167
FEEDBACK: The basic strength that should develop during adolescence is fidelity, which emerges
from a cohesive ego identity. Fidelity encompasses sincerity, genuineness, and a sense of duty in our
relationships with other people.
26. To Erikson, the end of young adulthood may occur at the age of:
a. 21. c. 25.
b. 35. d. 30.
ANS: B
PTS: 1
REF: 167
FEEDBACK: Erikson considered young adulthood to be a longer stage than the previous ones,
extending from the end of adolescence to about the age of 35.
27. Which of the following did Erikson consider to be a positive outcome in the young adulthood stage?
a. A person establishes intimate relationships.
b. Individuals establish their dependence on their parents.
c. A person acquires the skill of competence.
d. Individuals focus on understanding the purpose of their lives.
ANS: A
PTS: 1
REF: 167
extending from the end of adolescence to about the age of 35. We undertake some form of productive
work and establish intimate relationships, typically close friendships and sexual unions.
28. According to Erikson, a person undertakes some form of productive work, establishes intimate
relationships, and has an opportunity to become independent from his or her parents during the stage
of:
a. young adulthood.
b. adolescence.
c. adulthood.
d. latency.
ANS: A
PTS: 1
REF: 167
extending from the end of adolescence to about the age of 35. During this period we establish our
independence from our parents and quasi-parental institutions. We undertake some form of productive
work and establish intimate relationships, typically close friendships and sexual unions.
29. According to Erikson, people who are unable to develop positive relationships during young adulthood
may prefer to be alone because they fear _____ as a threat to their ego identity.
a. casual social contact c. intimacy
b. unconscious desires d. conflict
ANS: C
PTS: 1
REF: 168
FEEDBACK: People who are unable to establish intimacies in young adulthood will develop feelings
of isolation. They avoid social contacts, reject other people, and may even become aggressive toward
them. They prefer to be alone because they fear intimacy as a threat to their ego identity.
30. Identify a true statement about people who are unable to develop positive relationships during young
adulthood.
a. They prefer to live in isolation.
b. They avoid social contacts and reject other people.
c. They fear intimacy.
d. All of these are correct.
ANS: D
PTS: 1
REF: 168
FEEDBACK: People who are unable to establish intimacies in young adulthood will develop feelings
of isolation. They avoid social contacts, reject other people, and may even become aggressive toward
them. They prefer to be alone because they fear intimacy as a threat to their ego identity.
31. The psychosocial developmental stage of maturity that lasts the longest is the:
a. muscular-anal stage. c. adulthood stage.
b. locomotor-genital stage. d. latency stage.
ANS: C
PTS: 1
REF: 168
FEEDBACK: Adulthood, approximately ages 35–55, is a stage of maturity in which we need to be
actively involved in teaching and guiding the next generation.
32. According to Erikson, a person in the adulthood stage experiences _____ versus _____ and needs to be
involved in teaching and guiding the next generation.
a. generativity; stagnation c. intimacy; isolation
b. ego integrity; despair d. industriousness; inferiority
ANS: A
PTS: 1
REF: 168
FEEDBACK: Adulthood, approximately ages 35–55, is a stage of maturity in which we need to be
actively involved in teaching and guiding the next generation. This need extends beyond our
immediate family.
33. Erikson believed that the basic strength associated with adulthood is:
a. wisdom. c. purpose.
b. love. d. care.
ANS: D
PTS: 1
REF: 169
FEEDBACK: Care is the basic strength that emerges from generativity in adulthood. Erikson defined
care as a broad concern for others and believed it was manifested in the need to teach, not only to help
others but also to fulfill one's identity.
34. Erikson's depiction of emotional difficulties in middle age is similar to:

