Test Bank For Principles of Anatomy and Physiology 15th Edition by Tortora

Test Bank for Principles of Anatomy and Physiology 15th Edition by Tortora
Test Bank for Principles of Anatomy and Physiology

15th Edition by Tortora
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-15th-edition-by-tortora/
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Package Title: Testbank
Course Title: pap15
Chapter Number: 06
Shuffle: Yes
Case Sensitive: No
Question type: Multiple-Selection
1) Which of the following are functions of the skeletal system? Select all that apply.
a) Support
b) Protection
c) Thermoregulation
d) Vitamin D production
e) Assistance in movement
f) Mineral homeostasis
g) Blood cell production
h) Osmotic balance
i) Triglyceride storage
j) Communication
Answer 1: a
Answer 2:b
Answer 3:e
Answer 4:f
Answer 5:g
Answer 6:i
Difficulty: Hard
Shuffle: Yes
Bloomcode: Evaluation
Learning Objective 1: LO 6.1 Describe the six main functions of the skeletal system.
Section Reference 1: Sec 6.1 Functions of Bone and the Skeletal System
Question Type: Multiple Choice
2) Which region of a long bone articulates with other bones?
a) diaphysis
b) epiphysis
c) proximal metaphysis
d) epiphyseal plate
e) distal metaphysis
Answer: b
Difficulty: Easy
Shuffle: Yes
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective 1: LO 6.2 Describe the structure and functions of each part of a long bone.
Section Reference 1: Sec 6.2 Structure of Bone
3) The shaft of a long bone is the
a) diaphysis.
b) epiphysis.
c) metaphysis.
d) periosteum.
e) medullary cavity.
Answer: a
Difficulty: Easy
Shuffle: Yes
4) The ______is composed of hyaline cartilage and reduces friction between bones involved in a
joint.
a) periosteum
b) distal epiphysis
c) epiphyseal line
d) articular cartilage
e) epiphyseal plate
Answer: d
Difficulty: Medium
Shuffle: Yes
Bloomcode: Application
5) The ______is composed of hyaline cartilage and allows the diaphysis to grow in length.
a) periosteum
b) distal epiphysis
c) epiphyseal line
d) articular cartilage
e) epiphyseal plate
Answer: e
Difficulty: Medium
Shuffle: Yes
Learning Objective 1: LO 6.5 Describe the processes and purposes of bone growth and
remodeling.
Learning Objective 2: LO 6.5.2 Explain how bone grows in length and thickness.
6) The _______ is the region of long bone that contains hyaline cartilage used for growth in
length.
a) epiphyseal plate
b) epiphyseal line
c) metaphysis
d) diaphyseal
e) articular cartilage
Answer: c
Difficulty: Medium
Shuffle: Yes
Bloomcode: Analysis
7) What area of long bone is composed of dense irregular connective tissue and osteogenic cells?
a) periosteum
b) endosteum
c) medullary cavity
d) epiphyseal plate
e) articular cartilage
Answer: a
Difficulty: Medium
Shuffle: Yes
8) Which of following selections lists bone cells in the order from unspecialized stem cell to
highly specialized mature bone cell?
a) osteoprogenitor cells, osteoclasts, osteocytes

b) osteoclasts, osteoprogenitor cells, osteoblasts, osteocytes
c) osteoprogenitor cells, osteocytes, osteoblasts
d) osteoblasts, osteoprogenitor cells, osteocytes
e) osteoprogenitor cells, osteoblasts, osteocytes, osteoclasts
Answer: b
Difficulty: Medium
Shuffle: Yes
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective 1: LO 6.3 Compare the properties of compact and spongy bone tissue.
Learning Objective 2: LO 6.3.2 Describe the cellular composition of bone tissue and the
functions of each type of cell.
Section Reference 1: Sec 6.3 Histology of Bone Tissue
9) The cells active in fracture repair during the production of the hard (spongy bone) callus.
a) fibroblasts
b) osteoclasts
c) osteocytes
d) osteoblasts
e) chondroblasts
Answer: d
Difficulty: Medium
Shuffle: Yes
10) Cells active when cartilage needs to be removed so new bone can be produced.
a) osteoprogenitor cells
b) osteoclasts
c) osteocytes
d) osteoblasts
e) chondroblasts
Answer: b
Difficulty: Medium
Shuffle: Yes
remodeling.
Section Reference 1: Sec 6.5 Bone Formation
11) This cell is active once the matrix of bone calcifies. The cells sits in a lacunae.
a) osteoprogenitor cells
b) osteoclasts
c) osteocytes
d) osteoblasts
e) chondroblasts
Answer: c
Difficulty: Medium
Shuffle: Yes
12) What are the extracellular fluid filled extensions of the lacunae called?
a) interosteonic (perforating) canals

