PRELIMINARY

GEOHAZARD
ASSESSMENT
FEDERICO B. DELA PEÑA
MSC. ENGINEERING GEOLOGY
GEOLOGIST, BUREAU OF DESIGN
OUTLINE
• SCOPE
• SKILLS IN GEOHAZARD ASSESSMENT
• HAZARD-PROJECT TYPE GUIDES
SCOPE
TYPICAL STEPS IN ADDRESSING A
GEOHAZARD
STEP DECISION RESOURCES
1 WHICH PROJECT OPTION IS LEAST PROBLEMATIC? HAZARD MAPS, SATELLITE
IMAGES SCOPE OF
2 WHAT TESTING/ANALYSIS SHOULD WE INCLUDE? OLD REPORTS, SITE VISITS, DGCS AND
THIS
PRELIMINARY
LECTURE
ANALYSIS/TESTS,
GUIDELINES AND MANUALS
3 WHAT IS THE EXTENT OF THE HAZARD? FIELD MAPPING AND ADDITIONAL
SURVEYING, GEOPHYSICS, SCOPE IN
DRILLING, DETAILED BOD-SID
ANALYSIS AND TESTING GEO-
HAZARD
4 HOW DO WE MANAGE THE HAZARD? DESIGN AND COSTING TRAINING

5 ARE THE COUNTERMEASURES EFFECTIVE? DRILLING, GEOPHYSICS, SITE

MONITORING
 SKILLS IN
GEOHAZARDS
ASSESSMENT
USING MAPS, DETERMINISTIC HAZARD ASSESSMENT, FIELD
OBSERVATIONS
 USING MAPS
CHOOSING PROJECT ALIGNMENT OPTIONS, HAZARD MAP SOURCES
USING MAPS – EXAMPLE
• Based on hazard alone, which route
option is the least problematic?

OPTION-A

OPTION-B

OPTION-C
USING MAPS – ADDITIONAL NOTES
• HAZARD MAPS ARE NOT DETAILED
ENOUGH (1 mm = 50 meters) FOR
DESIGN
• HAZARD MAPS ARE NOT A
SUBSITUTE FOR FIELD
OBSERVATIONS OR DETAILED
ANALYSIS
• OKAY TO BUILD IN A HAZARDOUS
ZONE, PROVIDED IT CAN BE
JUSTIFIED
• VARIOUS HAZARD MAPS BY
DIFFERENT INSTITUTIONS
MAPS AND DATASETS
HAZARD MAP SITE
GROUND RUPTURE PHIVOLCS ACTIVE FAULTS MAP https://gisweb.phivolcs.dost.gov.ph/phivo
lcs_hazardmaps/00.%20Philippines/
LIQUEFACTION PHIVOLCS LIQUEFACTION MAP https://gisweb.phivolcs.dost.gov.ph/phivo
lcs_hazardmaps/
GROUND MOTION (BRIDGE SEISMIC DPWH BSDS 2013 (intranet) http://dpwhweb/references/guidelines.ht
DESIGN) m
DEBRIS FLOW PROJECT NOAH – ALLUVIAL FAN DEBRIS http://noah.up.edu.ph/#/section/geoserve
FLOW HAZARDS r/landslidealluvial