a. Freud's description of ego development.
b. Jung's description of the midlife crisis.
c. Adler's description of individual psychology.
d. Horney's description of middle-age anxiety.
ANS: B
PTS: 1
REF: 169
FEEDBACK: When middle-aged people cannot or will not find an outlet for generativity, they may
become overwhelmed by stagnation, boredom, and interpersonal impoverishment. Erikson's depiction
of these emotional difficulties in middle age is similar to Jung's description of the midlife crisis.
35. According to Erikson, when middle-aged people cannot or will not find an outlet for generativity, they:
a. lose their strengths of competence, purpose, and fidelity.
b. may become overwhelmed by stagnation and regress to a stage of pseudo-intimacy.
c. adopt the behaviors of older, and more mature, adults.
d. may join as many organizations as possible to satisfy their ego.
ANS: B
PTS: 1
REF: 169
FEEDBACK: When middle-aged people cannot or will not find an outlet for generativity, they may
become overwhelmed by stagnation, boredom, and interpersonal impoverishment. And they may
become physical or psychological invalids because of their absorption with their own needs and
comforts.
36. Ego integrity involves:
a. making unconscious desires conscious.
b. allowing the superego and the id to be more balanced.
c. experiencing a sense of frustration with one's past.
d. accepting one's place and one's past.
ANS: D
PTS: 1
REF: 169
FEEDBACK: If we look back with a sense of fulfillment and satisfaction, believing we have coped
with life's victories and failures, then we are said to possess ego integrity. Simply stated, ego integrity
involves accepting one's place and one's past.
37. According to Erikson, which of the following should older people seek?
a. Vital participation in life c. Stimulation from their environment
b. New challenges d. All of these are correct.
ANS: D
PTS: 1
REF: 169
FEEDBACK: Older people must do more than reflect on the past. They must remain active, vital
participants in life, seeking challenge and stimulation from their environment. As an older person
himself, Erikson said that generativity (the focus of mature adulthood) was even more important than
he had thought when he was first developing his theory.
38. _____, developed in the seventh stage of life, may be the most important factor contributing to ego
integrity in the eighth and final stage of psychosocial development.
a. Generativity c. Industriousness
b. Intimacy d. Trust
ANS: A
PTS: 1
REF: 169
FEEDBACK: Erikson said that generativity (the focus of mature adulthood) was even more important
than he had thought when he was first developing his theory. He believed that much of the despair of
older people is in fact a continuing sense of stagnation. Generativity, developed in the seventh stage of
life, may be the most important factor contributing to ego integrity in the eighth and final stage.
39. The basic strength associated with the final stage of psychosocial development is:
a. hope. c. purpose.
b. faith. d. wisdom.
ANS: D
PTS: 1
REF: 169
FEEDBACK: The basic strength associated with this final developmental stage is wisdom. Deriving
from ego integrity, wisdom is expressed in a detached concern with the whole of life.
40. According to Erikson, _____ are motivating characteristics that derive from the unsatisfactory
resolution of developmental crises.
a. secondary traits
b. instinctoid needs
c. free associations
d. basic weaknesses
ANS: D
PTS: 1
A-HEAD: Basic Weaknesses
REF: 170
FEEDBACK: Similar to the way basic strengths arise at each stage of psychosocial development, so
may basic weaknesses. Basic weaknesses are motivating characteristics that derive from the
unsatisfactory resolution of developmental crises.
41. In Erikson's view, malignancies develop when:

a. only a negative tendency is present. c. neuroses predominate.
b. only an adaptive tendency is present. d. adulthood is reached.
ANS: A
PTS: 1
REF: 170
FEEDBACK: When only the positive, adaptive, tendency is present in the ego, the condition is said to
be "maladaptive." When only the negative tendency is present, the condition is called "malignant."
Maladaptions can lead to neuroses; malignancies can lead to psychoses.
42. Erikson believes that basic strengths:

a. are goals to strive for but not reach.
b. are potentially achievable by everyone.
c. cannot be fully expressed because of id interference.
d. are biologically determined and inevitable.
ANS: B
PTS: 1
A-HEAD: Questions about Human Nature
REF: 170
FEEDBACK: A personality theorist who delineates basic human strengths presents an optimistic view
of human nature. Erikson believed that although not everyone is successful in attaining hope, purpose,
wisdom, and the other virtues, we all have the potential to do so. Nothing in our nature prevents it.
43. Erikson suggests that the failure of a person to adapt at one developmental stage:
a. dooms the person to failure at later stages.
b. can displace the person's true developing self.
c. can be corrected successfully at a later stage.
d. prevents the development of the superego.
ANS: C
PTS: 1
REF: 170
FEEDBACK: Erikson's theory allows for optimism because each stage of psychosocial growth,
although centered on a crisis, offers the possibility of a positive outcome. We are capable of resolving
each situation in a way that is both adaptive and strengthening. Even if we fail at one stage and
develop a maladaptive response or a basic weakness, there is hope for change at a later stage.
44. On the free will–determinism dimension, Erikson's theory of human nature:

a. is only partially deterministic. c. proposes no ultimate life goal.
b. rejects determinism in favor of free will. d. focuses mainly on free will and innate
tendencies.
ANS: A
PTS: 1
REF: 170
FEEDBACK: Erikson's theory is only partially deterministic. During the first four stages, the
experiences to which we are exposed through parents, teachers, peer groups, and various opportunities
are largely beyond our control. We have more chance to exercise free will during the last four stages,
although the attitudes and strengths we have formed during the earlier stages will affect our choices.
45. Identify the assessment technique Erikson used in his analysis of emotionally disturbed children.
a. Psychological testing
b. Free association
c. Dream analysis
d. Play therapy
ANS: D
PTS: 1
A-HEAD: Assessment in Erikson's Theory
REF: 171
FEEDBACK: For work with emotionally disturbed children and in research on normal children and
adolescents, Erikson chose play therapy. He provided a variety of toys and observed how children
interacted with them.
46. Erikson's most unusual assessment technique is:

a. dream analysis. c. free association.
b. psychohistorical analysis. d. birth order characterization.
ANS: B
PTS: 1
REF: 172
FEEDBACK: Erikson's most unusual assessment technique is psychohistorical analysis. These
analyses are essentially biographical studies.
47. Erikson's use of psychohistorical analysis included such significant personalities and figures as:
a. Hitler and Hannibal. c. Castro and Stalin.
b. Moses and Noah. d. Gandhi and Martin Luther.
ANS: D
PTS: 1
REF: 172
FEEDBACK: Erikson's most unusual assessment technique is psychohistorical analysis. These
analyses are essentially biographical studies. Erikson used the framework of his life-span theory of
personality to describe the crises and the ways of coping of significant political, religious, and literary
figures, such as Gandhi, Martin Luther, and George Bernard Shaw.
48. Erikson's primary research method was the:

a. Inkblot analysis. c. case study.
b. psychoanalysis questionnaire. d. free association analysis.
ANS: C
PTS: 1
A-HEAD: Research on Erikson's Theory
REF: 172
FEEDBACK: Erikson's primary research method was the case study. Erikson argued that case
histories yield many insights into personality development and can help resolve a patient's problems.
49. In his study of play constructions, Erikson believed he saw:

a. the symbolic expression of the genitals for both sexes.
b. proof of his first three developmental stages.
c. how sex roles were changing in modern culture.
d. gender neutrality in the selection of play objects.
ANS: A
PTS: 1
REF: 172
FEEDBACK: Trained as an orthodox Freudian, Erikson interpreted play constructions along standard
psychoanalytic lines. He wrote, "Sexual differences in the organization of a play space seem to parallel
the morphology of genital differentiation itself: in the male, an external organ, erectable and intrusive
in character … in the female, internal organs, with vestibular access, leading to a statically expectant
ova."
50. Research on Erikson's psychosocial stages demonstrated:

a. little support for all individual stages and their associated psychological manifestations.
b. a relationship between happiness and adaptive development in the first six stages.
c. no relationship between the individual stages and their ascribed aspects of personality.
d. support for the occurrence of generativity or stagnation during adolescence.
ANS: B
PTS: 1
REF: 175
FEEDBACK: A study using the Inventory of Psychosocial Development, a test designed to assess
adaptive and maladaptive development in Erikson's first six stages, found a significant relationship
between happiness and adaptive development at each stage. Another study showed a high correlation
between maladaptive development in the first six stages and a sense of alienation and uprootedness.
51. Studies on the concept of ego identity that was proposed by Erikson showed that:
a. it is negatively related to maternal identification.
b. younger men experience lower levels of psychological distress than do older men.
c. women are more successful than men in achieving ego identity.
d. adolescents who developed trust and autonomy displayed a high level of identity cohesion.
ANS: D
PTS: 1
REF: 175
FEEDBACK: Adolescents who developed trust, autonomy, initiative, and industriousness (adaptive
ways of coping) in the first four stages of psychosocial development displayed a high level of identity
cohesion rather than role confusion. Adolescents who had not resolved their identity crisis and who
experienced role confusion had not developed adaptive ways of coping in the earlier stages.
52. Each of the following is a psychological type, or status, in the adolescent stage of development except:
a. identity achievement. c. foreclosure.
b. identity competence. d. moratorium.
ANS: B
PTS: 1
REF: 176
FEEDBACK: An extensive research program on the adolescent stage of development identified five
psychosocial types, or statuses, for that period. These are identity achievement, moratorium,
foreclosure, identity diffusion, and alienated achievement.
53. In the adolescence stage of psychosocial development, the status of _____ describes adolescents who
are committed to occupational and ideological choices.
a. identity achievement
b. moratorium
c. foreclosure
d. identity diffusion
ANS: A
PTS: 1
REF: 176
FEEDBACK: Identity achievement describes adolescents who are committed to occupational and
ideological choices. A study of college students found a positive correlation between achieved identity
status and objective measures of commitment.
54. Adolescents who have not experienced an identity crisis but are committed to an occupation are in the:
a. foreclosure status. c. identity competence status.
b. moratorium status. d. identity achievement status.
ANS: A
PTS: 1
REF: 176
FEEDBACK: Foreclosure describes adolescents who have not yet experienced an identity crisis but
who express commitment to an occupation and an ideology. However, these commitments often have
been determined for them by their parents and do not result from the adolescents' deliberate choice.
55. Which of the following psychosocial types precedes foreclosure in the adolescent stage of
development?
a. Identity achievement
b. Moratorium
c. Social acceptance
d. Identity diffusion
ANS: D
PTS: 1
REF: 177
FEEDBACK: An extensive research program on the adolescent stage of development identified five
psychosocial types, or statuses, for that period. These are identity achievement, moratorium,
foreclosure, identity diffusion, and alienated achievement. Four of these statuses, in the following
order (identity diffusion, foreclosure, moratorium, and identity achievement), represent increasingly
successful resolutions of the identity problem.
56. Which of the following statuses of the adolescent stage of development does not represent a successful
resolution of the identity problem?
a. Identity diffusion
b. Alienated achievement
c. Foreclosure
d. Moratorium
ANS: B
PTS: 1
REF: 177
FEEDBACK: Four of the statuses, in the following order—identity diffusion, foreclosure, moratorium,
and identity achievement—represent increasingly successful resolutions of the identity problem.
Erikson predicted that people who have achieved an integrated ego identity will have greater ego
strength than those who are farther from resolving their identity dilemma.
57. Women college students who are career-oriented are likely to:
a. marry later in life.
b. pursue a committed relationship early in life.
c. date men who are not employed and who need emotional support.
d. date more in college than those women who are not career-oriented.
ANS: A
PTS: 1
REF: 180
FEEDBACK: Questionnaire studies of several hundred women college students revealed that those
who are career-oriented tended to marry later in life. They dated less while in college and were more
wary of committed relationships.
58. Research on Erikson's theory suggests that college may delay the resolution of the _____.
a. generativity crisis c. identity crisis
b. womb envy d. penis envy
ANS: C
PTS: 1
REF: 181
FEEDBACK: College may delay the resolution of the identity crisis and prolong the period during
which young adults experiment with different roles and ideologies.
59. Generativity in middle age correlates positively with:

a. income. c. wisdom.
b. hope. d. power.
ANS: D
PTS: 1
REF: 181
FEEDBACK: Research on the adulthood stage of psychosocial development has shown that
generativity in middle age is positively correlated with power and with intimacy motivation.
Generativity in middle age appears to be significantly related to having experienced warm, affectionate
parenting in childhood.
60. Which of the following stages in the development of a psychologically healthy Black identity,
proposed by William Cross, includes three identity clusters?
a. The encounter stage c. The pre-encounter stage
b. The immersion-emersion stage d. The internalization stage
ANS: C
PTS: 1
REF: 186
FEEDBACK: The pre-encounter stage in the development of a psychologically healthy Black identity
includes three identity clusters. The pre-encounter assimilation identity contains little racial awareness
or racial identity. The pre-encounter miseducation identity internalizes negative stereotypes about
being Black. The pre-encounter self-hatred identity involves holding highly negative views about
Blacks, resulting in anti-Black and self-hating attitudes.
61. In response to charges that his concepts are ambiguous and poorly defined, Erikson cited:
a. numerous supporters who refuted these charges.
b. his growing influence and fame.
c. the basic impossibility of trying to define personality.
d. his artistic temperament and lack of formal training in science.
ANS: D
PTS: 1
A-HEAD: Reflections on Erikson's Theory
REF: 188
FEEDBACK: Erikson agreed that the charges of ambiguous terms and concepts, conclusions drawn in
the absence of supporting data, and an overall lack of precision were valid and blamed them on his
artistic temperament and lack of formal training in science. He wrote, "I came to psychology from art,
which may explain, if not justify, the fact that at times the reader will find me painting contexts and
backgrounds where he would rather have me point to facts and concepts."
62. Erikson's theory has been criticized because it is:

a. irrelevant to the lives of average persons.
b. more applicable to women than to men.
c. incomplete in its description of the last stage of maturity.
d. of more value in the laboratory than in the clinic.
ANS: C
PTS: 1
REF: 188
FEEDBACK: A specific criticism relates to the incomplete description of the developmental stage of
maturity, which Erikson attempted to correct in his 1986 book, Vital Involvement in Old Age. Also,
some psychologists question whether personality development after age 55 is likely to be as positive as
Erikson suggested with his concept of ego integrity. For many people, this stage of life is characterized
by pain, loss, and depression, even for people who develop the basic strength of wisdom.
63. One of the most important contributions of Erikson's personality theory is to the field of:
a. psychometry.
b. computational social science.
c. recombinant memetics.
d. life-span developmental psychology.
ANS: D
PTS: 1
REF: 189
FEEDBACK: The field of life-span developmental psychology, which has seen a massive increase in
research and theory in recent years, owes much of its spark to Erikson's approach, as does the current
interest in developmental problems of middle and old age.
TRUE/FALSE
1. Erikson's theory of personality development involves a series of personal constructs and

