Test Bank Lutzs Nutrition and Diet Therapy 7th Edition Erin e Mazur

Test Bank Lutz's Nutrition and Diet Therapy 7th Edition Erin E.
Mazur
Test Bank Lutz's Nutrition and Diet Therapy 7th

Edition Erin E. Mazur
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Chapter 8. Water
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. A nurse knows that babies are born with about 78% water. Which of the following is true at 1
year of age?
1. Water percentage drops to 46%
ANS: 4
Chapter: Chapter 8, Water
Objective: 2. Relate locations of the water by age and gender to the potential for harm caused
by imbalances.
Page: 122
Heading: Water in Human Nutrition
Integrated Processes: Teaching and Learning
Client Need: Health Promotion and Maintenance
Cognitive Level: Understanding
Concept: Fluid and Electrolyte Balance
Difficulty: Moderate
Feedback
1 This is incorrect. In infants, about 46% of body water is intracellular.
2 This is incorrect. Adult women are comprised of about 55% water.
3 This is incorrect. Adult men are comprised of about 60% water.
4 This is correct. Babies are born comprised of about 78% water, which drops to
65% at 1 year of age.
PTS: 1 CON: Fluid and Electrolyte Balance
2. A nurse is teaching clients about fluid and balance distribution in the body. Which statements
by the clients indicate teaching is successful?
1. “About 80% of water needs come from fluid and 20% from foods.”
2. “About 50% of plasma is water and the other 50% blood products.”
3. “About 46% of intracellular water is in the body of all adults.”
4. “About 40% of all transcellular fluid is secreted in the vascular system.”
ANS: 1
by imbalances.
Page: 122
Cognitive Level: Application
Feedback
1 This is correct. Approximately 80% of water needs are expected to come from
fluids and 20% from foods.
2 This is incorrect. Approximately 91.5% of plasma is comprised of water.
3 This is incorrect. Approximately 46% of body water is intracellular in infants,
rather than adults.
4 This is incorrect. Transcellular fluids are constantly being secreted into their
spaces and reabsorbed into the vascular system.
3. A nurse is teaching clients about the importance of water balance. Which statement by the
clients shows an understanding of maintaining daily hydration?
1. “The proper amount of water required each day is difficult to determine.”
2. “I must drink enough water until I don’t want anything more to drink.”
3. “Everyone must drink at least 13 glasses of water per day for health.”
4. “Once my urine is yellow, then I know I have had enough water for the day.”
ANS: 1
by imbalances.
Page: 131
Heading: Water Balance and Imbalances
Feedback
1 This is correct. The exact amount of water intake required each day is difficult to
determine. This is due, in part, because accurately studying water intake has
utilized differing data collection methodologies.
2 This is incorrect. The Mayo Clinic generally advises drinking enough fluid so
that one is rarely thirsty, though advanced age may decrease the trigger for thirst.
3 This is incorrect. Special sensors in the hypothalamus monitor the osmotic
pressure as the blood circulates in the brain. When the hypothalamus detects an
increase in osmotic pressure, the gland triggers a desire to drink.
4 This is incorrect. The Mayo Clinic generally advises drinking enough fluid that
urine is light yellow to colorless.
4. A nurse is taking care of a client diagnosed with dehydration. The client states, “I was fine
until I worked out in the yard for a few hours.” What does the nurse suspect happened?
1. Excessive perspiration
2. Heatstroke
3. Excessive excretion
4. Heat exhaustion
ANS: 1
by imbalances.
Page: 131
Feedback
1 This is correct. Sensible water loss is water loss through the skin as perspiration.
2 This is incorrect. Heatstroke is the loss of body temperature regulation through
ambient temperatures, vigorous exercising, or warm/hot environments.
Symptoms include lethargy, throbbing headache, and disorientation.
3 This is incorrect. A minimum amount of urine must be excreted each day to
carry away the waste products resulting from metabolic processes.
4 This is incorrect. Heat exhaustion is the loss of water and salt in sweat.
Symptoms include headache, weakness, fatigue, dizziness, fainting, and muscle
cramps.
5. When speaking to a group of clients about water loss for a normal, healthy adult, what
function eliminates 400 to 600 mL per day of liquid?
1. Obligatory excretion
2. Insensible water loss
3. Distillation
4. Metabolism
ANS: 1
by imbalances.