http://databaseportal.mgb.gov.ph/#/publi
c/geohazard-maps
ROCK FALL PROJECT NOAH – LANDSLIDE HAZARDS http://noah.up.edu.ph/#/section/geoserve
r/landslidehazards
MGB GEOHAZARD MAPS
http://databaseportal.mgb.gov.ph/#/publi
c/geohazard-maps
MAPS AND DATASETS (CONT...)
HAZARD
SLIDING FAILURE OF FOUNDATION
VOLCANIC HAZARDS IN GENERAL
RIVER FLOODING (FLOODPLAINS)
MAP SITE
PROJECT NOAH – UNSTABLE SLOPES http://databaseportal.mgb.gov.ph/#/publi
HAZARDS c/geohazard-maps
http://noah.up.edu.ph/#/section/geoserve
MGB GEOHAZARD MAPS r/landslideunstable
PHIVOLCS EARTHQUAKE-INDUCED https://gisweb.phivolcs.dost.gov.ph/phivo
LANDSLIDES lcs_hazardmaps/00.%20Philippines/
PHIVOLCS ACTIVE VOLCANOES MAP https://gisweb.phivolcs.dost.gov.ph/phivo
lcs_hazardmaps/00.%20Philippines/
MGB HAZARD MAPS http://databaseportal.mgb.gov.ph/#/publi
c/geohazard-maps
PAGASA FLOOD MAPS http://bagong.pagasa.dost.gov.ph/produc
ts-and-services/risk-analysis-maps
PROJECT NOAH
http://noah.up.edu.ph/#/section/geoserve
r/flood100
MAPS AND DATASETS (CONT...)
HAZARD MAP SITE
TSUNAMI PHIVOLCS TSUNAMI HAZARD MAPS https://gisweb.phivolcs.dost.gov.ph/phivo
lcs_hazardmaps/00.%20Philippines/
STORM SURGE PAGASA STORM SURGE http://bagong.pagasa.dost.gov.ph/produc
ts-and-services/risk-analysis-maps
FIELD OBSERVATIONS
FAMILIARIZATION WITH DIFFERENT FIELD CONDITIONS
FIELD OBSERVATIONS
• GROUND RUPTURE • VISUAL MANUAL TEST ON CLAYS
• LIQUEFACTION SAND BOILS • ROCK SLOPES PRONE TO SLIDING
• GROUND ACCELERATION • CLOGGED DRAINS
• MOUNTAIN GULLIES • SEEPAGES
• DEBRIS FLOW DEPOSITS • UNEVEN GROUND
• ROCK FALL DEPOSITS AND SCAR
• TALUS DEPOSITS IN MOUNTAIN
AREAS
• THICK CLAY DEPOSITS
FIELD OBSERVATIONS
• PYROCLASTIC FLOW • PEATS
• LAHAR DEPOSITS • HEAVING IN LIGHT STRUCTURES
• FLOOD PLAIN • SINKHOLES
• FLOOD DEBRIS MARKS
• RIVER BANK EROSION
• STRUCTURE SCOURING
FIELD OBSERVATIONS
SEISMIC HAZARDS
GROUND RUPTURE

Leyte Earthquake (July 2017) – 2 km depth (movement of PF) – strike-slip fault

LIQUEFACTION

Dagupan, 1990 Luzon Earthquake

GROUND ACCELERATION

Manila, April 22, 2019

FIELD OBSERVATIONS
MASS MOVEMENTS
MOUNTAIN GULLIES

http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_vyq-y8_abEg/TSDEwAoffjI/AAAAAAAAAlM/uYAtP3Gx8Z0/s1600/blog2.jpg
DEBRIS FLOW DEPOSITS

New Bataan in the Compostela Valley province on December 8, 2012

ROCK FALL DEPOSITS

Calbayog City, January 3, 2018

TALUS DEPOSITS IN MOUNTAIN AREAS
THICK CLAY DEPOSITS

Abra-Ilocos Road K0544+460 to K0544+474

VISUAL IDENTIFICATION OF CLAYS
SILTS – SPREADS SANDS – DOESN’T CLAYS – SPREADS
THIN, FALLS OFF SPREAD THIN, STICKY, SHINY
EASILY
ROCK SLOPES PRONE TO SLIDING
CLOGGED DRAINS

Abra-Ilocos Road K0543+970 to K0543+980

SEEPAGE
UNEVEN
GROUND
FIELD OBSERVATIONS
VOLCANIC HAZARDS
PYROCLASTIC FLOW
LAHAR DEPOSITS

Mt Pinatubo
FIELD OBSERVATIONS
FLUVIAL HAZARDS
 FLOOD PLAIN

https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/news/nation/24
3128/geologist-warns-other-cities-can-suffer-the- http://media.philstar.com/images/the-philippine-star/headlines/20171227/Vinta-flood-North-Cotabato.jpg
same-fate-as-iligan-cagayan-de-oro/story/
FLOOD DEBRIS MARKS

https://water.usgs.gov/edu/pictures/highwatermarks.jpg
RIVER BANK EROSION
STRUCTURE SCOURING

https://www.ayresassociates.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/Project-descrip-photo1-400x237.jpg
FIELD OBSERVATIONS
PROBLEM SOILS AND KARST HAZARDS
PEATS
HEAVE IN EXPANSIVE SOILS
SINKHOLES

Sinkhole collapse in Brgy, Badian, Cebu (November 2014).

 DETERMINISTIC
HAZARD ASSESSMENT
(DHA)
ASSESSMENTS BASED ON SINGLE, WORST-CASE SCENARIOS
(CONSERVATIVE ASSUMPTIONS OR PARAMETERS USED); EXAMPLE
FOR PEAK GROUND ACCELERATION (PGA) FOR SLOPES &
EMBANKMENTS
DHA EXAMPLE – EARTHQUAKE PGA
FOR SLOPES & EMBANKMENTS
1. Locate at least three (3) closest 7. Correct the PGA for Seismic Site
active faults Class (local soil type)
2. Measure their distances 8. Calculate KH from PGA using the
Hynes-Grifffin (1984) formula
3. Obtain their historical or
geological-based maximum 9. Input KH in slope stability analysis
earthquake magnitudes program such as GEO5
4. Convert Mw to Ms as needed
5. Calculate PGA using Fukushima
and Tanaka (1990, 1991)
attenuation relations
6. Select the largest PGA
Distribution of Active Faults and Trenches in the Philippines.kmz

Tubao Fault:
9.6 km

PF - San Jose
Pugo Fault:
Segment:
16.3 km
12.5 km
Seismicity Mw =6 for year 1600 to 2018 (June 18)_002.kml

PF - San Jose
Pugo Fault: Tubao Fault:
Segment:
16.3 km 9.6 km
12.5 km
Surface Magnitude to Moment Magnitude Conversions Mw Ms Scordilis (2006).xlsx
Liquefaction screening per layer_18_PGA CALCULATOR.xlsx

LARGEST PGA
“CONTROLLING
EARTHQUAKE”
Refer back to the NSCP slides for obtaining Seismic Site Class

Soil Type NSCP Seismic Site Correction Factor

Classification (UBC 1997/ (Multiplier)
For IBC 2000)
example, Rock SA,SB 0.60
“SB” type
Hard Soil SC 0.87

Medium Soil SD 1.07

Soft Soil SE 1.39

PGAROCK = PGA*0.60 = (0.453 g)*0.60 = 0.27 g

 Slope acceleration splits
ground acceleration to
vertical and horizontal
components

Horizontal
ground
acceleration
(shaking)

We use Pseudostatic analysis (assumes that effect of periodic

movement is negligible), and we typically just use the horizontal
component

DPWH Guide to GeoHazard Vol. I recommends Hynes-Griffin (1985)

method, as shown below:

Horizontal seismic coefficient (KH) = PGAcorrected*0.5 = (0.27 g)*0.5 = 0.14 g

DPWH PRELIMINARY
GEOHAZARD
ASSESSMENT
Requirements, Relevant Criteria/ Considerations per Project-Hazard types
DPWH PRELIMINARY
GEOHAZARD
ASSESSMENT
REPORT REQUIREMENTS
REQUIREMENTS
• Profession: prepared by a licensed geologist or a civil engineer trained in
geohazard assessment
REQUIREMENTS – REPORT OUTCOME
• Report recommendation options (as per DGCS 2015 2A):
A. No significant Geohazards identified.
B. Geohazards identified and budget for mitigation calculated and included in project
budget.
C. Geohazards identified and there is a requirement for further field investigation and
design before the budget can be reasonably assessed. In this case the Concept
Development phase may need to be extended with additional budget.
D. Geohazards at or adjacent to the site are sufficiently severe that mitigation
measures would not be practical, and it is recommended that the site is unsuitable
for the proposed use.
REQUIREMENTS – TYPICAL REPORT
• Project Background
• Objectives
• Regional Geologic Setting
• Topography and Geomorphology
• Climate and Vegetation
• Seismicity
• Preliminary Geohazard Assessment
• Project Site Geohazard Assessment
• Summary and Proposed Recommendations
• References
REQUIREMENTS – REQUIRED REPORT
ATTACHMENTS
• Project Description
• Map of site location
• Map showing active faults and site location
• Maps showing the location of site in relation to geologic hazards (flood zone, volcanic
hazards, etc.) as identified in the Preliminary Geohazard Assessment
• Documentations and assessment of site condition
• Any other relevant documents relating to identified Geohazards
ASSESSMENT
EXAMPLE
20
0.3 X

X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X

X
DPWH PRELIMINARY
GEOHAZARD
ASSESSMENT
HAZARD-PROJECT TYPE GUIDES AND CRITERIA (WHAT SHOULD BE
CHECKED DURING ASSESSMENTS)
SEISMIC HAZARDS
OVERVIEW OF CRITERIA/ CONSIDERATIONS
FOR SEISMIC HAZARDS
HAZARD BRIDGES AND CUT SLOPES, FILL BUILDINGS DAMS, DIKES
FLYOVERS SLOPES,
EMBANKMENTS
SEISMICITY THREE (3) ACTIVE FAULTS AND THREE (3) HISTORICAL EARTHQUAKES

GROUND BUFFER ZONE OF FIVE (5) METERS FROM AN ACTIVE FAULT

RUPTURE
LIQUEFACTION DPWH-DGCS LOW YOUD AND YOUD AND
(2013) SUSCEPTIBILITY IDRISS (2001) IDRISS (2001)

GROUND DPWH-DGCS HYNES-GRIFFIN NSCP (2010, HYNES-GRIFFIN

MOTION (2013) (1984), FUKUSHIMA 2015) (1984),
AND TANAKA (1990, FUKUSHIMA
1991) AND TANAKA
(1990, 1991)
MASS MOVEMENT
HAZARDS
OVERVIEW OF CRITERIA/ ASSESSMENTS
FOR MASS MOVEMENT HAZARDS
HAZARD BRIDGES BUILDINGS ROADS DIKES & DAMS
SITE-SPECIFIC SITE-SPECIFIC CAN CLOG SILTATION OF
ANALYSIS OF ANALYSIS, ESP. DRAINS AND DAMS,
DEBRIS FLOWS
SCOURING/ MOUNTAIN LEAD TO ROAD SCOURING OF
EROSION GULLIES SLIP DIKES
SITE-SPECIFIC ANALYSIS OF
ROCK FALL UNLIKELY CRITICAL SECTIONS (SEE JICA AND LOW RISK
EUROPEAN ETAG GUIDELINES)

SITE-SPECIFIC ANALYSIS ON
CRITICAL AREAS SUCH AS TALUS
SLIDING FAILURE SEE OTHER SITE-SPECIFIC
SOILS ON STEEP MOUNTAINS
OF FOUNDATION HAZARDS ANALYSIS
AREAS, BEDDED-JOINTED ROCKS,
THICK CLAY AREAS
VOLCANIC HAZARDS
OVERVIEW OF CRITERIA/ CONSIDERATIONS
FOR VOLCANIC HAZARDS
HAZARD BRIDGES BUILDINGS ROADS DIKES & DAMS
20-KM RADIUS
ACTIVE/ POTENTIALLY HAZARD ZONE WHEN
SEE BELOW SEE BELOW
ACTIVE VOLCANOES NO HAZARD MAPS
ARE AVAILABLE
SITE-SPECIFIC, REFER
LAVA AND
SITE-SPECIFIC TO PHIVOLCS FOR LOW-RISK
PYROCLASTIC FLOWS
DANGER ZONES
SITE-SPECIFIC
SITE-SPECIFIC
DEBRIS FLOWS AND SITE-SPECIFIC ANALYSIS ANALYSIS OF
ANALYSIS OF FLOW LOW-RISK
LAHARS OF EROSION/ SCOURING SEDIMENTATION/
IMPACT
EROSION
SITE-SPECIFIC
ASH FALL LOW-RISK ANALYSIS OF WET ASH LOW-RISK LOW-RISK
LOADING ON ROOFS
FLUVIAL HAZARDS
OVERVIEW OF CRITERIA/ CONSIDERATIONS
FOR FLUVIAL HAZARDS
HAZARD BRIDGES BUILDINGS ROADS DIKES & DAMS
RIVER FLOODING LOW LOW
HAZARD MAPS LOW RISK
(FLOODPLAINS) SUSCEPTIBILITY SUSCEPTIBILITY
SITE-SPECIFIC
FLASH FLOODS
LOW SCOUR/
(HILL-MOUNTAIN HAZARD MAPS LOW RISK
SUSCEPTIBILITY EROSION
AREAS)
ANALYSIS
RIVERBANK
EROSION AND
SITE-SPECIFIC ANALYSIS
STRUCTURE
SCOURING
SILTATION/ SITE-SPECIFIC
LOW RISK
SEDIMENTATION ANALYSIS
COASTAL HAZARDS
OVERVIEW OF CRITERIA/ CONSIDERATIONS
FOR COASTAL HAZARDS
HAZARD BRIDGES BUILDINGS ROADS DIKES & DAMS
TSUNAMI HAZARD MAPS
SEICHE HAZARD MAPS
STORM SURGE HAZARD MAPS
PROBLEM SOILS AND
KARST HAZARDS
OVERVIEW OF CRITERIA/ CONSIDERATIONS
FOR PROBLEM SOILS AND KARST HAZARDS
HAZARD BRIDGES BUILDINGS ROADS DIKES & DAMS
COMPRESSIBLE
SOILS MARSHLANDS, FLOODPLAINS, AND POORLY-DRAINED AREAS, SPT-N<5
(CONSOLIDATION INDICATIVE OF SOFT SOILS
-SETTLEMENT)
EXPANSIVE SOILS LOW LOW
CLAY
(HEAVE) SUSCEPTIBILITY SUSCEPTIBILITY

SINKHOLE
LIMESTONE AREAS WITH TOPOGRAPHIC DEPRESSIONS (SEE MGB
HAZARDS AND
GEOLOGIC MAPS, AND TOPOGRAPHIC MAPS)
CAVE ISSUES
CONTAMINATED
REFER TO DENR-EMB
SITES
QUESTIONS?
Direct line: local. 43060
Email: delapena.federico@dpwh.gov.ph