b) osteonic (Haversian) canals
c) concentric lamellae
d) canaliculi
e) perforating (Sharpey’s) fibers
Answer: d
Difficulty: Easy
Shuffle: Yes
13) How are osteons in compact bone tissue aligned? How does the osteon arrangement affect
bone strength?
a) horizontal to the metaphysis; the epiphyseal plate resists tearing due to the arrangement of
osteons.
b) parallel to the epiphysis; the spongy bone follows the alignment of the osteons increasing the
strength of the bone ends.
c) parallel to the length of the diaphysis; the shaft resists bending even when stresses are applied
in certain directions.
d) randomly between the epiphyseal plates; the random arrangement of osteons makes the shaft
strong no matter what direction the bone is stressed.
e) parallel to the perforating canals; the osteons running adjacent to the canals protects the
vessels and nerves from becoming damaged.
Answer: c
Difficulty: Hard
Shuffle: Yes
Learning Objective 2: LO 6.3.3 Compare the structural and functional differences between
compact and spongy bone tissue.
Question Type: Multiple-Selection
14) What statements describe bone remodeling.
1. It occurs throughout your lifetime.

2. It involves bone resorption.
3. It involves bone deposition.
4. It occurs at different rates at different locations.
5. It occurs at a faster rate in compact bone than spongy bone.
6. Osteoclasts and osteoblasts will be working on the same tunnel simultaneously.
7. Osteoclasts place calcium and phosphorus directly into the bloodstream.
Answer 1: 1
Answer 2: 2
Answer 3: 3
Answer 5: 4
Difficulty: Hard
Shuffle: Yes
Bloomcode: Analysis
remodeling.
Learning Objective 2: LO 6.5.3 Describe the process involved in bone remodeling.
Section Reference 1: Sec 6.5 Bone Formation.
15) Why would running and jumping have a larger effect on bone health than walking?
a) Osteoblasts are less active and osteoclast are more active when there is mechanical stress
placed on bones.
b) Osteoblasts are more active and osteoclast maintain normal activity when there is mechanical
stress placed on bones.
c) Mechanical stress does not have an influence on osteoblast and osteoclast activity.
d) Running and jumping will prevent demineralization over time.
Answer: b
Difficulty: Hard
Shuffle: Yes
Bloomcode: Synthesis
Learning Objective 1: LO 6.8 Describe how exercise and mechanical stress affect bone tissue.
Section Reference 1: Sec 6.8 Exercise and Bone Tissue.
Question type: Essay
16) Briefly describe the steps in bone deposition.
Difficulty: Medium
remodeling.
Solution: during bone deposition, osteogenic (osteoprogenitor) cells develop into osteoblasts.
The osteoblasts secrete collagen fibers and other organic substances to begin formation of
matrix. Within the spaces between fibers, calcification occurs to form a solid matrix that
eventually surrounds the osteoblast and some extracellular fluid. The osteoblast in its new lacuna
is isolated and becomes an osteocyte. The osteocyte continues to secrete matrix but at a lower
level.
17) Briefly describe the steps in bone resorption.
Difficulty: Medium
remodeling.
Solution: during bone resorption, an osteoclast attaches tightly to the endosteum or periosteum of
the bone and forms a leak proof seal at the edges. Then it releases protein-digesting lysosomal
enzymes and several amino acids into the sealed pocket. The enzymes digest collagen fibers and
other organic substances while the acids dissolve the bone materials. Working together several
osteoclasts carve out a small tunnel in the old bone. The degraded bone proteins and extracellular
matrix minerals enter an osteoclast by endocytosis, cross the cell in vesicles, and undergo
exocytosis on the side opposite the ruffled border. Now in the interstitial fluid, the products of
bone resorption diffuse into nearby blood capillaries. Once a small area of bone has been
resorbed, osteoclasts depart and osteoblasts move in to rebuild bone in that area.
Question type: Multiple Choice
18) Which two minerals are needed in large quantities when bones are growing?
a) calcium and chlorine

b) magnesium and sulfur
c) calcium and phosphorous
d) manganese and sulfur
e) potassium and phosphorous
Answer: c
Difficulty: Easy
Shuffle: Yes
remodeling.
19) List the order of the zones in an epiphyseal plate from the diaphyseal region to the distal
epiphysis.
A: Zone of calcified cartilage