ego-idealizations.
ANS: F
PTS: 1
REF: 162, 163
FEEDBACK: Erikson divided the growth of the personality into eight psychosocial stages. These were
eight successive stages encompassing the life span. At each stage, we must cope with a crisis in either
an adaptive or a maladaptive way. In Erikson's theory, human development involves a series of
personal conflicts.
2. Erickson believed that our personality development is affected by both biological and social factors.
ANS: T
PTS: 1
REF: 163
FEEDBACK: It is the social and environmental forces to which we are exposed that control the ways
in which the genetically predetermined stages of development are realized. Thus, our personality
development is affected by both biological and social factors.
3. According to Erikson, basic strengths are interdependent and one strength cannot develop until the
strength associated with the previous psychological stage of personality development has been
confirmed.
ANS: T
PTS: 1
REF: 163
FEEDBACK: Basic strengths, or virtues, emerge once the crisis at each developmental stage has been
resolved satisfactorily. He suggested that basic strengths are interdependent in that one strength cannot
develop until the strength associated with the previous stage has been confirmed.
4. Autonomy versus shame is associated with the locomotor-genital stage, which occurs between the ages
of one to three.
ANS: F
PTS: 1
REF: 164–165
FEEDBACK: During the muscular-anal stage at the second and third years of life, corresponding to
Freud's anal stage, children rapidly develop a variety of physical and mental abilities and are able to do
many things for themselves. Of all these abilities, Erikson believed the most important involved
holding on and letting go. When parents frustrate their child's attempt to exercise independence, the
child develops feelings of self-doubt and a sense of shame in dealing with others.
5. The basic strength called purpose should be realized during the muscular-anal stage, which is
characterized by initiative versus guilt.
ANS: F
PTS: 1
REF: 165
FEEDBACK: In the locomotor-genital stage, children express a strong desire to take the initiative in
many activities. The basic strength called purpose arises from initiative. Purpose involves the courage
to envision and pursue goals.
6. According to Erikson, in the latency stage of psychosocial development, a child's growing powers of
deductive reasoning and the ability to play by rules lead to the deliberate refinement of the skills
displayed in building things.
ANS: T
PTS: 1
REF: 166
FEEDBACK: Erikson's latency stage of psychosocial development, which occurs from ages 6 to 11,
corresponds to Freud's latency period. The child's growing powers of deductive reasoning and the
ability to play by rules lead to the deliberate refinement of the skills displayed in building things.
7. As indicated by Erikson, young adulthood includes generativity versus stagnation as the ways of
coping with crisis and a person might resolve the crisis of his or her basic ego identity during this
stage.
ANS: F
PTS: 1
REF: 167
the crisis of our basic ego identity. This stage of development is linked to identity cohesion versus role
confusion as ways of coping with crisis.
8. People who fail to achieve a cohesive identity will experience a confusion of their roles and thus will
have an identity crisis.
ANS: T
PTS: 1
REF: 167
FEEDBACK: Those who fail to achieve a cohesive identity—who experience what Erikson called an
identity crisis—will exhibit a confusion of roles. They do not know who or what they are, where they
belong, or where they want to go.
9. The basic strength that emerges from the intimacy of the young adult years is love.
ANS: T
PTS: 1
REF: 168
FEEDBACK: The basic strength that emerges from the intimacy of the young adult years is love,
which Erikson considered to be the greatest of all human virtues. He described it as a mutual devotion
in a shared identity, the fusing of oneself with another person.
10. Erikson believed that all institutions— whether business, government, social service, or
academic-related—provide opportunities for us to express ego integrity.
ANS: F
PTS: 1
REF: 169
FEEDBACK: Erikson believed that all institutions—whether business, government, social service, or
academic—provide opportunities for us to express generativity. Thus, in whatever organizations or
activities we are involved, we can usually find a way to become a mentor, teacher, or guide to younger
people for the betterment of society at large.
11. Care is the basic strength that emerges from generativity in adulthood.
ANS: T
PTS: 1
REF: 169
FEEDBACK: Care is the basic strength that emerges from generativity in adulthood. Erikson defined
care as a broad concern for others and believed it was manifested in the need to teach, not only to help
others but also to fulfill one's identity.
12. Rather than just reflecting on the past, Erikson believed that older people must remain active, vital
participants in life, while seeking challenge and stimulation from their environment.
ANS: T
PTS: 1
REF: 169
FEEDBACK: Older people must do more than reflect on the past. They must remain active, vital
participants in life, seeking challenge and stimulation from their environment.
13. The basic strength associated with the final stage of maturity and old age is hope.
ANS: F
PTS: 1
REF: 169
FEEDBACK: The basic strength associated with the final developmental stage of old age is wisdom.
Deriving from ego integrity, wisdom is expressed in a detached concern with the whole of life.
14. Erikson's theory allows for optimism and offers the possibility of a positive outcome in each stage of
personality development.
ANS: T
PTS: 1
REF: 170
FEEDBACK: Erikson's theory allows for optimism because each stage of psychosocial growth,
although centered on a crisis, offers the possibility of a positive outcome. We are capable of resolving
each situation in a way that is both adaptive and strengthening.
15. The preference for gender-based toys among children existed during the time of Erikson but is not
prevalent today.
ANS: F
PTS: 1
REF: 173
FEEDBACK: More than 50 years after Erikson's research on play constructions, traditional gender
stereotyping with regard to toys and play behaviors persists. Most children still prefer gender-based
