Test Bank for Women’s Lives: A Psychological Exploration, 4th Edition, Claire A.

Etaug

Test Bank for Women’s Lives: A Psychological

Exploration, 4th Edition, Claire A. Etaugh Judith S.
Bridges

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CHAPTER 7

REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM AND CHILDBEARING

SUGGESTIONS FOR DISCUSSIONS

1. Divide the class into two groups. Have one present arguments for the proposition that condoms and
other forms of contraception should be made readily available at school. Have the other group present
counterarguments.

2. Divide the class into two groups. Have one group present arguments for post-menopausal women
having children, and have the other group present counterarguments.

3. Inform students that in 1999, the South Carolina State Supreme Court upheld the conviction of a mother
for criminal child neglect because her baby was born with cocaine in its bloodstream after the mother
used cocaine late in her pregnancy. Other states have passed similar laws in which mothers can be
charged with abuse if their newborns have FAS or show signs of drug addiction. Have students discuss
whether pregnant women who take drugs or alcohol and/or whether the boyfriends/husbands who
provide these to them should be held accountable for potentially harming the fetus. Ask them to support
their opinions.

4. Ask students what options they would consider if they and their partner were having difficulty getting
pregnant. If it turns out that one or the other was infertile, what would they do?

5. Ask students to weigh the pros and cons of hormone replacement therapy. Ask the female students if
they think they will choose hormone replacement therapy when they reach menopause, given what is
known today, and given their own medical history and that of their family.

6. Ask students what they think should be done with unused human embryos.

SUGGESTIONS FOR EXERCISES

1. Ask students to interview a Certified Nurse Midwife, using the following questions: (a) What education
is required to become a licensed nurse-midwife? (b) How long have you been a midwife? (c) In what
settings do you practice? (d) How would you describe your clientele? (e) What are the primary elements
of your job? (f) In what ways is the care you give similar to that of an obstetrician, and in what ways
is it different? (g) Why did you become a midwife? (h) What is the most interesting and/or rewarding
aspect of your job? (I) What is the most frustrating aspect of your job? (j) Why do you think more
people are choosing midwives to deliver their babies?

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WEBSITES

Contraception
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
http://www.cdc.gov/reproductivehealth/UnintendedPregnancy/Contraception.htm

Planned Parenthood Federation of America

http://www.plannedparenthood.org

Abortion
AbortionFacts.com
http://abortionfacts.com

WebMD
http://www.emedicinehealth.com/abortion/article_em.htm

Sexuality & Reproductive Health

(also relevant for Chapters 6 and 12)

The Center for Reproductive Rights

http://reproductiverights.org/

The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: Women’s Reproductive Health
http://www.cdc.gov/reproductivehealth/WomensRH/index.htm

The Guttmacher Institute

http://www.guttmacher.org/sections/sexandrelationships.php

The Guttmacher Institute Report “Into a New World: Young Women’s Sexual and Reproductive
Lives” (1998)
http://www.guttmacher.org/pubs/new_world_engl.html

International Planned Parenthood Federation

http://www.ippf.org/

Planned Parenthood Federation of America

http://www.plannedparenthood.org

Pregnancy and Childbirth

Midwifery Today
http://midwiferytoday.com

Midwifery, Pregnancy, Birth, Childbirth, Breast-feeding

http://www.moonlily.com/obc

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Pregnancy Week by Week Healthy Pregnancy

http://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/pregnancy-week-by-week/in-depth/hlv-20049471

Infertility

MedicineNet.com
http://www.medicinenet.com/infertility/article.htm

National Institutes of Health U.S. National Library of Medicine

http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/infertility.html

Menopause
Menopause Online
http://www.menopause-online.com

National Center for Biotechnology Information

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0001896/

North American Menopause Society

http://www.menopause.org/sex.aspx

ThirdAge.com
http://www.thirdage.com/menopause

FILMS/VIDEOS

Contraception
Before Griswold v. Connecticut: Birth Control and the Law-1962
Until the Griswold case, which neutralized the Comstock Law and reinforced the right to privacy, the vast
majority of Americans had little access to birth control. Using the State of Connecticut and Cook County,
Illinois, as case studies, this 1962 program hosted by Eric Sevareid investigates urban overpopulation and
the struggle to provide family planning counseling and contraceptives to those wanting them. 55 min. Films
for the Humanities & Sciences. 1962.

Birth Control
This video addresses current birth control methods. Topics include birth control myths, reasons for using
contraceptives, communicating with partners, and choosing the most appropriate birth control method. Male
and female condoms, oral contraceptives, birth control shots, and other choices are explored. Includes a 15-
page facilitator’s guide. 27 min. Films for the Humanities & Sciences, 2003.