B: Zone of hypertrophic cartilage
C: Zone of proliferating cartilage
D: Zone of resting cartilage
a) a,c,d,b
b) b,a,c,d
c) a,b,d,c
d) a,b,c,d
Answer: d
Difficulty: Medium
Shuffle: Yes
Bloomcode: Analysis
remodeling.
20) In endochondral ossification, what is the original source of osteoblasts?
a) endoderm
b) mesenchyme
c) mucus connective tissue
d) osteoprogenitor cells
e) ectoderm
Answer: d
Difficulty: Hard
Shuffle: Yes
remodeling.
Learning Objective 2: LO 6.5.1 Describe the steps of intramembranous and endochondral
ossification.
21) Which type of fracture is considered a partial fracture and is only seen in children?
a) open
b) comminuted
c) impacted
d) greenstick
e) stress
Answer: d
Difficulty: Easy
Shuffle: Yes
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective 1: LO 6.6 Describe common types of fractures and the process of fracture
repair.
Learning Objective 2: LO 6.6.1 Describe several common types of fractures.
Section Reference 1: Sec 6.6 Fracture and Repair of Bone.
22) Mary, an avid runner, was complaining that her lower leg hurt. After going to the doctor,
they did not see anything on x-rays of her tibia or fibula. The doctor ordered a bone scan and saw
tiny fissures throughout her tibia without any other tissue damage. What is Mary’s likely
diagnosis?
a) Pott fracture
b) Colles fracture
c) Impacted fracture
d) Comminuted fracture
e) Stress fracture
Answer: e
Difficulty: Medium
Shuffle: Yes
repair.
23) Bone mass reduction is promoted by which hormone?
a) calcitriol
b) calcitonin
c) human growth hormone
d) parathyroid hormone
e) insulin
Answer: d
Difficulty: Medium
Shuffle: Yes
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective 1: LO 6.7 Describe the importance and regulation of calcium in the body.
Learning Objective 2: LO 6.7.2 Explain how blood calcium level is regulated.
Section Reference 1: Sec 6.7 Bone’s Role in Calcium Homeostasis
24) What hormone(s) is/are released from the control center when the control center receives
cAMP input; also important in increasing blood calcium serum levels. Choose the best answer.
a) calcitriol and parathyroid hormone

b) parathyroid
c) calcitonin
d) parathyroid hormone and insulinlike growth factors
e) human growth hormone and estrogen
Answer: b
Difficulty: Hard
Shuffle: Yes
Section Reference 1: Sec 6.7 Bone’s Role in Calcium Homeostasis.
25) Describe the steps in bone repair.

Difficulty: Easy
repair.
Learning Objective 2: LO 6.6.2 Describe the sequence of events involved in fracture repair.
Section Reference 1: Sec 6.6 Fracture and Repair of Bone
Solution: after the break in the bone occurs, blood vessels in that area are damaged and blood
surrounds the fracture. The blood solidifies to form a clot, which reduces bleeding. White blood
cells migrate into the area to remove bacteria and damaged cells. Osteoclasts migrate in to
remove dead bone matrix. Secondly, fibroblasts migrate into the fracture to form a plate of
cartilage to prevent further movement and damage at the fracture site. Thirdly, osteoblasts invade
to replace the cartilage with bone matrix in the form of spongy bone. Lastly, the bone matrix will
be remodeled as compact bone replaces spongy bone.
26) Briefly describe the processes by which bone increases in length and diameter.
Answer:
Difficulty: Medium
remodeling.
Solution: The only means by which bone can increase in length (interstitial growth) is by activity
at the epiphyseal plate. Until full height is reached, the plate consists of layers of chondrocytes,
which generate matrix that is then calcified and replaced by bone matrix secreted by osteoblasts
on the diaphyseal side of the plate. Around ages 18-20 the cartilage is replaced completely by
bone and no more lengthwise growth can occur. Bone increases in diameter via appositional
growth as new bone matrix is laid down by osteoblasts in the periosteum.
27) Jamie has a tumor of the parathyroid glands that causes a hypersecretion of PTH from these
glands. Predict the effect this hypersecretion would have on the skeletal system and on the
secretion of calcitonin from the thyroid gland.
Answer:
Difficulty: Hard
Solution: High levels of PTH would cause high levels of osteoclast activity, thus removing
calcium from bones. Bones would become weak and soft. Excess phosphate would be lost from
the kidneys. High levels of calcium ions in blood may disrupt nerve and muscle function.
Calcitonin levels would probably be high, trying to restore homeostasis by increasing deposition
of calcium into bone.
28) An archeologist and an anthropologist are studying two skeletons from an ancient tomb that
had apparently been looted in an earlier time. Both skeletons are females and both are
approximately the same height. However, the anthropologist is absolutely certain that one
skeleton is the remains of someone from the privileged class while the other skeleton is the
remains of a servant or slave.
How could the anthropologist be so sure of the economic status of the individuals based solely
on their skeletal remains?
Answer:
Difficulty: Hard
Solution: A person who is from the privileged class probably has better nutrition but doesn’t
have to do as much physical labor (exercise) as a person from the servant or slave class. The
anthropologist probably notes a difference in bone density in the two skeletons—especially on
parts of bones where muscles attached. The skeleton of the servant probably has more density
than the skeleton of the privileged class at those points. It is also possible that the servant
suffered from malnutrition during life. If so, her skeleton might show evidence of rickets or
osteopenia.
29) Describe the signs and symptoms of osteoporosis and describe the risk factors for developing
osteoporosis.
Answer:
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective 1: LO 6.9 Describe the effects of aging on bone tissue.
Learning Objective 1: LO 6.10 Describe the disorders that affect bone tissue.
Section Reference 1: Sec 6.9 Aging and Bone Tissue
Section Reference 1: Sec Disorders: Homeostatic Imbalances that Affect Bone Tissue
Solution: In osteoporosis, bone resorption outpaces bone deposition so that bone mass is
depleted, sometimes to the point of spontaneous fracture. Pain and height loss may occur as
vertebrae shrink. Postmenopausal women are especially at risk due to dramatically reduced
estrogen levels after menopause. Family history may play a role, as does ethnicity (white and
Asian women have a higher rate of disease), inactivity, cigarette smoking, excessive alcohol
consumption, and a diet low in calcium and vitamin D.
30) Which hormone is the MOST important for Ca2+ regulation?
a) parathyroid hormone
b) calcitriol
c) thyroid hormone
d) calcitonin
e) aldosterone
Answer: a
Difficulty: Easy
Shuffle: Yes
Section Reference: 1: 6.7 Bone’s Role in Calcium Homeostasis
31) In which region of the diagram would yellow bone marrow be located?
a) A
b) B
c) C
d) D
e) E
Answer: c
Difficulty: Medium
Shuffle: Yes
32) Where in the diagram can you find red bone marrow in an adult?
a) A
b) A and B
c) A and C
d) C
Answer: b
Difficulty: Medium
Shuffle: Yes
Bloomcode: Analysis
33) Where in the diagram is hyaline cartilage located? Select all that apply.
a) A
b) B
c) C
d) D
e) E
Answer 1: a
Answer 2: e
Difficulty: Medium
Shuffle: Yes
Learning Objective 1: 6.2 Describe the structure and functions of each part of a long bone.

