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Concept Notes

Week 9 GRADE 11- DISCIPLINE AND IDEAS IN THE SOCIAL SCIENCES

Topic: The social ideas of Filipino intellectuals who are founding fathers of Philippine Social Science
Learning Competencies: Examine the key concepts and ideas of Filipino thinkers in the Social Sciences rooted in
Filipino language/s and experiences:
CONCEPT NOTES:
Indigenizing the Social Sciences
In Search of the Filipino Social Science •
Filipinology
• In general, Filipinology (Filipino: Filipinolohiya) or Philippine Studies refers to the study of the Philippines and the
Filipino people. Belinda A. Aquino, former director of the Center for Philippine Studies at the University of Hawaii at
Manoa, defines Philippine Studies as "studies of Philippine culture and society, (which) started in the early 1900s
when the Philippines became a colony of the United States
Filipinology Pioneer •
Dr. Belinda A. Aquino, former director of the Center for Philippine Studies
• The first-ever awardee of the prestigious Dr. Jose Rizal Award for Peace and receiver of the University of the
Philippines (UP) Alumni Association Lifetime Distinguished Achievement Award, Aquino is one of the most
distinguished and renowned Filipino academics and experts of her time.
• Aquino is a professor and director of the Center for Philippine Studies at the University of Hawaii-Manoa (UHM) and
recently established the Belinda A. Aquino International Philippine Studies endowment.
• It encompasses the study of Filipino history, Filipino culture, Philippine languages, Filipino society, Filipino life,
Filipino psyche or Filipino psychology, Filipino politics, and Filipino government. The approaches or perspectives of
Philippine Studies could be theoretical, interdisciplinary, comparative, transnational, and global. Filipinology was
developed in the University of the Philippines Diliman and had become part of curricula in some colleges and universities
inside and outside the Philippines.
Filipinology was developed in the University of the Philippines Diliman
Purpose
• Earning goals of Filipinology include the comprehension, appreciation, and critical evaluation of the Philippines through
Philippine History, contemporary issues in Philippine community, and Philippine Humanities such as Filipino philosophy,
Filipino music, Filipino art, Philippine literature, and Philippine dance.The incorporation of Philippine Humanities
through literary readings, listening to musical recordings, film viewings, and field trips provide development of cultural
acceptance and aesthetic sense.
• Philippine Studies extend to connecting contributions of persons of Filipino descent to new settings and culture (such as
Overseas Filipinos to other countries). Apart from providing education and awareness about the Philippines, Filipinology
aims to make students of Philippine Studies aware of Filipino ethnic identity by experiencing Philippine culture.
Filipinologists
• Experts on Filipinology are called filipinologists (Filipino: Pilipinista; literally “experts in Filipino culture”). the
"foremost" non-Filipino filipinologist is the Spaniard bibliographer Wenceslao Emilio Retana y Gamboa.
• Other prominent non-Filipino filipinologists are William Henry Scott, H. Brett Melendy , Ferdinand Blumentritt,
and A.V. Hartendorp. Among the prominent Russian filipinologists are Vladimir Makarenko and Podberezsky.
Father of National Language
• Manuel Luis M. Quezon
• Quezon was the first Senate president elected to the presidency, the first president elected through a national election,
and the first incumbent to secure re-election (for a partial second term, later extended, due to amendments to the 1935
Constitution). For pushing Commonwealth Act No. 184 that established the National Language Institute and a consequent
Philippine national language, Quezon has been tagged as his country's "Father of the National Language".
Antonio de Morga
• Antonio Morga
• He was also a historian. After being reassigned to Mexico, he published the book Sucesos de las islas Filipinas in 1609,
considered one of the most important works on the early history of the Spanish colonization of the Philippines. As Deputy
Governor in the Philippines, he restored the audencia. He took over the function of judge or oidor. He also took command
of Spanish ships in a 1600 naval battle against Dutch corsairs, but suffered defeat and barely survived.
 Wenceslao "Wenchesco" Emilio Retana y Gamboa • Wenceslao Emilio Retana y Gamboa
• also known as W.E. Retana or Wenceslao E. Retana, was a 19th-century Spanish civil servant, colonial
administrator, writer, biographer, political commentator, publisher, bibliophile, bibliographer, Filipiniana collector,
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 Spanish filipinologist, and Philippine scholar. Retana was a "onetime adversary" of Philippine national hero José
Rizal who later became an "admirer" who wrote the first biographical account of the life of Rizal entitled Vida y
Escritos del Dr. José Rizal or "Life and Writings of Dr. José Rizal".Rosa M. Vallejo described Retana as the
"foremost" non-Filipino filipinologist
• William Henry Scott • H. Brett Melendy, Ferdinand Blumentritt A.V. Hartendorp, Vladimir Makarenko Igor
Podberezsky
