Chapter 2 – Lessons 1,2,3

True / False

1. Although chemical properties obey the periodic law, it is impossible to predict physical properties of elements based on
their location in the periodic table.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False

2. All of the nonmetals on the periodic table are gases.

a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False

3. The transition elements consist only of those that are found in block d of the periodic table.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False

4. Elements in the same family tend to have the same number of valence electrons.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True

5. The radius of an atom is defined as half the distance between the nuclei of two adjacent or bonded atoms of that
element.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True

6. The octet rule states that atoms will gain, lose, or share electrons to achieve a complete set of eight valence electrons.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True

7. Elements in Group 17 are classified as halogens.

a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True

8. Elements in Group 2 are classified as alkali metals.

a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False

9. When an atom loses electrons, its radius gets smaller.

a. True
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 b. False
ANSWER: True

10. The electronegativity of elements increases from left to right and from top to bottom on the periodic table.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False

11. An atom that gains an electron will form a positive ion.

a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False

12. The same amount of energy is required to remove each electron sequentially from an atom.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False

13. A cation is a negatively charged atom.

a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False

14. In an ionic bond, two cations can bond together to form a compound.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False

15. When an atom gains electrons, it becomes positively charged.

a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False

. Phosphide is the name of the anion formed when phosphorus gains three electrons.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True

. Lithide is the name of the cation formed when lithium loses an electron.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False

. According to this diagram, when lithium and fluorine form an ionic bond, the fluorine is turned into the element
neon.
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 a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False

19. Metallic elements tend to form cations rather than anions.

a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True

20. An ionic bond is an electrostatic force that holds together oppositely charged atoms in a compound.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True

. A crystal lattice is a three-dimensional structure formed by positive ions surrounded by negative ions and negative
ions surrounded by positive ions.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True

. Because of the number of negative ions packed around each positive ion in a crystal lattice, ionic compounds are
good conductors of electricity and heat in their solid state.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False

. A single unit of an ionic compound is referred to as a molecule.

a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False

. Polyatomic ions are particles made of several different ions.

a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False

. The oxidation number of an ion is equal to the number of valence electrons the ion contains.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False

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26. Elements in the s- or p-blocks generally have only one common oxidation number, while d-block elements can have
more than one possible oxidation number.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True

. According to the electron sea model, metals consist of metallic nuclei surrounded by delocalized valence electrons.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True

. An alloy results when an additional element is introduced into the metallic crystal.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True

. A chemical bond results from the interaction between two nuclei.

a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False

. The element, neon, with the electron configuration 1s 2s 2p , will not form a chemical bond with another element,
oxygen.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True

31. A sodium ion is more stable than a sodium atom.

a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True

. An ionic crystal results from packing the constituent ions such that there is net zero force of attraction and repulsion.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True

. The more negative the lattice energy of an ionic compound, the weaker the force of attraction.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False

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. A monatomic ion always has one unit of charge on the species.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False

. The charge of a monatomic ion is its oxidation number.

a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True

36. A metallic bond is the attraction of metallic nuclei for delocalized electrons.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True

37. Physical properties of metals are independent of the number of delocalized electrons they have.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False

. Alloys are formed only when the constituting metals are similar in size.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False

. In steel, holes in the carbon crystal contain iron atoms.

a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False

. The melting points of metals are not as high an extreme as their boiling points.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True

Multiple Choice

41. Which scientist classified elements into four categories: gases, metals, nonmetals, and earths?
a. Mendelee b. Lavoisier
v
c. Newlands d. Moseley
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ANSWER: b

42. Which scientist first arranged elements by atomic number?

a. Mendelee b. Lavoisier
v
c. Newlands d. Moseley
ANSWER: d

43. Which scientist characterized the “law of octaves”?

a. Mendelee b. Lavoisier
v
c. Newlands d. Moseley
ANSWER: c

44. Which category of elements has the property of being malleable and ductile?
a. gases b. metals
c. metalloids d. nonmetals
ANSWER: b

45. Which category of elements is commonly used to make computer chips and solar cells due to their ability to conduct
electricity only under certain conditions?
a. metals b. metalloids
c. nonmetals d. noble gases
ANSWER: b

46. Which region of the periodic table is referred to as the p-block on the diagram?
a. A b. B
c. C d. D
ANSWER: d

47. Which region is referred to as the f-block on the diagram?

a. A b. B
c. C d. D
ANSWER: b

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48. Which region contains the halogen family of elements?
a. A b. B
c. C d. D
ANSWER: c