34) What area in the diagram would the primary ossification center be formed?
a) A
b) B
c) C
d) D
e) E
Answer: c
Difficulty: Medium
Shuffle: Yes
Bloomcode: Analysis
remodeling.
ossification.
35) What type of bone cell secretes hydroxyapatite and collagen fibers?
a) A
b) B
c) C
d) D
Answer: b
Difficulty: Medium
Shuffle: Yes
Section Reference 1: Sec 6.3 Histology of Bone Tissue.
36) Which bone cell in the diagram below is an osteoclast?
a) A
b) B
c) C
d) D
Answer: d
Difficulty: Easy
37) Which bone cell in the diagram below transports nutrients and wastes through tiny canals
radiating from the lacunae?
a) A
b) B
c) C
d) D
Answer: c
Difficulty: Medium
Shuffle: Yes
38) Which bone cell in the diagram is located in the inner layer of the periosteum, the
endosteum, and perforating and Haversian canals?
a) A
b) B
c) C
d) D
Answer: a
Difficulty: Medium
Shuffle: Yes
39) In the diagram, in what areas are osteoprogenitor cells located? Select all that apply
a) C
b) A
c) E
d) F
e) D
f) B
Answer 1: c
Answer 2: d
Difficulty: Medium
Shuffle: Yes
Bloomcode: Analysis

40) In the diagram, what bone is considered the strongest?
a) A
b) C
c) D
d) E
e) F
Answer: b
Difficulty: Medium
Shuffle: Yes
Bloomcode: Analysis
remodeling.
41) In the diagram, what area allows communication from the outermost region to the innermost
region of bone?
a) B
b) C
c) D
d) E
e) F
Answer: e
Difficulty: Easy
Shuffle: Yes

42) In the diagram, what structures supply the red bone marrow? Select all that apply.
a) A
b) B
c) C
d) D
e) G
f) H
Answer 1: a
Answer 2:c
Answer 3:h
Difficulty: Medium
Shuffle: Yes
Learning Objective 1: LO 6.4 Describe the blood and nerve supply of bone.
Section Reference 1: Sec 6.4 Blood and Nerve Supply of Bone.
43) In the diagram, which is the first blood vessel that enters the bone model in endochondral
ossification?
a) D
b) E
c) F
d) G
e) H
Answer: e
Difficulty: Medium
Shuffle: Yes
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective 1: LO 6.4 Describe the blood and nerve supply of bone.
Section Reference 1: Sec 6.4 Blood and Nerve Supply of Bone.
remodeling.
ossification.
44) Briefly describe what is happening in each of the numbered stages of intramembranous
ossification as observed in a child’s skull shown in the diagram below.
Difficulty: Medium
remodeling.
ossification.
Solution: The diagram is depicting intramembranous ossification in a child’s skull. Stage1
involves the development of an ossification center. During stage 2, calcification begins. In stage
3, trabeculae begin to form. Finally, in stage 4, the periosteum develops.