Pioneer in Philippine Studies Institutions and Government Agencies
1. Bernardita Reyes Churchill ,PH.D
• Bernardita Reyes Churchill is the current President of the the Philippine National Historical Society, Inc., the
oldest professional organization of historians in the Philippines founded in 1941.
2. UHM Center for Philippine Studies
• The Center for Philippine Studies (CPS) was originally established as a Program in 1975 by an Act of the
Hawai’i State Legislature to recognize the contributions of Filipinos to the history of Hawai’i , and to highlight
the academic expertise on the Philippines at the University of Hawai’i at Mānoa. It was subsequently established
at the University of Hawaii as a Philippine Studies Program under the Asian Studies Program, which later became
the Center for Asian and Pacific Studies.
3. Philippine Studies | University of San Francisco
• One of the few programs in the United States and one of the largest in the world, the Yuchengco Philippine
Studies Program (YPSP) is an interdisciplinary minor SPECIALIZING in Philippine, Pilipino, and/or Filipino
American history, literature, sociology, politics, religion, art, and language.
4. Philippine National Historical Society
• In 1941, through the efforts of Rodriguez and Eufronio M. Alip, this mere student club evolved into a national
organization, named Philippine Historical Society, which aimed to “encourage and undertake the study of
Philippine history.” The society included renowned historians of that time among them were Antonio K. Abad,
Elias M. Ataviado, Evergisto Bazaco, O.P., Conrado Benitez, Manuel I. Carreon,Horacio V. de la Costa, S.J., Jose
Lopez del Castillo, Gabriel F. Fabella, Leandro H. Fernandez, Tomas S. Fonacier, Mariano del Prado Goyena,
Maximo M. Kalaw, Pura Villanueva Kalaw, Leoncio Rizal Lopez, Paz Policarpio- Mendez, Camilo Osias, Jose
Villa Panganiban, William C. Repetti, S.J., Walter Robb, Miguel Selga, S. J., Benito T. Soliven, Leopoldo B.
Uichanco, Jaime C. de Veyra, Gregeorio Yabes, Nicolas A. Zafra, and Gregorio F. Zaide.
5. Philippine Social Sciences Council
• The Philippine Social Science Council (PSSC) is a private, non-stock, non-profit organization of professional
social science associations and social science research and instructional institutions in the Philippines.
Philippine Sociological Society
Philippine Historical Association
• The PHILIPPINE HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION is a professional association of historians in the Philippines. It was
founded on September 18, 1955 by a group of prominent historians at Carbungco Restaurant located at Lepanto St.,
Manila. Among the group were Encarnacion Alzona, Gabriel Fabella, Gregorio Zaide, Nicolas Zafra, Celedonio
Resurreccion, Teodoro Agoncillo and Esteban de Ocampo. PHA is affiliated with the National Historical Commission of
the Philippines (NHCP), the National Commission for Culture and the Arts (NCCA) and the Philippine Social Science
Council (PSSC). It also a founding member of the International Association of Historians of Asia (IAHA).
National Commission for Culture & Arts
• In 1987, then President Corazon C. Aquino penned Executive Order No. 118 creating the Presidential Commission on
Culture and Arts. Five years later, in 1992, this presidential directive was enacted into law– Republic Act 7356, creating
the National Commission for Culture and the Arts (NCCA). The original bill was jointly authored by Senators Edgardo
Angara, Heherson Alvarez, Leticia Ramos Shahani, and Congressman Carlos Padilla.
National Historical Commission in the Philippines
• The National Historical Commission of the Philippines (Filipino: Pambansang Komisyong Pangkasaysayan ng Pilipinas,
abbreviated NHCP) is a government agency of the Philippines. Its mission is "the promotion of Philippine history and
cultural heritage through research, dissemination, conservation, sites management and heraldry works." As such, it "aims
to inculcate awareness and appreciation of the noble deeds and ideals of our heroes and other illustrious Filipinos, to
instill pride in the Filipino people and to rekindle the Filipino spirit through the lessons of history.
Filipino Heritage Library
• As a one-stop electronic research center on the Philippines, the Filipinas Heritage Library (FHL) houses contemporary
and rare volumes on Philippine art, history, and culture; vintage recordings of Philippine music; vintage photographs; and
maps, periodicals, and multimedia materials. Owned by Ayala Foundation
National Museum
• The Museum of the Filipino People, also known as the National Museum of Anthropology, is a component museum of
the National Museum of the Philippines that houses the anthropology and archaeology divisions
National Library
• The National Library of the Philippines (Filipino: Pambansang Aklatan ng Pilipinas or Aklatang Pambansa ng Pilipinas,
abbreviated NLP) is the official national library of the Philippines. The complex is located in Ermita on a portion of Rizal
Park facing T.M. Kalaw Avenue, neighboring culturally significant buildings such as the Museum of Philippine Political
History and the National Historical Commission.
Cebuano Heritage Studies Center USC
• The Cebuano Studies Center is a center of research on all aspects of Cebuano culture. It functions as