49. Which region contains the alkaline earth metal family of elements?
a. A b. B
c. C d. D
ANSWER: b

50. Which region contains elements with two valence electrons?

a. A b. B
c. C d. D
ANSWER: a

51. Which region contains elements with an electron configuration that ends with p3?
a. A b. B
c. C d. D
ANSWER: c

52. Which block on the periodic table contains the actinide series of elements?
a. s-block b. p-block
c. d-block d. f-block
ANSWER: d

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53. Which diagram correctly depicts the trend in electronegativity?
a. a b. b
c. c d. d
ANSWER: b

54. Which diagram correctly depicts the general trend in first ionization energy?
a. a b. b
c. c d. d
ANSWER: b

55. Which element has an electron configuration that ends in the fourth energy level?
a. A b. B
c. C d. D
ANSWER: b

56. Which element is the most metallic?

a. A b. B
c. C d. D
ANSWER: a

57. Which block is element Y most likely found in?

Element Block Characteristics
Soft, shiny grey metal; highly reactive,
X s
lightweight
Liquid at room temperature; has the
Y ?
highest electronegativity in its period
Used as a semiconductor due to its
Z p
electricity-conducting properties
a. s b. p
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 c. d d. f
ANSWER: b

58. Which is defined as the energy required to remove an electron from an atom of an element in the gaseous state?
a. ionization energy b. electronegativity
c. ionic radius d. law of octets
ANSWER: a

59. In which pair is the one on the left larger than the one on the right?
a. Na, Rb b. S, Mg
c. Br, Br- d. K, K+
ANSWER: d

2 4
60. Identify the period and group numbers of the element with the electron configuration. [Ne]3s 3p
a. Period 2, Group 4 b. Period 3, Group 4
c. Period 3, Group 16 d. Period 2, Group 16
ANSWER: c

Which is the energy level that is being filled by electrons in the transition elements of period 5?
a. thir b. fourth
d
c. fifth d. sixth
ANSWER: b

62. Which correctly describes elements in the same group?

a. They have the same number of valence electrons.
b. They have electrons in the same outermost energy
level.
c. They have the same atomic radius.
d. They must be in the same state of matter.
ANSWER: a

63. Which is the halogen that is in Period 5?

a. bromine b. strontium (Sr)
(Br)
c. iodine (I) d. xenon (Xe)
ANSWER: c

64. Which metalloid is in the fourth period and the same group as Carbon?
a. silico b. germaniu
n m
c. tin d. boron
ANSWER: b

65. Which is a transition element with five d-block electrons in energy level 4?
a. niobium (Nb) b. rhenium (Re)

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 c. manganese (Mn) d. technetium
(Tc)
ANSWER: d

66. Which is the most important characteristic in determining an element’s chemical properties?
a. the number of protons and neutrons in its nucleus
b. which period it is found in
c. the number of valence electrons it contains
d. its outermost energy level
ANSWER: c

67. Which block contains 5 orbitals?

a. s b. p
c. d d. f
ANSWER: c

2
68. Which group will have an electron configuration that ends in ns ?
a. Alkali metals b. Alkaline Earth metals
c. Halogens d. Actinides
ANSWER: b

69. Which property describes how much energy must be added to an atom to remove an outermost electron?
a. atomic radius b. ionic radius
c. electronegativity d. ionization energy
ANSWER: d

70. Which of the following elements is a metal?

a. boron b. nitrogen
c. magnesium d. carbon
ANSWER: c

71. According to ____ periodic table, the physical and chemical properties of elements are periodic functions of their
atomic weights.
a. Dmitri b. John Newlands’
Mendeleev’s
c. Henry Moseley’s d. Lothar Meyer’s
ANSWER: a

72. In the diagram above, “8” refers to the element’s ____________.

a. atomic mass. b. atomic number.
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 c. atomic symbol d. state of matter
ANSWER: b

73. In the diagram above, the “O” refers to the element’s ___________.
a. atomic mass. b. atomic number.
c. atomic symbol. d. state of matter.
ANSWER: c

74. In the diagram above, 15.999 refers to the element’s ____________.

a. atomic mass. b. atomic number.
c. atomic symbol. d. state of matter.
ANSWER: a

75. Based on the table below, atoms of which element have the greatest number of valence electrons?

a. lithium
b. potassium
c. They all have the same number of valence electrons.
d. The table does not show numbers of valence electrons.
ANSWER: c

76. Based on the figure below, what do the elements of a group (family) have in common?

a. They have the same atomic number.

b. They have the same atomic mass.

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 c. They have the same number of protons.
d. They have the same number of valence electrons.
ANSWER: d

77. Which ion is this atom most likely to form?

a. Na+ b. Na-
c. Ne- d. Mg+
ANSWER: a

. Based on the periodic table shown, elements from columns A and C will combine in which ratio?
a. 1 A: 3 b. 1A:1C
C
c. 3A:1C d. These elements will not combine.
ANSWER: d

. Based on the periodic table shown, elements from columns B and F will combine in which ratio?
a. 1B:2F b. 1B:1F
c. 2B:3F d. These elements will not combine.
ANSWER: b

. Based on the periodic table shown, elements from columns B and E will combine in which ratio?
a. 2B:3E b. 3B:1E
c. 3B:2E d. These elements will not combine.
ANSWER: c

81. In the equation for the formation of magnesium sulfide shown, which atom gains electrons?

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 a. A b. B
c. C d. D
ANSWER: b

. Which is the correct formula for the ionic compound that results from these two atoms?

a. X2Y5 b. X5Y2
c. X2Y3 d. X3Y2
ANSWER: d

. Which is true of the model of bonding shown in this figure?

a. Metallic atoms are present in a “sea” of negatively charged atoms.

b. Valence electrons are able to move easily among the metallic nuclei.
c. It results in the substance being very brittle and not easily deformed.
d. Heat and electricity are easily carried by the cations from one region to
another.
ANSWER: b

84. Which is described as the force holding two atoms together?

a. cation b. chemical bond
c. formula unit d. lattice
ANSWER: b

. Which is the charge that results when oxygen becomes an ion?

a. +2 b. -3
c. +3 d. -2
ANSWER: d

. Group 13 elements tend to acquire which charge when they form ions?
a. +3 b. -5
c. +5 d. -3
ANSWER: a

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. Which is true of binary ionic compounds?
a. They consist of only two atoms.
b. They consist of atoms of only two elements.
c. They contain two different anions.
d. They have bonds that share two valence electrons.
ANSWER: b

. A compound has the formula X3Y. For every 15 X atoms present in this compound, how many Y atoms are there?
a. 3 b. 5
c. 45 d. 15
ANSWER: b

. How many total electrons must be transferred to form one formula unit of the compound Al2O3?
a. 2 b. 3
c. 6 d. 5
ANSWER: c

. Which is a physical property of ionic compounds in their solid state?

a. good conductor of electricity
b. weak attractive forces between ions
c. low boiling point
d. high melting point
ANSWER: d

. Which is the correct order of bond strength, from greatest to least, for the compounds MgCl2, MgO, and Mg3N2?
a. MgO, MgCl2, Mg3N2 b. Mg3N2, MgCl2, MgO
c. MgCl2, MgO, Mg3N2 d. Mg3N2, MgO, MgCl2
ANSWER: d

Which is a correct statement of bond strength?

a. Compounds with smaller atoms have weaker bond strength.
b. Compounds with a higher total number of atoms in the compound have greater bond strength.
c. Compounds containing ions with greater charges have higher bond strength.
d. Compounds with a more negative lattice energy have lower bond strength.
ANSWER: c

. Which is a property of substances that exhibit metallic bonding?

a. high boiling b. rigid and brittle
points
c. low melting points d. poor conductors of electricity
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ANSWER: a

. Which is the correct formula for the compound formed between beryllium and nitrogen?
a. BeN b. Be3N
c. Be3N2 d. Be2N3
ANSWER: c

. What is the correct formula for the compound formed between magnesium and the phosphate ion?
a. MgPO4 b. Mg3PO2
c. Mg3(PO4)2 d. MgP2O8
ANSWER: c

. Which is the correct formula for the compound manganese (III) fluoride?
a. MnF b. Mn3F
c. MnF3 d. Mn3F3
ANSWER: c

. Which is the correct formula for the compound chromium (II) nitrate?
a. (Cr)2NO3 b. Cr2NO3
c. CrNO2 d. Cr(NO3)2
ANSWER: d

. Which is the correct name for the compound FeS?

a. iron sulfide b. iron (I) sulfide
c. iron (II) sulfide d. iron (II) sulfide
(II)
ANSWER: c

. Which is the correct name for the compound Ca(ClO2)2?

a. calcium chloride b. calcium chloroxide
c. calcium chlorite d. calcium chlorate
ANSWER: c

. Which is the correct name for the compound Na3P?

a. sodium phosphide b. sodium phosphite
c. sodium phosphate d. sodium (III)
phosphide
ANSWER: a

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. Which is the correct name for the compound CoCO3?
a. carbon oxygen b. cobalt (II)
carbonate carbonate
c. cobalt carbonate d. cobalt carbonoxide
ANSWER: b

102. Which is the correct name for the compound (NH4)2SO4?

a. nitrogen hydrogen sulfate b. nitrogen hydrosulfate
c. ammonium (II) sulfate d. ammonium sulfate
ANSWER: d

103. Based on the information in the table below, which is the formula for ammonium carbonate?

a. NH4CO3 b. (NH4)2CO3
c. NH4(CO3)2 d. (NH4)2(CO3)2
ANSWER: b

Multiple Response

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104. Which of the following are contributions made by John Newlands (1837-1898) to the classification of elements?
Mark all that apply.
a. arranged elements by increasing atomic mass
b. created the law of octaves
c. noticed the repetition of properties every eighth element
d. predicted the existence and properties of undiscovered
elements
ANSWER: a, b, c

105. Which of the following are contributions made by Lothar Myer (1830-1895) to the classification of elements? Mark
all that apply.
a. arranged the elements in order of increasing atomic mass
b. created the law of octaves
c. demonstrated a connection between atomic mass and elemental properties
d. predicted the existence and properties of undiscovered elements
ANSWER: a, c

106. Which of the following are contributions made by Dmitri Mendeleev (1834-1907) to the classification of elements?
Mark all that apply.
a. arranged the elements in order of increasing atomic mass
b. demonstrated a connection between atomic mass and elemental properties
c. discovered that atoms contain a unique number of protons called atomic number
d. predicted the existence and properties of undiscovered elements
ANSWER: a, b, d

107. Which of the following are contributions made by Henry Moseley (1887-1915) to the classification of elements?
Mark all that apply.
a. arranged elements by increasing atomic mass
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 b. arranged elements in order of increasing atomic number
c. created the law of octaves
d. discovered that atoms contain a unique number of protons called atomic number
ANSWER: b, d

Completion

108. The group 2A elements are known as ____________________ metals.

ANSWER: alkaline earth

109. Elements that have physical and chemical properties of both metals and nonmetals are known as
____________________.
ANSWER: metalloids

110. The size of a positive ion is generally ____________________ than the size of the neutral ____________________
from which it forms.
ANSWER: smaller, atom

111. The size of a negative ion is generally ____________________ than the size of the neutral ____________________
from which it forms.
ANSWER: larger,
atom

112. Chemical bond formation can take place due to the interaction between a(n) ____________________ and an anion.
ANSWER: cation

113. An ionic bond results due to the ____________________ attraction between two oppositely charged ions.
ANSWER: electrostati
c

114. The name of the anion is ____________________.

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ANSWER: perchlorate

115. In the electron sea model, it is proposed that all the metal atoms in a metallic solid contribute their
____________________ electrons to form a sea of electrons.
ANSWER: valence

Electrons that are free to move in a metal are referred to as ____________________ electrons.
ANSWER: delocalized

The name of the anion PO4 is ____________________.

ANSWER: phosphate

118. Ammonium and phosphate ions are ____________________; that is, they are made up of more than one atom.
ANSWER: polyatomic

119. The charges of the ammonium ion and phosphate ion are ____________________ and ____________________,
respectively
ANSWER: 1+, 3–

Because they are free to move about, electrons in metals are known as ____________________ electrons.

ANSWER: delocalized

. The figure below illustrates how an applied force causes metal cations to move through delocalized electrons,
making metals ____________________ and ____________________.
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ANSWER: malleable,
ductile

Matching

The figure below shows the different sections of the periodic table. Match the letter by each section with the type of
element found in that section.

a. A
b. B
c. C
d. D

122. d-block elements

ANSWER: c

123. f-block elements

ANSWER: d

124. p-block elements

ANSWER: b

125. s-block elements

ANSWER: a

Match the correct term or formula with its position in the table below.

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a. F-
b. Pb2+
c. (NH4)2SO4
d. Br--
e. LiBr
f. Li+
g. SO42-
h. lead(II) fluoride
i. NH4+

. 1
ANSWER: i

127. 2
ANSWER: g

128. 3
ANSWER: c

129. 4
ANSWER: b

130. 5
ANSWER: a

131. 6
ANSWER: h

132. 7
ANSWER: f

133. 8
ANSWER: d

134. 9
ANSWER: e

Subjective Short Answer

135. A student makes the following statement: “It’s easy to tell which energy level an element is in - you just count down
which row it is in, and that’s the energy level.” Is this student correct? Explain how you came to your conclusion.
ANSWER: No, the student is not correct. We know from writing electron configurations (Chapter 2) that elements in each
row of the d-block are actually contained in the energy level of the previous row; therefore one cannot merely
count down the rows. Periods and energy levels are not the same thing. One should also be careful to not claim
that the top row of the d-block is energy level 1 because it is the first row of that section.

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136. Explain what is meant by the “law of octaves.” Does it hold true for the modern periodic table?
ANSWER: The law of octaves states that when elements are arranged by increasing atomic mass, their properties repeat in
patterns of eight elements. Although the basic idea of repeated properties for the elements is correct, the
pattern is not in eights for all elements currently known, and when elements are arranged by atomic mass
rather than atomic number these relationships do not all hold true.

137. Label the blank periodic table with the following terms.

A: metalloids
B: element with the highest electronegativity
C: alkali metals
D: lanthanide series
E: element with the greatest atomic radius
F: noble gases
G: halogens
ANSWER:

138. Explain the significance of the stair-step line located near the right-hand side of the periodic table
ANSWER: The stairstep line separates the metals from the nonmetals on the periodic table. Elements that are adjacent to
this line are considered metalloids and have some properties of metals and some properties of nonmetals.

139. Do the figures in this partial periodic table demonstrate the trend in atomic radius, ionic radius, or neither of these?
Relate your answer to the structure of atoms across the periodic table.

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ANSWER: These show the atomic radius change. As electrons are added to the outer energy levels of an atom (as one
moves across the periodic table), the size of the atom decreases. This is because the additional positive charge
in the nucleus attracts the electrons more strongly and no additional shielding effect occurs across the period.

140. Place these five elements in order of electronegativity, with the highest electronegativity first.

ANSWER: B, D, C, E, A

141. State the periodic law.

ANSWER: The periodic law states that the physical and chemical properties of elements are periodic functions of their
atomic numbers.

142. Identify the representative elements from the list given below.

Na, Ca, Sc, Co, Ni, Si, N, Se, Cl, Ge

ANSWER: Na, Ca, N, Si, Se, Cl, Ge

143. Why is argon placed before potassium in the modern periodic table?
ANSWER: In the modern periodic table, the elements are placed in the order of their increasing atomic numbers. The
atomic number of argon is 18 while the atomic number of potassium is 19. Therefore, argon is placed before
potassium in the modern periodic table.

144. Why do elements in the same group have similar properties?

ANSWER: Elements in the same group have the same number of valence electrons. Valence electrons determine the
properties of elements. Therefore, properties of elements in the same group are similar.

145. The second ionization energy of sodium is very high as compared to the first ionization energy. Explain this trend of
sodium.
ANSWER: Ionization is related to the number of valence electrons in an atom. Sodium has one valence electron. It forms
a common sodium 1+ ion, but is unlikely to form a sodium 2+ ion. The jump in ionization energy shows that
atoms hold onto their inner core electrons more strongly than they hold onto their valence electrons.

+
146. Why is the size of a sodium ion (Na ) less than that of a sodium atom (Na)?
ANSWER: The loss of an electron from a sodium atom results in a smaller radius. The electrostatic repulsion between the
remaining number of electrons decreases thus allowing them to be pulled closer to the nucleus. Therefore, the
+
size of a sodium ion (Na ) is less than that of a sodium atom (Na).

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147. What are phosphors? Give examples from the periodic table.
ANSWER: Phosphors are substances that emit light when struck by electrons. Elements from the lanthanides series are
used as phosphors.

148. Define ionization energy.

ANSWER: Ionization energy of an atom is defined as the energy required to remove an electron from a gaseous
atom.

149. List the general electron configuration and location of the s, p, d, and f-block elements in the periodic table.
ANSWER: The general electron configuration and locations of the block elements are:
0-2
a. ns for s-block elements in groups 1 and 2.
0-2 0-6
b. ns and np for p-block elements in groups 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, and 18.
0-10 0-2
c. (n–1)d and ns for d-block elements in groups 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, and 12.
0-14 0-10 0-6 0-2
d. (n–2)f , (n–1)d , np , and ns for f-block elements in lanthanide and actinide groups.