Choice Thoughts
In a mix of rare archival footage and sound bites from religious and political leaders, filmmaker Jacqueline
Frank takes a look at 100 years of the fight for birth control and legalized abortion. Featuring a concise
overview of the work of Planned Parenthood founder Margaret Sanger, Choice Thoughts illuminates how
access to birth control became seen as a human right. 10 min. Women Make Movies, 1996.

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Considering Birth Control, Pregnancy, and Childbirth Options

This program explores the subject of family planning, from birth control options, to pregnancy, to the basics
of childbirth. The effects of parenthood on previous personal life goals are discussed. Options for coping
with infertility are covered as well. 29 min. Films for the Humanities & Sciences, 1998.

Desire
This film documents the challenges and desires of a group of young women in New Orleans by letting them
film their own stories. This diverse group—two teenagers from the Desire housing projects, a single mother
from the working-class suburb of Belle Chase across the river, and two girls from the most prestigious
private high school in New Orleans—make short films about their own desires. This film addresses topics
ranging from sex and contraception to the impact of educational and material opportunities on the futures
of these young women. 85 min. Women Make Movies, 2005.

Margaret Sanger
Birth control advocate, self-styled libertarian, and ardent proponent of women’s rights--Margaret Sanger
was all of these, as this documentary attests. The program traces Sanger’s extraordinary life and exhaustive
work in the promotion and legalization of contraception. The documentary examines Sanger’s legal battles,
her work to distribute scientific birth control information, and her best-known achievement: the
establishment of Planned Parenthood. 87 min. Films for the Humanities & Sciences. 1997.

Abortion
Abortion: The Choice
This program presents a look at the decision to end a pregnancy through intimate discussions with young
British women. Cheryl imagines other choices she might have made if her ex-boyfriend had remained with
her. Carmel shares her college and career plans, insisting that she’s not ready to bring a child into the world.
Hannah describes undergoing a spiritual crisis, while Margaret’s sense of relief contrasts with Varria’s
feelings of grief and shame. An abortion counselor also shares insights. 59 min. Films for the Humanities
& Sciences. 2008.

The Abortion War: Thirty Years after Roe v. Wade

In the years since the U.S. Supreme Court’s legalization of abortion, the political scene has changed
dramatically enough to threaten this landmark decision. On the 30th anniversary of Roe v. Wade, this ABC
News program surveys the current landscape of opinion and political alignment, examining the shift of
momentum concerning abortion rights. 22 min. Films for the Humanities & Sciences, 2003.

Back Alley Detroit

This historical documentary tells the story of illegal abortions as they were experienced by all kinds of
women—rich and poor, white and minority, married and single. It chronicles the physicians, clergy, and
women’s health activists whose quiet defiance of abortion laws stands as a dramatic unwritten chapter in
the history of U.S. civil disobedience. 47 min, Filmakers Library, 1993.

Before Roe v. Wade: Abortion and the Law-1965

In this 1965 program, Walter Cronkite investigates the controversy surrounding abortion. Recipients of
illegal abortions share their traumatic stories, while leaders from the fields of law, medicine, and religion
argue their points of view on an issue that is still contested today. 57 min. Films for the Humanities &
Sciences, 1965.

The Fragile Promise of Choice: Abortion in the US Today

Vignettes from around the country, news footage, and interviews combine to show how restrictive

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legislation, funding cutbacks, and anti-choice violence affect abortion’s availability and how activists and
clinicians are working to preserve abortion access. 57 min. Women Make Movies, 1996.

From Danger To Dignity: The Fight for Safe Abortion

The national movement to decriminalize abortion is traced through the illegal networks that helped women
to find safe abortions and the efforts of activists and legislators to change the law. 57 min. Women Make
Movies, 1995.

The Other Side Of the Fence: Conversations with A Female Fundamentalist

This is a portrait of a fundamentalist Christian woman who once was a militant anti-choice leader but began
to question the movement. Nancy O’Brien and her husband Michael formed a militant anti-abortion
organization, Project Jericho, in Cincinnati. Planned Parenthood’s clinic was firebombed. For two years,
Lynn Estomin recorded on video the weekly confrontations outside the clinic. Then Nancy disappeared
from public view. Five years later Lynn tracked her down and made this portrait of a women searching for
answers. 28 min. Filmakers Library, 1994.

The Secret Club

One out of five women of reproductive age has had a legal abortion. Yet we rarely hear them talk about
how the experience has affected them. In this video, six women speak candidly about how they made their
decisions, about undergoing the procedure, about the support they received--or didn’t receive--from others,
and about the emotions they experienced afterwards. 28 min. Fanlight Productions. 1994.