toys. Boys typically play with trucks, soldiers, and guns. Girls typically play with dolls, jewelry, and
toy kitchen implements.
ESSAY
1. Erikson is best known for his eight stages of psychosocial development. Consider the stage of trust
versus mistrust and (A) identify when this stage occurs; (B) give a general description of a positive and
negative development of this stage.
ANS: Erikson's oral-sensory stage of psychosocial development occurs during our first year of life, the
time of our greatest helplessness. This is a period marked by the mother–child bond in which there can
be excellent bonding and nurturance or lack of bonding and little affection between the child and the
mother. This can create lifelong bonding issues and acceptance of self-worth issues.
If the mother responds appropriately to the baby's physical needs and provides ample affection, love,
and security, then infants will develop a sense of trust, an attitude that will characterize the growing
child's view of themselves and others. In this way, we learn to expect "consistency, continuity, and
sameness" from other people and situations in our environment. On the other hand, if the mother is
rejecting, inattentive, or inconsistent in her behavior, infants may develop an attitude of mistrust and
will become suspicious, fearful, and anxious.
Although the pattern of trust or mistrust as a dimension of personality is set in infancy, the problem
may reappear at a later developmental stage.
If this phase is not successfully negotiated and resolved, the phase will continue to have either a
positive or negative effect on relationships in and outside of the family.
PTS: 1
REF: 163, 164
2. How is the superego developed in a child in the locomotor-genital stage according to Erikson?
ANS: The locomotor-genital stage, which occurs between ages 3 and 5, is similar to the phallic stage
in Freud's system. Motor and mental abilities are continuing to develop, and children can accomplish
more on their own.
One initiative that may develop is in the form of fantasies, manifested in the desire to possess the
parent of the opposite sex and establish a rivalry with the parent of the same sex. How will the parents
react to these self-initiated activities and fantasies? If they punish the child and otherwise inhibit these
displays of initiative, the child will develop persistent guilt feelings that will affect self-directed
activities throughout the person's life.
In the Oedipal relationship, the child inevitably fails, but if the parents guide this situation with love
and understanding, then the child will acquire an awareness of what is permissible behavior and what
is not. The child's initiative can be channeled toward realistic and socially sanctioned goals in
preparation for the development of adult responsibility and morality. In Freudian terms, we would call
this the superego.
The basic strength called purpose arises from initiative. Purpose involves the courage to envision and
pursue goals.
PTS: 1
REF: 165
3. Explain the concept of identity crisis experienced in adolescence. Explain the basic strength that is
required to overcome anxiety in this stage.
ANS: Adolescence, between ages 12 and 18, is the stage at which we must meet and resolve the crisis
of our basic ego identity. The self-image, which is an integration of our ideas of what we are and what
we want to be, is formed during adolescence. If this process is resolved satisfactorily, the result is a
consistent and congruent picture.
Shaping an identity and accepting it are difficult tasks, often filled with anxiety. Adolescents
experiment with different roles and ideologies, trying to determine the most compatible fit.
People who emerge from this stage with a strong sense of self-identity are equipped to face adulthood
with certainty and confidence. Those who fail to achieve a cohesive identity—who experience what
Erikson called an identity crisis—will exhibit a confusion of roles. They do not know who or what
they are, where they belong, or where they want to go. Even a negative identity, as society defines it, is
preferable to no identity at all, although it is not as satisfactory as a positive identity.
Erikson noted the strong impact of peer groups on the development of ego identity in adolescence. He
noted that excessive association with fanatical groups and cults, or obsessive identification with icons
of popular culture, could restrict the developing ego.
The basic strength that should develop during adolescence is fidelity, which emerges from a cohesive
ego identity. Fidelity encompasses sincerity, genuineness, and a sense of duty in our relationships with
other people.
PTS: 1
REF: 167
4. Explain the terms maldevelopment, maladaptions, and malignancies as described by Erikson.
ANS: In an unbalanced development, the ego consists solely of one attitude, either the adaptive or the
maladaptive one. Erikson labeled this condition maldevelopment. When only the positive, adaptive,
tendency is present in the ego, the condition is said to be "maladaptive." When only the negative
tendency is present, the condition is called "malignant." Maladaptions can lead to neuroses;
malignancies can lead to psychoses. Erikson believed that both conditions could be corrected through
psychotherapy. Maladaptions, which are the less severe disturbances, can also be relieved through a
process of re-adaptation, aided by environmental changes, supportive social relationships, or
successful adaptation at a later developmental stage.
PTS: 1
REF: 170
5. In the context of the adolescent stage of development, mention the key elements for this
developmental stage that illustrate the turbulence and stress of this period.
Test Bank for Theories of Personality 11th Edition by Schultz
ANS: Adolescence can be a turbulent and stressful period. Three key elements for this developmental
stage have been identified. They are as follows:
1. Conflict with parents, characterized by a forceful resistance to adult authority.
2. Mood disruption, characterized by a volatile emotional life, mood swings, and episodes of
depression.
3. Risky behaviors, characterized by reckless, rule-breaking, and antisocial behavior that may harm
themselves and others.
PTS: 1
REF: 178
Visit TestBankBell.com to get complete for all chapters

Test Bank For Theories of Personality 11th Edition by Schultz

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Test Bank For Theories of Personality 11th Edition by Schultz

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Test Bank for Theories of Personality 11th Edition by Schultz

Test Bank for Theories of Personality 11th Edition by

To download the complete and accurate content document, go to:

Visit TestBankBell.com to get complete for all chapters

1. According to Erikson, personality develops:

4. Erikson's childhood and youth were characterized by:

6. After migrating from Vienna, Erikson worked:

7. Erikson studied each of the following groups except:

9. Erikson divided the growth of the personality into:

12. Erikson's epigenetic principle of maturation:

15. In Erikson's view, at each stage of psychosocial development, _____.

25. The term fidelity encompasses:

34. Erikson's depiction of emotional difficulties in middle age is similar to:

41. In Erikson's view, malignancies develop when:

42. Erikson believes that basic strengths:

44. On the free will–determinism dimension, Erikson's theory of human nature:

46. Erikson's most unusual assessment technique is:

48. Erikson's primary research method was the:

49. In his study of play constructions, Erikson believed he saw:

50. Research on Erikson's psychosocial stages demonstrated:

59. Generativity in middle age correlates positively with:

62. Erikson's theory has been criticized because it is:

1. Erikson's theory of personality development involves a series of personal constructs and

4. Explain the terms maldevelopment, maladaptions, and malignancies as described by Erikson.

Visit TestBankBell.com to get complete for all chapters

You might also like