150. Use the periodic table to write the names of the third alkali metal and the first transition metal.
ANSWER: Potassium is the third alkali metal and scandium is the first transition metal in the periodic
table.

151. Based on the table below, what are three predictions you can make about the element francium?

ANSWER: Its boiling point is less than 28.4oC, its freezing point is less than 674.8oC, and its atomic radius is greater than
248 picometers.

152. Two elements A and B have atomic numbers 8 and 17 respectively. Identify their groups in the periodic table.
ANSWER: Element A belongs to group 16 and element B belongs to group 17 in the periodic
table.

153. An element has similar chemical properties as oxygen and selenium. It has an atomic number greater than krypton
but less than iodine. Use the periodic table to identify the element.
ANSWER: tellurium

1 2
154. Predict the position of an element with electron configuration (n–1)d , ns , where n 4.
ANSWER: If n 4, the electron configuration of the element is 1s22s22p63s23p63d14s2. The element is scandium.

155. Identify the element having the largest size and the element having the highest electronegativity from the list of
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electron configurations given below:
2 3
a. [Ne] 3s 3p
2 4
b. [Ne] 3s 3p
2 5
c. [Ne] 3s 3p
2 6 2 3
d. [Ne] 3s 3p 4s 3d
ANSWER: The element having the largest size has an electron configuration of [Ne] 3s23p34s23d3. The element having
2 5
the highest electronegativity has an electron configuration of [Ne] 3s 3p .

156. Arrange the elements given below in the increasing order of their atomic size.
2 2 6
Element A 1s 2s 2p
2 2
Element B 1s 2s
2 2 6 1
Element C 1s 2s 2p 3s
2 2 3
Element D 1s 2s 2p
ANSWER: The arrangement of elements in the increasing order of their atomic size is A < D < B < C. Element A is the
smallest and Element C is the largest.

157. Write the electron dot structure of the element of group 17 and the third period.
ANSWER:

158. An element, D, has the first ionization energy as 1680 and the second ionization energy as 3388. Identify the type of
the element.
ANSWER: Halogen

Essay

177. When atoms form ions, their radius generally changes. Describe the change in radius when positive and negative ions
are formed. Relate this change to the change in electron number and/or arrangement.
ANSWER: When positive ions form, they tend to have a smaller radius than their parent neutral atom. This is because
electrons are being lost from the outer energy level, which causes less electron repulsion so that the electrons
can move in closer to the positively charged nucleus. Negative ions tend to get larger because additional
electrons are added, sometimes adding another energy level to the outside of the atom. Additionally, the
repulsion between the electrons in the outer energy level will increase with the added electron, causing all of
the valence electrons to move apart thereby increasing the radius of the negative ion.

178. Select something in your own life that displays repeating properties. Describe it, and explain how it obeys the
periodic law.
ANSWER: Answers will vary; common answers might be the regular repeating pattern of a weekly class schedule, regular
mealtimes during the day, or the phases of the moon during the month.

179. Explain how you can use the data points and trend in this graph to identify the property being shown. Include in your
answer a discussion of the structural reason for this trend as well as a brief reason why you rejected other properties as
possibilities.

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ANSWER: This shows the trend in ionization energy. One can tell this because the first element in each period has a very
low value, and the values gradually increase as atomic number increases until the peak ionization energy
occurs in the last element in the period (noble gas). It takes very little energy to remove the only valence
electron in an atom, but a tremendous amount of energy to remove an electron from a completed valence shell
as in the noble gas family. This cannot be the electronegativity trend because noble gases do not tend to attract
electrons and therefore have a very low electronegativity. This cannot be ionic radius, because the trend in
ionic radius is not consistent across a period. It cannot be atomic radius because the atomic radius decreases
across a period and these points clearly increase across the period.

180. Explain why the atomic radii of atoms of the elements from left to right on the periodic table decrease.
ANSWER: This trend is caused by increasing positive charge in the nucleus. Each successive element has one additional
proton in each atom, but no additional orbitals or energy levels come between the nucleus and the valence
electrons to shield the outer electrons from the nucleus.. Thus, the outermost electrons are pulled closer to the
nucleus.

181. Explain why the atomic radii of atoms of the elements from the top to the bottom of a group on the periodic table
increase.
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ANSWER: Atomic radii generally increase as you move down a group. The nuclear charge increases, but electrons are
added in successively higher energy levels. The outer electrons are further from the nucleus. This increased
size offsets the increased pull of the nuclear charge. Thus the atoms are able to become larger.

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