When Abortion Was Illegal: Untold Stores

Women who risked their lives and doctors who risked their licenses speak frankly to bring alive the era of
back-alley abortions. 28 min. Women Make Movies, 1992.

Jane: An Abortion Service

A fascinating look at a little known chapter in women’s history tells the story of “Jane,” the Chicago-based
women’s health group who performed nearly 12,000 illegal abortions between 1969 and 1973 with no
formal medical training. 58 min. Women Make Movies, 2014.

Pregnancy and Childbirth

Baby Love
This video interviews teenaged mothers from a variety of socioeconomic backgrounds. Topics discussed
include virginity, sex, love, birth and involvement of fathers. 57 min. Insight Media, 1998.

Birth: Eight Women’s Stories

This program follows eight women giving birth in a variety of circumstances, including natural births at
home and in the hospital, a caesarean, twins, and a water birth. With commentary by mothers, partners,
obstetricians, and midwives, and extensive footage of childbirth, this program captures firsthand the
experience of this intimate and exciting moment. 70 min. Films for the Humanities & Sciences.

Born in the USA: A Documentary About Childbirth in America

This film explores maternity care through the eyes of three caregivers: a progressive obstetrician working
at a teaching hospital, a licensed midwife who attends home births, and a certified nurse-midwife in an
urban, free-standing birth center. 56 min. Fanlight Productions. 2000.

Broken Ties
This documentary explores filmmaker Debra Baker’s experience of being pregnant and unwed at age 18 in

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1967. Through her own commentary and through interviews with her sister, mother, and social worker, the
filmmaker probes into the reasons she complied with a family decision to enter a home for unwed mothers
(such “homes” proliferated before abortion was legalized in the 1970s) and give her baby up for adoption.
The film illuminates the emotional ramifications of the filmmaker’s experience while placing it in historical
and social perspective. 27 min. Debra Baker Films, 1999.

Considering Birth Control, Pregnancy, and Childbirth Options

This program explores the subject of family planning, from birth control options, to pregnancy, to the basics
of childbirth. The effects of parenthood on previous personal life goals are discussed. Options for coping
with infertility are covered as well. 29 min. Films for the Humanities & Sciences. 1998.

Fallen Women
This film follows a Canadian journalist on her experience going back for visit to the “home” in Western
Canada where her baby was born. In going back, she speaks with the woman who was the administrator
there, and also to the woman who was her counselor. Other women who endured similar experiences are
interviewed. It is useful for showing younger women how an unwanted pregnancy could forever change a
woman’s life. 23 min. Filmakers Library.

Going It Alone: Preparing for Single Parenthood

This program provides young men and women with realistic expectations about what single parenthood is
like and what skills they will need to cope. Topics include prenatal care, daycare and finances, and tending
to one’s own emotional needs and those of the newborn. Case studies discuss pregnancy, birth, and child-
rearing. Experts offer advice, including how to balance home and work with raising a child. This is a good
vehicle for classroom discussion. 35 min. Films for the Humanities & Sciences. 1994.

Growing Up Fast
This documentary follows six teen mothers and several young fathers through their last months of high
school. Through their intimate stories, the program explores the emotions, relationships, and psychological
forces that lead to teen pregnancy. Additional information is located online at www.growingupfast.com. 35
min. Films for the Humanities & Sciences, 2004.

Inside the Lives of Children Having Children

This ABC News program follows four families coping with the day-to-day realities of teenage pregnancy.
Case studies include a teen couple trying to raise their six-month-old son together; a 14-year-old girl
attending a school designed for pregnant teens; and a senior quarterback who impregnates and subsequently
ignores his school’s homecoming queen. This program also examines disparate schools of thought on
combating teen pregnancy—one highlighting abstinence, the other safe sex. 42 min. Films for the
Humanities & Sciences. 2009.

Motherhood on Hold: Pregnancy After 35

Many women who decided to delay childbearing are becoming aware of the risks of waiting to start a
family. In this film, a reproductive endocrinologist explains why a woman’s chances of conceiving drop
dramatically after the 20s. Four women discuss their own very different experiences in trying to have
children and the factors that shaped their choices in determining when to conceive. 27 min. Films for the
Humanities & Sciences.

Old Wives’ Tales from Heart of The Matter series

“My husband is 50, I’m 64 and we want to have a baby,” says Alison Cobb, a grandmother of six who spent
three years trying to have a baby using fertility treatments. Filmed in Great Britain where legislation has
been introduced to deny fertility treatment to “over-age” women, this video asks whether older women

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should be allowed to undergo fertility treatment in order to have babies when they’re past the normal child
bearing age. This roundtable discussion between medical specialists, legislators and would-be mothers is
intercut with scenes showing older women as mothers. It asks why no one frowns at men being fathers in
their later years, why young and immature women are more suitable for motherhood, or why age should be
an issue at all. 40 min. Filmakers Library, 1999.