45) In the diagram, where do cells lose the ability to divide and increase in size?
a) A
b) B
c) C
d) D
Answer: b
Difficulty: Medium
Shuffle: Yes
remodeling.
46) In the diagram, where is the zone of resting cartilage and does it demonstrate a proximal
epiphysis or a distal epiphysis?
a) A; proximal epiphysis
b) A; distal epiphysis
c) D; proximal epiphysis
d) D; distal epiphysis
Answer: c
Shuffle: Yes
Difficulty: Medium
remodeling.
Learning Objective 2:LO 6.5.2 Explain how bone grows in length and thickness.

47) Briefly describe what is happening in each step of fracture repair shown in the diagram.
Answer:
Difficulty: Medium
repair.
Solution: The diagram illustrates repair of a bone fracture. In step one, there is formation of a
fracture hematoma. In step two, a fibrocartilaginous callus is formed. In step three, a bony callus
is formed. In step four, bone remodeling begins.

48) Which of the following labeled structures in the diagram is a site of red blood cell production
in adult bones?
a) A
b) B
c) E
d) F
e) G
Answer: a
Difficulty: Medium
Section Reference 1: Sec 6.2 Structure of Bone.
49) Where would reticular connective tissue be located in the diagram below?
a) A
b) D
c) E
d) F
e) G
Answer: a
Difficulty: Hard
Shuffle: Yes

50) Which of the labeled structures in the diagram would house osteoprogenitor cells? Select all
that apply.
a) A
b) B
c) C
d) D
e) E
f) F
G) g
Answer 1: e
Answer 2:f
Difficulty: Hard
Shuffle: Yes
51) Where in the diagram does the secondary ossification center form?
a) A
b) B
c) D
d) G
e) G
Answer: a
Difficulty: Hard
Shuffle: Yes
remodeling.
ossification.
52) What areas in the diagram lack a perichondrium? Select all that apply.
a) A
b) B
c) D
d) E
e) F
f) G
Answer 1: b
Answer 2: d
Difficulty: Medium
Shuffle: Yes
Bloomcode: Analysis
53) Where in the diagram is dense irregular connective tissue located?
a) B
b) C
c) D
d) E
e) F
Answer: e
Difficulty: Medium
Shuffle: Yes
54) Which of the labeled structures in the diagram are fragments of older osteons that have been
partially destroyed during bone rebuilding or growth?
a) A
b) B
c) C
d) D
e) E
Answer: a
Difficulty: Medium
Shuffle: Yes
Bloomcode: Applicaiton
55) Which of the labeled structures in the diagram are composed of trabeculae, which are bony
structures that lack osteons?
a) B
b) C
c) D
d) F
e) G
Answer: e
Difficulty: Easy
Shuffle: Yes

56) Which of the following labeled structures in the diagram are built during appositional
growth? Select all that apply.
a) A
b) B
c) C
d) D
e) G
Answer 1: b
Answer 2: c
Difficulty: Medium
Shuffle: Yes
remodeling.

57) Which of the labeled structures in the diagram secure dense irregular and osteogenic layers
to the bone matrix?
a) A
b) B
c) C
d) D
e) E
Answer: e
Difficulty: Easy
Shuffle: Yes
58) PTH will increase _______activity while Calcitonin will decrease __________activity.
a) Osteoblast; osteoclast
b) Osteoclast; osteoblast
c) Osteoblast; osteoblast
d) Osteoclast; osteoclast
Answer: d
Difficulty: Medium
Shuffle: Yes
Bloomcode: Analysis
59) During fracture repair, what area will have mesenchymal cells that differentiate into
fibroblasts, chondroblasts and osteoblasts?
a) A
b) B
c) D
d) E
e) G
Answer: d
Difficulty: Medium
Shuffle: Yes
repair.
Section Reference 2: Sec 6.6 Fracture and Repair of Bone
60) Which labeled structures in the figure are lamellae?
a) A
b) B
c) C
d) D
e) E
Answer: b
Difficulty: Easy
Shuffle: Yes
61) Which labeled structures in the figure are canaliculi?
a) A
b) B
c) C
d) D
e) E
Answer: c
Difficulty: Easy
Shuffle: Yes
62) Which labeled structure in the figure was once an osteoprogenitor cell?
a) A
b) B
c) C
d) D
e) E
Answer: e
Difficulty: Easy
Shuffle: Yes
63) Which illustration and radiograph in the figure shows a Pott’s fracture?
a) A
b) B
c) C
d) D
e) E
Answer: e
Difficulty: Easy
Shuffle: Yes
repair.
64) Which of the following is the correct sequence of steps in the repair of a bone fracture?
a) fracture hematoma, bony callus formation, fibrocartilaginous callus formation, bone

remodeling
b) fibrocartilaginous callus formation, bony callus formation, fracture hematoma, bone
remodeling
c) bony callus formation, fracture hematoma, fibrocartilaginous callus formation, bone
remodeling
d) bone remodeling, fracture hematoma, fibrocartilaginous callus formation, bony callus
formation
e) fracture hematoma, fibrocartilaginous callus formation, bony callus formation, bone
remodeling
Answer: e
Difficulty: Easy
Shuffle: Yes
Learning Objective 1: LO 6.6 Describe the common types of fractures and the process of fracture
repair.
65) Osteoporosis is most common in elderly women because of the lack of __, which would
inhibit ___.
a) hGH; osteoclast activity
b) estrogen; osteoclast activity
c) IGFs; chondrocyte activity
d) PTH; osteoblast activity
e) Calcitonin; osteoclast activity
Answer: b
Difficulty: Medium
Shuffle: Yes
Bloomcode: Analysis
Section Reference 1: Sec Disorders: Homeostatic Imbalances that Affect Bone Tissue.
66) Briefly, explain how blood calcium level is regulated.
Difficulty: Hard
Learning Objective 2:LO 6.7.2 Explain how blood calcium level is regulated.
Solution: When blood Ca2+ levels drop, PTH is secreted from the parathyroid glands. PTH
increases the activity of osteoclasts to increase bone resorption, which ultimately increases Ca2+
in blood. PTH also acts on the kidneys to prevent Ca2+ loss in the urine. PTH also stimulates the
production of calcitriol, which acts on the GI tract to increase absorption of Ca2+ from the
intestinal lining. When blood Ca2+ level increases, it causes the synthesis and release of
calcitonin from the thyroid gland. Calcitonin, inhibits osteoclasts and stimulates osteoblastic
activity to increase Ca2+ deposition into bones which promotes bone formation.
67) If collagen is removed from bone, what happens to the bone? Choose the best answer.
a) The bone becomes stiff and brittle.

b) The bone becomes soft and flexible.
c) The bone shows no noticeable difference.
d) The bone will break into numerous pieces.
Answer: a
Difficulty: Hard
Shuffle: Yes
68) List and briefly describe the six main functions of the skeletal system.
Difficulty: Easy
Section Reference 1: Sec 6.1 Functions of Bone and the Skeletal System.
Solution: The skeletal system is used for support for the soft tissues of the body and as
attachment sites for tendons of most skeletal muscles. The skeletal system also functions in
protection for the internal organs. The skeletal system assists in movement working together with
the muscle system. Skeletal system aids in mineral (calcium and phosphorus) homeostasis by
storing several minerals and releasing them into the bloodstream on demand. Within some bones
is red bone marrow that produces blood cells. Bones also contain yellow bone marrow which is a
storage site for energy in the form of triglycerides.
69) Briefly describe the major differences between compact and spongy bone.
Difficulty: Medium
Solution: Spongy bone is light, which reduces the overall weight of a bone so that it moves more
readily when pulled by a skeletal muscle. The trabeculae of spongy bone tissue support and
protect the red bone marrow. Compact bone, usually found in the exterior of bone, is heavy and
dense and made up of osteons. Its function is to resist breakage and provide support of the body.
70) Which of the following selections correctly lists the sequence of events that occur during
intramembranous ossification?
a) Ossification center develops > Calcification > Formation of trabeculae > Development of new
periosteum.
b) Calcification > Ossification center develops > Formation of trabeculae > Development of new
periosteum.
c) Ossification center develops > Formation of trabeculae > Calcification > Development of new
periosteum.
d) Development of new periosteum > Ossification center develops > Calcification > Formation
of trabeculae.
e) Ossification center develops > Calcification > Development of new periosteum > Formation
of trabeculae.
Answer: a
Difficulty: Easy
Shuffle: Yes
remodeling.
ossification.
71) During endochondral ossification in a fetus, bones initially develop as a cartilage model that
was formed from
a) periosteum.
b) endosteum.
c) perichondrium.
d) mesenchyme.
e) mucous connectivetissue.
Answer: d
Difficulty: Medium
Shuffle: Yes
Bloomcode: Analysis
remodeling.
ossification.
72) If bone is analogous to a bank, calcium is analogous to ______.
a) deposits
b) withdrawals
c) money
d) bank teller
e) automatic teller machine
Answer: c
Difficulty: Medium
Shuffle: Yes
Bloomcode: Analysis
73) Which of the following hormones are more important post-puberty for bone growth?
a) insulinlike growth factors

b) thyroid hormones
c) human growth hormone
d) insulin
e) sex hormones
Answer: e
Difficulty: Medium
Shuffle: Yes
Bloomcode: Analysis
remodeling.
Learning Objective 2: LO 6.5.2 Explain how bone grows in length and thickness
74) Which of the following tissues are part of bone?