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 (1) a special library to house source materials pertaining to Cebu, as well as the predominantly Cebuano- speaking areas
in the country;
(2) a research center devoted to studies pertaining to Cebu in the area of the humanities and social sciences; and (3) a
special office assisting in the promotion of Cebuano culture and the arts
ICOPHIL
St. Paul University Dumaguete Liberal Arts since 1948

Week 10 GRADE 11- DISCIPLINE AND IDEAS IN THE SOCIAL SCIENCES

Topic: Social Sciences in addressing social concerns and phenomenon
Learning Competencies: Analyze the practical use of Social Sciences in addressing social concerns and
phenomenon
CONCEPT NOTES:
APPROACHES TO SOCIAL PROBLEMS CONFLICT PERSPECTIVE; APPROACHES TOWARDS SOCIAL
PROBLEMS
A. THE VALUE-CONFLICT APPROACH- Value Conflict Theorists define social problems as conditions that are
incompatible with group values. ... From this perspective social problems need to be understood in terms of
which groups hold which values and have the power to enforce them against the wishes of other groups.
Depression and World War II (1938-1945)
Concept:
“Some social problems may be problematic as a whole but normal or justifiable to a particular group”
“Social problem is a condition that are incompatible with group values”
Causes:
 Problems occur when groups with different values meet and compete Example: Landlords and Tenants
Effects:
 Consequences are costly as groups become polarized (against each other). Higher goals are sacrificed for lower ones
*compromise)
Suggestions:
Conflicts to be solved by:
1. Consensus (agreement on compromise)
2. Trading (exchange)
3. Power (dominancy) Example: Landlords and Tenants
B. THE DEVIANT BEHAVIOUR APPROACH- This approach argues that deviant behavior plays an active,
constructive role in society by ultimately helping to cohere different populations within a particular
society. ... Deviant behavior can imbalance the social equilibrium but—in the process of restoring balance—
society will adjust norms.
Concept: “Social Problems are created by people who deviate from the accepted norms and are delinquents”
Causes: “Behaviour or conditions that are deviant from the norms, they arise when legitimate (systematic) means of achieving
cultural goals are blocked” Example: Unemployment, corruption, violence
Remedies:
 Re-socialize deviants by increasing their contacts with accepted patterns of behaviour.
 Social systems must be less rigid, legitimate
 Opportunities and goals should be more attainable
C. INTERACTIONIST PERSPECTIVE: APPROACH TOWARDS SOCIAL PROBLEMS
Labeling Approach
o Recent approach to study Social Problems
o Labelling approach are interested in explaining why and under what conditions certain acts and situations come to be
defined as problematic or deviant
Concept: “Social Problems are conditions in which certain behaviour or situation become defined as social problems
Causes:
 Awareness of people about certain behaviour or situation’s existence makes them social problems.
 Definition of social problems changes according to our own situation, interest or by pressure group.
Consequences:
 People who are considered deviant and are labelled will accept that definition and will or may adopt more deviant acts
to compliment/reinforce deviancy
 For Example: Drug Addiction leading towards crime and life style change as secondary deviance
D. FUNCTIONALIST PERSPECTIVE; APPROACHES TOWARDS SOCIAL PROBLEMS
a. Social Pathological Approach
b. Social Disorganization Approach
c. Institutional Approach
Social Pathology Approach
 Nineteenth-century American & European sociologists
Concept: “Individuals and groups who deviate from social norms, or institutions that do not fit with core social norms, are
“sick” or pathologic and a risk to the society's ‘health’ ”
Causes: Social Problems arise when either individuals or social institutions fail to keep pace with changing conditions and
thereby disrupt the healthy operation of the social organism (individuals or groups) such individuals or institutions were
considered “Sick” hence the term “Social Pathology”