Pardon My Postpartum: The Depression You’re Not Supposed to Have

This program provides insight into a condition that frequently affects mothers with no prior history of
mental or mood disorder issues, and who are often left isolated, misunderstood, and untreated. In interviews
and dramatized blog entries, women and men from around the world speak out on sleep deprivation, the
difficulties of breast feeding, medication challenges, and more. 48 min. Films for the Humanities &
Sciences. 2010.

Partners in Midwifery
In this program, two midwives discuss the joyous nature of their profession and the empowerment of giving
birth. Their core belief is that childbirth is a natural process that requires a minimum of intervention and an
abundance of emotional support. As a part of the maternity medical team, they are well trained and prepared
to collaborate with doctors and specialists if the need arises. 25 min. Films for the Humanities & Sciences.

Postpartum Depression and the Yates Killings

Filmed on the eve of the arraignment of Andrea Yates, who was charged with drowning her five children,
this ABC News program seeks to understand postpartum depression within the context of the Yates tragedy.
A panel of experts addresses the unfortunate lack of communication between doctors and new mothers on
the subject of postpartum depression, outlines the warning signs for such depression, and discusses
treatment options. 22 min. Films for the Humanities & Sciences, 2001.

Postpartum: From Pregnant to Parent

For new parents, the days and weeks that follow childbirth are often a roller coaster ride between elation
and stress. This video helps navigate those physical and emotional challenges. Topics include postpartum
depression; changing feelings about baby and self; relationship issues; parenting chores; getting help and
support; nourishment, sleep, and exercise; the back-to-work transition; childcare options; and more. 36 min.
Films for the Humanities & Sciences. 2008.

Pregnancy: A History
This program presents a medical history of childbirth from ancient times to the present, contrasting methods
and beliefs of the past with today’s obstetrics. Along with commentary from obstetricians, medical
historians, and evolutionary biologists, the program highlights dangers and advances in birthing through
documentary clips, reenactments, archival material, computer graphics, and footage of several modern
delivery techniques. Topics include caesarian section, fertility treatments, morning sickness, ultrasound, in
utero surgical procedures, and the story of obstetrical forceps. Contains nudity associated with childbirth.
51 min. Films for the Humanities and Sciences, 2001.

Sex, Teens and Public Schools

Sex, Teens, and Public Schools explores the conditions that have led to high rates of teen pregnancy,
illustrates the costs and consequences of this national epidemic, and examines the role that public schools
can play in stemming the tide of early and unwanted pregnancy. The film travels to communities to illustrate
the ideological debate over the proper role of sexuality education and school-based health clinics in
preventing teen pregnancy and childbearing. 58 min. Filmakers Library, 1995.

Teen Pregnancy: Reel Stories, Real Life

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This program follows the stories of three young women with unplanned pregnancies—15-year-old Valerie,
17-year-old Karina, and 18-year-old Sara. The program also presents another couple, Amanda and Tomas,
who have chosen abstinence. In three segments, the teens are interviewed over the course of their
pregnancies and after they have become mothers. A viewable/printable instructor’s guide is available
online. 15 min. Films for the Humanities & Sciences, 2002.

Teenage Pregnancy and Adoption

This ABC News program follows the lives of Erin and Brookanne, pregnant teens who have decided against
motherhood and now reside at the Gladney Center for Adoption, a unique facility in Fort Worth, Texas.
Ob-gyn appointments, counseling sessions, and meetings with hopeful adoptive parents reveal the medical,
emotional, and economic realities the girls face. 38 min. Films for the Humanities & Sciences,. 2007.

There was a Child

This video demonstrates the impact that losing a pregnancy, or the birth of a stillborn child, has had on
three mothers and a father. The parents reflect on the grief process, the effect of the death on their sense of
self and family relationships, and on the hurtful comments of friends and healthcare workers. 32 min.
Fanlight Productions,. 1991.

Ultimate Guide: Pregnancy

This Discovery Channel program takes viewers from the moment of conception to the moment of birth.
Checking in at four-week intervals, it uses high-tech photographic and computer imaging to capture every
stage of embryonic and fetal development as well as the changes experienced by expectant mothers during
pregnancy. In addition, a molecular embryologist and an obstetrician/gynecologist provide commentary on
the birth process. The program culminates with the filming of two births, one with and one without surgical
intervention. 51 min. Films for the Humanities & Sciences, 2002.

Waiting for a Heartbeat: The Battle Against Miscarriage

This program records a year inside the Recurrent Miscarriage Clinic at St. Mary’s Hospital, a facility
renowned for its state-of-the-art treatment. The program details pregnancy planning and care for three
women who are painfully familiar with miscarriage. Drug-based and surgical procedures pioneered at St.
Mary’s are explored. 50 min. Films for the Humanities & Sciences, 2006.

When the Bough Breaks

Based on the real story of a patient who experienced a stillbirth, this film contains ten vignettes that recreate
the patient’s interactions with health care providers during the final weeks of pregnancy. 71 min. Fanlight
Productions.

Your Options for Pain Relief in Childbirth

Many women are confused about their options for pain management during childbirth. This video provides
information women need to make informed decisions about obstetric analgesia and anesthesia. It covers the
roles of the various physicians and nurses in the delivery room and the pros and cons of the different types
of pain relief, including anesthesia for cesarean sections. 18 min. Fanlight Productions.

The Motherhood Archives

Weaving together over 100 archival educational films, science fiction and homages to 70s feminist
filmmaking. This film is a lyrical essay on the hidden history of childbirth in the 20th century. From the
first use of anesthetic ether to the postmodern hospital birthing suite, the film charts a fascinating course
through cultural histories of pain, obstetric anesthesia and the natural childbirth and Lamaze movements.
91 min. Women Make Movies, 2014.

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Infertility
Baby, It’s You
Award-winning filmmaker Anne Makepeace takes us on an intimate journey as she and her husband attempt
to conceive a child through intensive fertility procedures. The film follows them on an emotional roller
coaster ride through ultrasounds, hormone shots, surgery, test results, arguments, hard decisions, laughter,
and tenderness. Makepeace also delves into her past to discover the reasons she and her siblings never had
children. In their forties, they have each chosen a highly unconventional lifestyle, and are now, belatedly,
trying to create families. 56 min. Filmakers Library, 1998.

Cash and Carry: The Surrogate Mother Debate

Until several years ago, when the now famous Baby M case made headlines, most people were unaware of
the budding surrogate mother industry, or of the emotional upheaval it can cause when things do not go
exactly as either party had anticipated. This program explores a controversial issue through the eyes of
women choosing a surrogate, and those who are surrogates themselves. A surrogate pregnancy is followed
from the initial pairing of partners, through the actual birth of the child. 53 min. Films for the Humanities
& Sciences,. 1997.

Fertile Ground
This is a documentary on the process of becoming a surrogate mother. It demystifies the process through
first-hand accounts from individuals and couples involved in both gestational and traditional surrogacy. A
psychologist, lawyer and fertility specialist provide insight into the issues considered in becoming and/or
using a surrogate mother. 65 min. Aquarius Health Care Videos, 1999.

Infertility
Couples dealing with infertility discuss their hormone treatments, surgery, and the assisted reproductive
techniques like intrauterine insemination, in vitro fertilization, ZIFT and GIFT. Making the choice of
adoption is also discussed as well as the financial and ethical questions of infertility. 29 min. Aquarius
Health Care Videos, 1991.

Overcoming Infertility
As this program shows, infertility can be frustrating, mysterious, and difficult to cope with. However,
advances in assisted reproductive technology are also highlighted, demonstrating that many couples are
eventually able to achieve their dream of starting a family. Interviews with renowned infertility experts and
patients who have undergone infertility treatment provide informative case studies. 28 min. Films for the
Humanities & Sciences, 2006.

Trying Times: Crisis in Fertility

Stresses the importance of empathetic care by infertility professionals. The reproductive process and causes
of infertility are illustrated with animation. 33 min. Fanlight Productions.

Menopause
Hot Flash on Menopause
This look at menopause questions the current trend to medicalize this natural time of life. A medical
anthropologist who works among the Mayans in the Yucatan finds that the women do not experience hot
flashes, and have low rates of osteoporosis and heart disease. She suggests this is due to their high birth rate
with long years of nursing, hard physical work, and the slow pace of life. To defend against osteoporosis,
one researcher suggests paying more attention to adolescent diet, rather than taking HRT in late life. The
pros and cons of HRT are also discussed by such experts as Barbara Seaman, writer; Sonya McKinley,

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Massachusetts Women’s Health Study; and researchers from the Framingham Heart Study. 47 min.
Filmakers Library, 1999.

Menopause
This documentary explores many myths and misconceptions about menopause, as well as presenting a
discussion of the experiences and symptoms which may be encountered, and the physiological and
psychological changes which can occur. Both conventional and alternative therapies and their potential side
effects are also discussed by experts and by women who have utilized them. 60 min. Fanlight Productions,
. 1996.

Menopause: Passage to Paradise

A group of older women describe going through menopause--for some a passage without incident and for
others, a difficult time. The women also describe what their lives are like afterwards. A husband and wife
discuss the difficult menopause that the wife is experiencing, and the husband speaks frankly about its
impact on him. The film explains the medical facts of menopause and answers common questions about it.
24 min. Films for the Humanities & Sciences.

Woman on Fire: Menopause Stories

In interviews with women around fifty, humorous animated sequences and re-enactments of early memories
are intertwined to create this exploration of menopause. The women represent a variety of backgrounds and
cultures. These different voices bring up anxieties about aging, loss of fertility, fragility and even madness.
Counterbalancing these negatives is new energy, assertiveness, focus, and the potential to transform one’s
life. 90 min. Filmakers Library, 1997.

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MULTIPLE-CHOICE QUESTIONS

7.1. In the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle:

a. Hormones brings eggs (ova) to maturity.

b. Ovulation (release of an egg) occurs.
c. The corpus luteus forms, and releases large amounts of progesterone and estrogen.
d. The uterine lining is shed and exits the body as menstrual flow.

Answer: a Page: 129

7.2. Women who report high levels of menstrual pain and discomfort are also more likely to:

a. report high levels of stress

b. have poorer health
c. smoke
d. all of the above

Answer: d Page: 129

7.3. Which of the following statements about dysmenorrhea is/are true?

a. A high protein diet, with few fruits and vegetables, helps lessen cramping and pain.
b. Very few adolescents and women experience menstrual pain each month.
c. It is likely due to hormone-like chemicals that are secreted shortly before menstruation.
d. all of the above

Answer: c Page: 129

7.4. Some women experience their menstrual periods as pleasurable and self-affirming. This is known
as:

a. menstrual euphoria
b. menstrual positivity
c. menstrual joy
d. menstrual well-being

Answer: c Page: 130

7.5. Which of the following is/are true?

a. The majority of adolescents and young women experience PMS.

b. The most severe form of PMS is labeled Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder.
c. Anti-anxiety drugs and antidepressants generally are ineffective in reducing the symptoms of
PMS.
d. all of the above

Answer: b Page: 131

7.6. Which of the following statements about premenstrual syndrome (PMS) is/are true?

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a. Fewer than 10% of women meet the strict definition of PMS.

b. PMS refers to menstrual pain.
c. Exercise increases the severity of menstrual pain for women with PMS.
d. all of the above

Answer: a Pages: 131

7.7. Compared to teens who do not practice contraception, those who do are more likely:

a. to have high educational aspirations.

b. to have begun sexual activity at a later age.
c. have a supportive, communicative relationship with their parents.
d. all of the above

Answer: d Page: 132

7.8. Sex education programs based on abstinence are linked to:

a. delay in onset of sexual activity.

b. decrease in the number of teenagers having sex.
c. increase in sexual transmitted infections.
d. all of the above

Answer: c Page: 132

7.9. The only contraceptive method providing protection against STIs is the:

a. condom
b. birth control pill
c. diaphragm
d. intrauterine device

Answer: a Page: 132

7.10 Which is true of emergency contraception?

a. it works by causing an early abortion

b. it works by delaying ovulation or preventing fertilization
c. it can be purchased over the counter by any teenager
d. providing it to teens results in riskier sex practices

Answer: b Page: 134

7.11 Which of the following is/are true about Roe v. Wade?

a. It gave women the legal right to terminate pregnancy by abortion during any stage of
pregnancy.
b. It allowed individual states to set conditions for abortion during any stage of pregnancy.
c. It ruled third trimester abortions are illegal except when the mother’s life is endangered.

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d. all of the above

Answer: c Page: 134

7.12. Which of the following additional restrictions on abortion is/are true?

a. Many states require parental consent for minors seeking abortions.

b. Federal Medicaid funds cannot be used for abortion except when the mother’s life is
endangered, or in cases of rape or incest.
c. Congress banned a late term abortion known as dilation and extraction and referred to by
critics as “partial birth” abortion.
d. all of the above

Answer: d Page: 134

7.13. The majority of women who obtain abortions:

a. are married.
b. are already mothers.
c. are over age 30.
d. choose medical abortion.

Answer: b Page: 134

7.14. A recent comprehensive global study of abortion found that:

a. abortion is safe in countries where abortion is legal.

b. banning abortion deters women from seeking the procedure.
c. abortion rates are actually much lower in countries where it is legal than where it is outlawed.
d. all of the above

Answer: a Page: 135

7.15. Which of the following statements about abortion is/are true?

a. In recent years, the abortion rate has been increasing steadily, especially among teens.
b. The safest and most common method of abortion is the pill known as RU-486.
c. No link has been found between abortion and subsequent mental health.
d. all of the above

Answer: c Pages: 135

7.16. In developing nations, poor young women, compared to wealthier women:

a. are more likely to be married by age 18

b. are less likely to use contraceptives
c. are less likely to use maternal health services
d. all of the above

Answer: d Page: 136

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7.17. Which of the following is not an early sign of pregnancy?

a. morning sickness
b. quickening
c. breast tenderness
d. more frequent urination

Answer: b Pages: 137

7.18. Women at greatest risk of pregnancy-related death around the world are those who:

a. live in rural areas

b. are members of minority groups
c. lack access to good health care
d. all of the above

Answer: d Page: 137

7.19. Women’s feelings during pregnancy tend to be:

a. positive at the beginning, becoming more negative.

b. negative at the beginning, becoming more positive.
c. sometimes positive and sometimes negative at each stage.
d. positive throughout.

Answer: c Page: 138

7.20. The greatest reduction in maternal mortality between 1990 and 2015 occurred in:

a. South America
b. Sub-Saharan Africa
c. East Asia
d. The Middle East

Answer: c Page: 137

7.21. Reactions to pregnant women can include:

a. having their pregnant abdomen patted.

b. being perceived as irritable, emotional and suffering from physical maladies.
c. receiving lower hiring recommendations than a non-pregnant candidate even when
qualifications are equal.
d. all of the above

Answer: d Page: 138

7.22. About what proportion of pregnancies result in miscarriage?

a. At least one in seven

b. About one in 25

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c. About one in 50
d. About one in 100

Answer: a Page: 138

7.23. Most miscarriages are a result of:

a. hormonal imbalances in the mother

b. major genetic defects in the embryo or fetus
c. structural problems in the uterus or cervix
d. diseases of the immune system

Answer: b Page: 138

7.24. After several miscarriages, a woman’s chances of having a normal pregnancy are:

a. almost zero
b. about 25 percent
c. about 60 percent
d. about 85 percent

Answer: c Page: 138

7.25. According to the text, probably the best thing to respond to a couple who has just experienced a
miscarriage is:

a. Say nothing and act as though the event has not occurred
b. Listen and respond supportively as you would following the loss of any loved one
c. Say “You can always have another child”
d. Say “It was meant to be”

Answer: b Page: 139

7.26. Which of the following statements about teenage pregnancy is not true?

a. The majority of teen pregnancies are unplanned.

b. In the U.S., Asians have the lowest birth rate of all ethnic groups.
c. Since 1990, there has been an increase in the teen birth rate.
d. Among teens who have babies, there has been an increase in the percentage who are
unmarried.

Answer: c Page: 139

7.27. Which of the following is/are true?

a. The United States has one of the highest teen pregnancy rates among industrialized nations.
b. U.S. teens begin sexual activity at an earlier age than European teens.
c. Most school-based sex education programs in the U.S. discuss contraception and make
contraceptives available to students.
d. all of the above

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Answer: a Pages: 139

7.28. Which of the following statements about teenage mothers is not true?

a. They are more likely than teenage non-mothers to be depressed.

b. They typically drop out of school.
c. They have stable employment patterns.
d. They often have low psychological and social support.

Answer: c Page: 140

7.29. During the third stage of childbirth:

a. the placenta is expelled.

b. the cervix becomes dilated to about 4 inches.
c. uterine contractions move the baby through the birth canal.
d. the baby is born.

Answer: a Page: 141

7.30. Which of the following circumstances might lead to a cesarean section?

a. the baby is very large

b. the baby is not in the normal birth position
c. the mother’s pelvis is small and misshapen
d. all of the above

Answer: d Page: 141

7.31. Another name for an experienced female labor coach is:

a. Lamaze instructor.
b. nurse-midwife.
c. doula.
d. birthing partner.

Answer: c Page: 141

7.32. Which of the following statements about childbirth is/are true?

a. The caesarean delivery rate in the U.S. has dropped considerably over the past 30 years.
b. Women over 35 are more likely to have complications during pregnancy and to have
caesarean sections.
c. Infants delivered by nurse midwives have lower birth weights and higher mortality rates than
infants delivered by physicians.
d. all of the above

Answer: b Page: 142

7.33. Which of the following statements about childbirth and age is/are true?

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a. Women’s fertility starts to decline beginning in the early thirties.

b. Most women over the age of 40 can conceive using their own eggs.
c. Women in their forties are less likely to have abnormal eggs than women in their twenties.
d. all of the above

Answer: a Page: 142

7.34. A few days after the birth of her first child, Janet became weepy, felt anxious, and snapped at her
husband. After a few days, these behaviors went away. Janet had experienced:

a. postpartum depression
b. maternity blues
c. postpartum psychosis
d. postdelivery trauma

Answer: b Page: 143

7.35. Which of the following is not a risk factor for post-partum depression?

a. being an older (over 40) mother

b. being a first time mother
c. having a prior history of depression
d. being less educated

Answer: a Page: 144

7.36. About one woman out of ____ experience postpartum depression.

a. 2
b. 8
c. 25
d. 50

Answer: b Page: 144

7.37. About one individual in _____ in the United States experiences infertility.
a. 10
b. 15
c. 20
d. 35

Answer: a Page: 144

7.38. Causes of infertility in the woman include:

a. blocked Fallopian tubes

b. endometriosis
c. failure of the ovaries to produce eggs
d. all of the above

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Answer: d Page: 144

7.39. The most common reproductive technology used by infertile couples involves:

a. donor eggs
b. a donor uterus
c. in vitro fertilization
d. frozen embryos

Answer: c Page: 144

7.40. Among infertile couples who choose developed assisted reproductive technology, about three-
quarters of them choose to use _______

a. frozen embryos
b. in vitro fertilization
c. donor eggs
d. surrogacy

Answer: b Page: 145

7.41. Which of the following statement about surrogacy is/are true?

a. Most surrogate mothers have a difficult time handing over the baby.
b. Critics are concerned about the potential economic exploitation of poor women as surrogate
mothers.
c. Most surrogate mothers are single women who have never had children of their own.
d. all of the above

Answer: b Page: 145

7.42. The cessation of menstruation periods for a full year is known as:

a. perimenopause.
b. menopause.
c. menarche.
d. amenorrhea.

Answer: b Page: 147

7.43. The most commonly reported symptom of menopause is:

a. osteoporosis.
b. hot flashes.
c. vaginal dryness.
d. headaches, joint pains and sleeping difficulties.

Answer: b Page: 147

7.44. Reasons given by women for choosing not to have children include:

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a. a desire for a flexible lifestyle

b. wanting economic independence
c. not enjoying children
d. all of the above

Answer: d Page: 146

7.45. Which group of women is least likely to report menopausal symptoms?

a. Asian American
b. Black
c. Latina
d. White

Answer: a Page: 147

7.46. Which age group holds the most positive views of menopause?

a. Asian American
b. Black
c. Latina
d. White

Answer: b Page: 147

7.47. Which group of women is most likely to report hot flashes?

a. American
b. Mayan
c. Japanese
d. hi-caste Indian

Answer: a Page: 147

7.48. Recent research shows that standard hormone replacement therapy, which combines estrogen
with progestin, tends to increase the risk of all of the following except:

a. osteoporosis
b. heart attack
c. breast cancer
d. stroke

Answer: a Page: 149

7.49. Which of the following is a benefit of hormone replacement therapy (HRT) if started early in
menopause?

a. reduces the risk of heart attack

b. reduces the risk of colon cancer
c. relieves hot flashes

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d. all of the above

Answer: d Page: 149

7.50. Which of the following is linked to starting hormone replacement therapy 10-15 years after
menopause?

a. increased risk of heart disease

b. decreased risk of breast and ovarian cancer
c. decreased risk of gallbladder disease
d. all of the above

Answer: a Page: 149

7.51. Which of the following reduces hot flashes in menopausal women?

a. exercising regularly
b. limiting or eliminating caffeine and alcohol
c. quitting smoking
d. all of the above

Answer: d Page: 149

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124

ESSAY QUESTIONS
1. Describe, in sequential order, what occurs during each phase of the menstrual cycle.

2. What are the consequences of unplanned teenage pregnancy for mothers and for their children?

3. Discuss reasons that some adolescent girls and women resist condom use.

4. Which individual characteristics are associated with the use of contraception?

5. What are some of the physical and psychological consequences of abortion?

6. Discuss psychological changes that may occur during pregnancy.

7. In what ways is childbearing becoming more family-centered?

8. What are some of the advantages of using nurse-midwives for prenatal care and delivery?

9. Describe the differences between maternity blues and postpartum depression.

10. What are the risk factors for the development of postpartum depression?

11. Discuss the controversy surrounding surrogate motherhood.

12. Discuss the arguments both for and against helping postmenopausal women to become pregnant.

13. Discuss both the benefits and the risks of hormone replacement therapy.

14. What lifestyle modifications can reduce menopausal systems?

15. What are some of the physical symptoms of menopause? Describe some ethnic and cultural
differences in the kinds and degree of reported menopausal symptoms.

16. Some women may show heightened psychological distress during the menopausal years. What
nonbiological factors might account for this?

17. Describe some of the factors that influence women’s attitudes toward menopause.

18. Describe cultural variations in menopausal symptoms. Give one explanation for variation.

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