1. epithelial tissues
2. muscular tissues
3. nervous tissues
4. connective tissues
a) 1, 2, 3
b) 1, 2, 4
c) 1 and 4
d) 1, 3, 4
3) 1, 2, 3, 4
Answer: d
Difficulty: Medium
Shuffle: Yes
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective 2: LO 6.3.1 Explain why bone tissue is classified as a connective tissue.
75) Which of the following important body functions is calcium involved? Select all that apply.
a) blood clotting.
b) nervous cell stability.
c) muscle cell stability
d) acting as a cofactor in some enzymatic reactions.
e) being the primary cation that regulates osmotic balance in cells.
Answer 1: a
Answer 2:b
Answer 3:c
Answer 4:d
Difficulty: Easy
Shuffle: Yes
Learning Objective 2: LO 6.7.1 Describe the importance of calcium in the body.
Section Reference 1: Sec 6.7 Bone’s Role in Calcium Homeostasis.
76) Why do greenstick fractures commonly occur in children?
a) Their bones contain higher amounts of collagen.

b) Their bones contain higher amounts of hydroxyapatite.
c) Their bones are still composed of hyaline cartilage.
d) Their bones are still composed of mesenchymal tissue.
Answer: a
Difficulty: Hard
Shuffle: Yes
repair.
Question type: Text Drop Down
77) Match the term with the best description
[dropdown 1]: Proliferation of osteoclasts, which leads to rapid bone remodeling, and weakening
the bones.
[dropdown 2]: Severe bone density loss.
[dropdown 3]: Bone fails to calcify when remodeled.
[dropdown 4]: Bacterial infection causing inflammation, pain and rigid muscles.
[dropdown 5]: Bone cancer primarily affecting osteoblasts.
Drop Down Choices:

Osteomalacia
Osteomyelitis
Osteoporosis
Osteosarcoma
Paget’s disease
Answer 1: Paget’s disease

Answer 2: Osteoporosis
Answer 3: Osteomalacia
Answer 4: Osteomyelitis
Answer 5: Osteosarcoma
Difficulty: Medium
Shuffle: Yes
78) Complete the sentence with the best term.
Dropdown Options:
Build new bone
Calcitriol
Cyclic AMP
Decrease absorption of calcium
Decrease reabsorption of calcium
GI tract and osteoclasts
Increase absorption of calcium
Increase reabsorption of calcium
Kidney cells
Osteoclasts
Osteoclasts and kidney cells
Parathyroid hormone
PT gland cells
Release calcium to enter blood
[dropdown 1] the receptors, respond to low blood calcium levels.

[dropdown 2] input activates the control center when blood calcium is low.
[dropdown 3] is/are the effector(s) of PTH.
Osteoclasts [dropdown 4] in response to PTH:
The kidney [dropdown 5] in response to PTH:
[dropdown 6] is secreted in response to PTHs effects on the kidney.
Answer 1: PT gland cells

Answer 2: Cyclic AMP
Answer 3: Osteoclasts and kidney cells
Answer 4: Release calcium to enter blood
Answer 5: Increase reabsorption of calcium
Answer 6: Calcitriol
Difficulty: Hard
Shuffle: No
Question Type: Text Drop Down
79) Complete the sentence with the best term.
[dropdown 1] is an increase in blood calcium levels.

[dropdown 2] respond when there is an increase in blood calcium levels.
[dropdown 3] is the output in response to high blood calcium levels.
In response to the output when blood calcium levels are high, a(n) [dropdown 4] in bone
deposition occurs.
In response to the output when the blood calcium levels are high, there is a decrease in
[dropdown 5] activity.
Dropdown Choices:
Calcitonin
Calcitriol
Chief cells
Decrease
Hypercalcemia
Hypocalcemia
Increase
Osteoblast
Osteoclast
Parafollicular cells
PT gland cells
PTH
Answer 1: Hypercalcemia
Answer 2: Parafollicular cells
Answer 3: Calcitonin
Answer 4: Increase
Answer 5: Osteoclast
Difficulty: Hard
Shuffle: No
80) Which statement describes blood calcium levels accurately?
a) Blood calcium levels increase when bone breaks down, and decreases when bone is built.
b) Blood calcium levels decrease when bone breaks down, and increases when bone is built.
c) Blood calcium levels remain constant regardless of whether bone is built or broken down.
Answer: a
Difficulty: Medium
Shuffle: Yes
Bloomcode: Analysis
81) Which statements describe spongy bone?
1. Composed of trabeculae.
2. Made up of osteons
3. Found in higher amounts in the diaphysis.
4. Found lining the superficial regions of all bones.
5. Arranged along lines of force that are encountered.
6. Gaps filled with marrow.
7. Maintains strength with light weight.
8. Has the same purpose structurally as compact bone.
9. Has lamellae, osteocytes, lacunae and canaliculi.
10. Has lamellae, osteocytes, lacunae, canaliculi, and central canals.
a) 1, 5, 6, 7, 9
b) 2, 3, 4, 10
c) 1, 3, 5, 7, 9
d) 4, 6, 7, 8, 10
e) 1, 2, 4, 6, 8
Answer: a
Difficulty: Hard
Shuffle: Yes
Question Type: Multiple-Selection
82) What statements describe osteoblasts? Select all that apply.
a) Bone resorbing cells

b) Bone building cells
c) Active when blood calcium levels are high
d) PTH causes these cells to become more active
e) Made from ~50 fused monocytes
f) Differentiates from osteoprogenitor
g) Stem cells
h) Over activity can contribute to hypocalcemia
Answer 1: b
Answer 2: c
Answer 3: f
Answer 4: h
Answer 5: d
Difficulty: Medium
Shuffle: Yes
Bloomcode: Analysis
83) Place the events of a fracture repair in order.
A: A hematoma will form and will form a temporary connection between the ends of the bones.
B: Fibroblasts and chondroblasts migrate from the periosteum and begin to produce
fibrocartilage to connect the ends of the bones.
C: Osteoclasts resorb dead portions of the new bony area, and compact bone replaces spongy
bone.
D:Osteoprogenitor cells differentiate into osteoblasts and produce spongy bone.
E: Phagocytes and osteoclasts begin to remove dead and damaged tissue.
a) A, B, E, C, D
b) A, E, B, D, C
c) E, A, B, D, C
d) A, E, D, B, C
Answer: b
Difficulty: Medium
Shuffle: Yes
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective 1: LO 6.6 Describe the common types of fractures and the process of fracture
repair.
84) Aging affects bone in two major ways. The tensile strength of bone [dropdown 1] because
[dropdown 2] protein synthesis is reduced. Because of this, the inorganic minerals [dropdown 3]
in the matrix. The bones become brittle and [dropdown 4] their susceptibility to fracture. Bone
also [dropdown 5] (loses calcium salts), which can lead to poor ossification, known as
[dropdown 6].
Dropdown chocies for 1, 3, 4

Decreases
Increases
Dropdown choices for 2

Osteoblasts
Osteoclasts
Osteocytes
Dropdown options for 5

Calcifies
Demineralizes
Ossifies
Dropdown options for 6

Osteopenia
Test Bank for Principles of Anatomy and Physiology 15th Edition by Tortora
Osteoporosis
Osteomalacia
Rickets
Answer 1 : Decreases
Answer 2: Osteoblasts
Answer 3: Increase
Answer 4: Increase
Answer 5: Demineralizes
Answer 6: Osteopenia
Difficulty: Hard
Learning Objective 1: LO 6.9 Describe the effects of aging on bone tissue.
Section Reference 1: Sec 6.9 Aging and Bone Tissue
85) Mechanical stress [dropdown 1] osteoblast activity in bone, and removal of mechanical stress
[dropdown 2] osteoblast activity in bone.
Optional answers for dropdown

Decreases
Increases
Maintains
Answer 1: Increases
Answer 2: Decreases
Difficulty: Medium
Shuffle: Yes
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Question type: Multiple-Selection

Question Type: Multiple Choice

2) Which region of a long bone articulates with other bones?

3) The shaft of a long bone is the

a) osteoprogenitor cells, osteoclasts, osteocytes

a) interosteonic (perforating) canals

Question Type: Multiple-Selection

14) What statements describe bone remodeling.

1. It occurs throughout your lifetime.

Question Type: Multiple Choice

Question type: Essay

16) Briefly describe the steps in bone deposition.

17) Briefly describe the steps in bone resorption.

Question type: Multiple Choice

a) calcium and chlorine

Question Type: Multiple Choice

A: Zone of calcified cartilage

20) In endochondral ossification, what is the original source of osteoblasts?

23) Bone mass reduction is promoted by which hormone?

a) calcitriol and parathyroid hormone

Question type: Essay

25) Describe the steps in bone repair.

30) Which hormone is the MOST important for Ca2+ regulation?

Question Type: Multiple Choice

36) Which bone cell in the diagram below is an osteoclast?

Question type: Multiple-Selection

Question Type: Multiple Choice

Question type: Multiple-Selection

Question type: Essay

Question type: Multiple Choice

Question type: Essay

Question type: Multiple Choice

Question type: Multiple-Selection

Question type: Multiple-Selection

Question type: Multiple Choice

53) Where in the diagram is dense irregular connective tissue located?

Question type: Multiple-Selection

Question type: Multiple Choice

60) Which labeled structures in the figure are lamellae?

a) fracture hematoma, bony callus formation, fibrocartilaginous callus formation, bone

Question type: Essay

66) Briefly, explain how blood calcium level is regulated.

Question type: Multiple Choice

a) The bone becomes stiff and brittle.

Question type: Essay

Question type: Multiple Choice

72) If bone is analogous to a bank, calcium is analogous to ______.

a) insulinlike growth factors

74) Which of the following tissues are part of bone?

Question type: Multiple-Selection

Question Type: Multiple Choice

76) Why do greenstick fractures commonly occur in children?

a) Their bones contain higher amounts of collagen.

Question type: Text Drop Down

77) Match the term with the best description

Drop Down Choices:

Answer 1: Paget’s disease

Question type: Text Drop Down