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 For Example: Rural Migrants who fail to adjust in urban life are considered as a source of “sickness” or “illness”
Causes: Early social pathologists identify individual’s as a source of society’s problems who could not be properly socialized or
who rejected society’s values and beliefs because of their internal defects.
For Example: Social pathology includes: substance abuse, violence, abuses of women and children, crime, terrorism,
corruption, criminality, discrimination, isolation, stigmatisation and human rights violations.
Causes: Modern Social Pathologists focus more on defects of society and its institution. Immoral society produce immoral
individuals.
For Example: Corruption. Many contemporary social problems are global in nature and are shared by many countries.
Consequences:
Social pathologies "often lead to a flood of social, economic and psychological problems that undermine well-being” and
therefore need to be considered in developing a mental health policy that promotes population mental health well-being
and addresses issues that contribute to mental illness.
Increase the cost of maintaining social order (terrorism)
Solutions:
a. Education as a solution to social problems
b. Programs to prevent the transmission of defects in next generations
Social Disorganization Approach
Concept and Causes: Society is organized by a set of expectations and rules. Social Disorganization results when these fail and
result in:
1. Normlessness (people have no rules)
2. Cultural Conflicts (people feel trapped by contradictory set of rules)
3. Breakdown (obedience to a set of rules results in no rewards or in punishment)
For Example: Rapid Social Change, Job Discrimination, drug addiction, personal, family and community disorganization
Consequences: Social System feels the force of disorganization
 It may change its rules
 Keep contradictory rules in force
 Breaking down
Solution:
 Reversed by isolating its causes and correcting them
 Society to make new rules and expectations
Institutional Approach
Concept: “Problems in Social institutions produce patterns of deviance or institutions must address the problems through
strategic social change”
Causes: Social problems are the product of the “impersonal operation” of existing social institutions both now and in the past.
Solution/Remedies:
a. Engage in research and active social interventions
b. Planned change or overall change in social institutions
c. Emergence of new social institutions replacing existing institutions
ROLE OR CONTRIBUTIONS OF SOCIOLOGISTS/SOCIAL SCIENTISTS TO UNDERSTAND SOCIAL
PROBLEMS
Five contributions of sociologists to understand social problems:
1. Sociologists can measure objective conditions (IM; sociologists can gather information on the number of infant mortality in
clinics and hospitals and on how the cities and provinces vary in their access to medical facility)
2. Sociologists can measure subjective concerns (they can determine people’s attitudes and views about social problems. Such
information is useful in evaluating potential policies)
3. Sociologists can apply the sociological imagination; that is, they can place social problems into their broad social context.
(family planning is related to people’s attitudes and is also related to profound differences of opinion about privacy, what
human life is, when life begins and ends and the role of religious institutions)
4. Sociologists can identify different ways to intervene in a social problem. They can suggest potential social policies: courses
of action for public and private agencies, educational programs, public awareness campaigns, and legal changes to address a
social problem
5. Sociologists can evaluate likely consequences of social policies. For example, sociologists can estimate how a proposed
social policy on family planning will affect the birth rate, population growth, crime rate, and expenditures for welfare and
education.

PERFORMANCE TASKS:

SEMI-FINAL TASK: Make a painting about caring for the Indigenous people in Bohol.
Put it in a long bond paper.

Rubrics:
Artistry: 50
Content: 30
Cleanliness: 20
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 Total: 100

FINAL TASK:
Search for a social problem in our country. Follow the format given below. Put it in a long bond paper.

SOCIAL PROBLEM:
(Appropriate) Approach:
Concept:
Causes:
Effects:
Consequences (if applicable):
Remedies/Solution: