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Test Bank For Young Offenders and Youth Justice 5th by Bell
Test Bank For Young Offenders and Youth Justice 5th by Bell
Test Bank For Young Offenders and Youth Justice 5th by Bell
and Delinquency
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. Which of the following terms refers to all of the behaviour that a person develops as a
b. a criminal career
c. primary deviance
d. secondary deviance
2. Which theory of crime supported the principle of the “least possible interference” that
a. labelling theory
b. feminist theory
3. According to routine activity theory, what three components are required for a young
4. In the late 1960s, Burgess and Akers reformulated Sutherland’s theory and the learning
a. opportunity theory
b. interactional theory
d. postmodernist theory
5. What theories were integrated by Regoli and Hewitt (1994) to produce the theory of
differential oppression?
following were NOT one of the ways of adapting for children who are made to feel
a. passive acceptance
c. manipulation of peers
d. rebellion
patterns?
a. trajectories
b. shifts
c. transitions
d. movements
a. lifecourse-persistent
b. adolescence-limited
c. persisters
9. According to the text, which of the following can illustrate disregard for gender analysis
in a research study?
10. What did Freud argue that female crime and delinquency stemmed from?
c. antisocial personality
d. power-control issues
11. In criminology, which hypothesis argues that low crime rates among women and girls,
compared to men and boys, is because women and girls are less likely to be caught and
a. liberation hypothesis
b. chivalry hypothesis
d. patriarchal hypothesis
12. According to the most recent biological explanations that link hormones to delinquency,
a. Female violent offenders have similar levels of testosterone to violent male offenders.
b. Female violent offenders have higher levels of testosterone than non-violent women.
offenders.
a. because they critique that North American theorizing ignores race, class, age, and
sexual orientation
b. because of increasing harshness and the negative impact of the criminal justice
system
c. because of rising public concerns about youth crime and the justice system
d. because the capitalist society is coercive and designed to support the class structure
1. Explain the meaning of the terms “primary deviance” and “secondary deviance.” Provide
Answer:
or she does things that would likely be considered deviant if they were known
about by others.
Secondary deviance refers to all the behaviour that a person develops as a result of
or she may find it difficult to behave or be seen as anything other than deviant
buildings. The act of throwing the egg’s at the neighbour’s house would be
considered primary deviance, while the drug use and vandalism would be
REF: 180
understanding crime.
Answer:
rather that different explanations may be required for different types of crimes.
Decisions or situations that lead to a property crime may be quite different from
why a person stops his or her involvement in criminal activity as it is to know why
he or she began.
Crime can increase even if there isn’t a change in the motivated offender, a
about the potential crime and make a rational choice based on an assessment of
REF: 183-184
ESSAY QUESTIONS
1. Outline the main contributions that Frank Tannenbaum, Edwin Lemert, and Howard
Answer:
Frank Tannenbaum
delinquent behaviour.
delinquent or bad.
There is a gradual shift from the definition of the specific act as evil to a definition
conflict that develops between a child’s play group and the community turns play
resent adult interference and act in a defiant manner, adults will define them as
bad.
Edwin Lemert
or she does things that would likely be considered deviant if they were known
about by others.
anything other than deviant precisely because his or her deviance is known to
others.
eyes of the community and as a result the person may begin to develop a self-
between the person and societal reactions to both the person and her or his
behaviour.
Howard Becker
He argued that acts are not deviant until they are defined as such.
Deviance is not inherent in an act, but rather is created by our responses to the act.
considered murder.
There is a process whereby people become delinquent that begins with attaching a
label to a person in response to his or her behaviour. Once attached, the label is
“master status,” meaning that no matter what her or his other qualities, a person
REF: 179-181
2. Explain the theory of differential oppression developed by Robert Regoli and John
Hewitt (1994). How do children who are made to feel powerless by the oppressive acts of
adults adapt?
Answer:
Social control is not always a positive force, and some aspects of social control
can be oppressive.
results from attempts by one group to impose its conception of order on another
group.”
People who are subject to oppressive measures of control are made into “objects”
or are viewed as “things” and as a result, they come to view themselves as objects
rather than subjects; they become passive and accepting rather than active subjects
Four main principles of the theory are the following: (1) adults emphasize order in
the home and school and children are forced to abide by the rule of those in
becomes extreme to the point of oppression; and (4) when coercion and force
become abuse or neglect, children often generalize this abuse of authority to other
Children who are made to feel powerless by the oppressive acts of adults adapt in
four ways:
1) Passive acceptance—Children who are obedient out of fear behave much like
slaves, prison inmates, and battered women. They are “fearful of freedom”
and often learn to hate. Their hatred is repressed, which makes them
sexual misbehaviour.
oppress them. School vandalism is one way; assault and murder of teachers or
suicide.
REF: 187-188