Page: 131
Feedback
1 This is correct. Obligatory excretion eliminates 400 to 600 mL per day.
2 This is incorrect. Insensible water losses amount to between 800 and 1000 mL of
water daily.
3 This is incorrect. Distillation is a way to clean water.
4 This is incorrect. Metabolism gains the body about 300 mL of fluid.
6. A nurse is leading a seminar about healthy food choices. The nurse teaches that water is:
1. Found in cells only.
2. Not needed as much as food.
3. The largest constituent of the body.
4. Less than half of our body weight.
ANS: 3
Objective: 1. List the functions of water in the body.
Page: 122
Cognitive Level: Understanding
Feedback
1 This is incorrect. More than half of body weight is water, which is found in and
around the cells.
2 This is incorrect. Humans can live a month without food but only 6 days without
water.
3 This is correct. Water is the largest single constituent of the human body, and the
need for water is more urgent than the need for any other nutrient.
4 This is incorrect. Adult men are about 60% water and women 55% because
women have a higher percentage of body fat.
7. A nurse is caring for a pediatric client diagnosed with renal insufficiency. How much urine
does the nurse suspect the child is excreting?
1. More than 1 kg of urine/hour of body weight
2. Less 1 mL of urine/kg of body weight/hr
3. Around 2.2 kg of urine/mL of body weight/hr
4. Around 2.2 mL of urine/hour of body weight
ANS: 2
Objective: 3. Describe the initial stimulus and the end results of the hormonal control
mechanism of water balance in the body.
Page: 132
Heading: Urine
Feedback
1 This is incorrect. Children’s urine output should be at least 1 mL/kg body
weight/hour.
2 This is correct. Children’s urine output should be at least 1 mL/kg body
weight/hour. A child with renal insufficiency would like produce less urine than
this amount.
weight/hour, rather than 2.2 kg of urine/mL of body weight/hr.
weight/hour, rather than 2.2 mL of urine/hour of body weight.
8. A nurse is caring for an elderly client at the clinic who is complaining of intermittent
vomiting. Which condition is the client at risk for if gastric juices are lost through vomiting?
1. Metabolic acidosis
2. Metabolic alkalosis
3. Respiratory acidosis
4. Respiratory alkalosis
ANS: 2
Page: 133
Heading: Above the Pylorus
Concept: Acid/Base Balance
Feedback
1 This is incorrect. If gastric juices are lost, hydrogen ions in the hydrochloric acid
are also lost, putting the person at risk for alkalosis.
2 This is correct. The body is well equipped to digest and metabolize acidic and
basic foods without jeopardizing its acid–base balance, assuming normal
amounts are ingested. If gastric juices are lost, hydrogen ions in the hydrochloric
acid are also lost, putting the person at risk for alkalosis.
3 This is incorrect. Too much carbonic acid, or too much of any acid, results in
respiratory acidosis, a condition that causes the lungs to automatically increase
the rate and depth of breathing, eliminating more carbon dioxide and water.
4 This is incorrect. Rapid breathing caused by anxiety triggers paresthesias
(peripheral and perioral), peripheral tetany (eg, stiffness of fingers or arms),
fainting, and sometimes all of these findings. Tetany occurs because respiratory
alkalosis causes both hypophosphatemia and hypocalcemia.
PTS: 1 CON: Acid/Base Balance
9. A nurse is teaching clients about insensible water losses in a diabetic nutrition class. The
nurse knows that teaching was successful by which comment?
1. “An invisible amount of water is lost only through skin.”
2. “A wet climate increases the amount of water loss.”
3. “I think I perspired more when we hiked the mountains.”
4. “Environmental conditions do not influence water loss.”
ANS: 3
Page: 132
Heading: Perspiration
Feedback
1 This is incorrect. Insensible water losses can be lost through breathing.
2 This is incorrect. Deep respirations or a dry climate increase the amount of water
lost.
3 This is correct. Evaporation of sweat is the main means of dissipating the body’s
heat produced by exercise. In extreme cases, a person may perspire at the rate of
2 L per hour.
4 This is incorrect. Environmental conditions influence the amount of water lost
with greater losses occurring at high temperatures, high altitudes, and in low
humidity.
10. A nurse is caring for a client diagnosed with anxiety. The client becomes upset and begins to
hyperventilate. What is the most important action by the nurse at this time?
1. Ask the client to breathe through one nostril with mouth closed.
2. Have the client breathe into a paper bag closed tightly over mouth.
3. Have the client breathe inhale through nostrils and blow out through mouth.
4. Have the client pant and deep breathe three times then blow out through mouth.
ANS: 1
Page: 130
Heading: Respiratory System
Feedback
1 This is correct. The first aid recommended for hyperventilation resulting from
anxiety is breathing through only one nostril with the mouth closed.
2 This is incorrect. Breathing into a paper bag can lead to hypoxia.
3 This is incorrect. This is not a technique that helps alleviate hyperventilation.
4 This is incorrect. This is not a technique that helps alleviate hyperventilation.
MULTIPLE RESPONSE
1. When discharging a client who had gastric-bypass surgery, a nurse makes sure to include
information about the importance of water. Which information about the function of water
does the nurse include? Select all that apply.
1. Water is a solvent for minerals.
2. Water maintains blood pressure.
3. Water regulates body temperature.
4. Water is a structural nutrient.
5. Water transports nutrients from cells.
ANS: 1, 2, 3, 4
Objective: 4. Connect the concept of osmolality to choices for providing the body’s nutrient
needs.
Page: 123
Heading: Usage
Feedback
1. This is correct. Water is a solvent for minerals, vitamins, glucose, and other small
molecules.
2. This is correct. As a component of cells, water helps give the body shape and form,
and as the major constituent of blood, it helps to maintain blood volume and blood
pressure.
3. This is correct. Water helps to regulate body temperature by absorbing the heat
produced by fever and the heat resulting from metabolic processes.
4. This is correct. Water helps form the structure of large molecules.
5. This is incorrect. Water transports nutrients to and waste away from cells.

2. A nurse is discharging a client 7 days postoperatively for a CABG (coronary arterial bypass
graft). During discharge teaching, which statements made by the client indicate that teaching
was successful? Select all that apply.
1. “To maintain osmotic pressure and osmolality, I have to watch my salt intake.”
2. “I have to maintain a stable potassium level or I risk another heart attack.”
3. “To maintain sodium levels I have to keep my blood pressure stable.”
4. “Magnesium is needed to regulate the nerve and muscle function of my heart.”
5. “I have to maintain an adequate bicarbonate level in my cells for a healthy heart.”
ANS: 1, 2
needs.
Page: 127
Heading: Serum Electrolytes
Feedback
1. This is correct. Because sodium is the most influential extracellular ion, sodium,
potassium, and chloride ions provide the most movement across cell membranes to
maintain osmotic pressure and fluid balance.
2. This is correct. The heart muscle is particularly sensitive to high or low levels of
potassium; abnormal levels can produce cardiac arrest.
3. This is incorrect. Blood pressure depends on volume of blood, nutrients, and water
pushed out through capillaries into interstitial fluid by hydrostatic pressure supplied
by the heart.
4. This is incorrect. Magnesium regulates nerve stimulation and normal muscle action.
5. This is incorrect. Bicarbonate is an important extracellular fluid buffer.
3. A nurse received a report from the emergency department and is waiting to admit a client
diagnosed with fluid retention. Which mechanism does the nurse suspect of causing the
client’s retention problems? Select all that apply.
1. Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
2. Aldosterone
3. Hypothalamus
4. Thirst mechanism
5. Diabetes insipidus
ANS: 1, 2
needs.
Page: 128
Heading: Regulation of Water Intake and Excretion
Feedback
1. This is correct. ADH constricts arteries to increase blood pressure.
2. This is correct. Aldosterone causes sodium ions to be returned to the bloodstream
by the kidneys rather than to be spilled into urine. Sodium, the most influential
extracellular ion, pulls water along with it.
3. This is incorrect. In diabetes insipidus, the hypothalamus does not secrete ADH or
the kidneys do not respond appropriately.
4. This is incorrect. Special sensors in the hypothalamus monitor the osmotic pressure
as the blood circulates in the brain. When the hypothalamus detects an increase in
osmotic pressure, the gland triggers a desire to drink.
5. This is incorrect. In diabetes insipidus, the hypothalamus does not secrete ADH or
the kidneys do not respond appropriately.
4. A nurse is teaching a class on home remedies for maintaining acid–base balance. Which
statements by the class indicate that further teaching is necessary? Select all that apply.
1. “I use baking soda to treat my GERD and I have not had any heartburn.”
2. “I drink about 1/3 cup of lemon juice daily to help me lose weight.”
3. “I have to watch my sodium intake to help maintain acid–base balance.”
4. “Phosphates and proteins buffer 95% of the body’s carbonic and other acids.”
5. “Sodium and potassium from foods help maintain acid–base balance.”
ANS: 1, 2
Objective: 5. Recognize the roles of the two major organs that maintain acid–base balance.
Page: 129
Heading: Acid–Base Balance
Feedback
1. This is correct. The use of substances such as baking soda to treat an upset stomach
should be discouraged because the baking soda can be absorbed into the blood,
thereby affecting the whole body. Nonabsorbable antacids designed to treat
stomach upsets and used according to directions are a better choice than baking
soda.
2. This is correct. Lemon juice at a pH of 2 is too acidic for gastric functions. The
action of the lungs, kidneys, and buffer systems of the body maintains the balance
between too much and too little acid in body fluids.
3. This is incorrect. The action of the lungs, kidneys, and buffer systems of the body
maintains the balance between too much and too little acid in body fluids. These
buffer systems minimize significant changes in the pH of body fluids by controlling
the hydrogen ion (H+) concentration.
4. This is incorrect. Within the intracellular fluid, phosphates and proteins buffer 95%
of the body’s carbonic acid and 50% of other acids.
5. This is incorrect. Transport mechanisms of proteins that move ions in and out of
cell membranes are called sodium pump and potassium pumps.
5. A nurse is discharging a client to home and discussing protein for normal body maintenance.
Which component of acid–base balance within the body has important implications for
protein maintenance? Select all that apply.
1. Bicarbonate
2. Carbonic acid
3. Hemoglobin
4. Hydrogen
5. Oxygen
ANS: 1, 2, 3
Page: 129
Feedback
1. This is correct. The bicarbonate (HCO3–)–carbonic acid (H2CO3) system is among
the most important buffer in the extracellular fluid.
2. This is correct. Proteins (hemoglobin) and the bicarbonate (HCO3–)–carbonic acid
(H2CO3) system are the most important buffers in the extracellular fluid.
3. This is correct. Although hemoglobin plays an important role in circulation,
proteins (hemoglobin) and the bicarbonate (HCO3–)–carbonic acid (H2CO3) system
are the most important buffers in the extracellular fluid.
4. This is incorrect. Acidity or alkalinity is measured by a scale called pH for potential
of hydrogen.
5. This is incorrect. Oxygen is not measured in acid–balance mechanisms.

6. A nurse is teaching a client diagnosed with metabolic acidosis secondary to laxative abuse
about the importance of acid–base balance within the body. Which organs does the nurse
explain to the client are responsible for maintaining balance within our bodies? Select all that
apply.
1. Lungs
2. Kidneys
3. Stomach
4. Brain
5. Liver
ANS: 1, 2
Page: 129
Feedback
1. This is correct. The action of the lungs, along with the kidneys, and buffer systems
of the body, maintain the balance between too much and too little acid in body
fluids.
2. This is correct. The action of the kidneys, along with the lungs and buffer systems
of the body, maintain the balance between too much and too little acid in body
fluids.
3. This is incorrect. The stomach does not maintain acid–base balance within the
body.
4. This is incorrect. The brain does not maintain acid–base balance within the body.
5. This is incorrect. The liver does not maintain acid–base balance within the body.
7. A nurse is reviewing recommendations by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
(CDC) about water consumption while caring for a client diagnosed with HIV. The CDC
recommends this client consume which of the following? Select all that apply.
1. Water of reverse osmosis
2. Water that has been distilled
3. Water that has been filtered
4. Water that has been bottled
5. Water that comes from the tap
ANS: 1, 2, 3
Objective: 6. Categorize average gains and losses of fluid in a healthy adult over a 24-hour
period.
Page: 131
Heading: Sources of Water
Feedback
1. This is correct. The CDC recommends that immunocompromised individuals
should consume water that has been through reverse osmosis.
should consume water that has been distilled.
should consume water that has been filtered with an absolute 1-micron filter.
4. This is incorrect. Bottled water is not automatically safer than tap water in the
United States. It is estimated that 25% of all bottled water is tap water.
5. This is incorrect. Water from the tap is not safe for immunocompromised
individuals.
8. Which methods are best when assessing water balance in the body? Select all that apply.
1. Examine the client over a period of several days.
2. Be specific when teaching clients how much to intake.
3. Ask the client about their intake for the day.
4. Document food consumed from pitcher or tray.
5. Record ice chips as one-half the volume of water given.
ANS: 1, 2, 3, 5
Objective: 6. Categorize average gains and losses of fluid in a healthy adult over a 24-hour
period.
Page: 134
Heading: Intake and Output
Feedback
1. This is correct. A client’s intake and output should be assessed over a period of
several days because a single-day evaluation can lead to missing the big picture.
2. This is correct. Being specific when teaching clients how much to intake is an
important part of maintaining water balance in the body.
3. This is correct. Updating the intake form throughout the day rather than at the end
of a shift is likely to produce a more complete record.
4. This is incorrect. Rather than assume that clients have consumed everything
missing from the pitcher or tray, the nurse should ask if they drank the fluid.
5. This is correct. Record the amount of water from ice chips as one-half of their
volume.
9. A client is admitted from the emergency department to the medical surgical floor with a
diagnosis of heatstroke. Which treatments does a nurse suspect were done prior to EMS
arriving on the scene? Select all that apply.
1. Made to lie down and clothing removed
2. Moved to a cool place and feet elevated
3. Ice bags applied to neck, axillae, and groin
4. tsp salt in glass of water administered
5. Sprayed with water while being fanned
ANS: 1, 3, 5
Objective: 9. Distinguish between the signs and symptoms of heat exhaustion and heatstroke
and first-aid treatment.
Page: 135
Heading: TABLE 8-3: Serious Heat-Related Illnesses
Feedback
1. This is correct. First aid treatment for heatstroke includes being made to lie down,
head elevated, clothing removed, and ice bags to neck, axillae, and groin, spray
with water while fanning, monitor airway, breathing, and circulation until medical
arrives.
2. This is incorrect. With heat exhaustion the client is moved to a cool location and
the feet elevated.
arrives.
4. This is incorrect. With heat exhaustion, if the client is able to drink: tsp salt in
glass of water orally every 15 min until medical help arrives.
arrives.
10. A pediatric client is brought to the clinic. The mother of the child states that the child has
“vomited twice and had diarrhea all morning”. The child is 3 years old and weighs 35 lbs. The
mother states that the child’s weight was 37 lbs at the doctor’s office last week. What actions
does a nurse take next? Select all that apply.
Test Bank Lutz's Nutrition and Diet Therapy 7th Edition Erin E. Mazur
1. The child has lost ~5% weight; give the child Pedialyte® and monitor.
2. The child has lost ~3% weight; call the health-care provider immediately.
3. The child has only vomited twice; give the child Pedialyte® and monitor.
4. The child has had diarrhea; give the child ginger ale to settle the stomach.
5. The child has had prolonged diarrhea; call the health-care provider now.
ANS: 1, 5
Objective: 10. Outline situations in which water deficit or excess may become lethal.
Page: 136
Heading: 8-7 Clinical Application: Oral Electrolyte Solutions
Feedback
1. This is correct. If the client becomes dehydrated, as evidenced by loss of 5% of
body weight, medical attention is needed. Intravenous fluids or an oral rehydration
solution of different composition from Pedialyte® may be prescribed for the
dehydrated child.
2. This is incorrect. The health-care provider does not need to be called in yet. Once
the child has lost more than 5% body weight, immediate medical attention is
required.
3. This is incorrect. This is dependent upon the volume vomited; the child does not
need Pedialyte yet.
4. This is incorrect. Ginger ale and apple juice are poor choices for rehydration in
prolonged diarrhea, owing to their high-glucose and low-electrolyte concentrations.
5. This is correct. A fluid loss of more than 5% body weight requires immediate
medical attention.
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PTS: 1 CON: Fluid and Electrolyte Balance

PTS: 1 CON: Fluid and Electrolyte Balance

PTS: 1 CON: Fluid and Electrolyte Balance

PTS: 1 CON: Fluid and Electrolyte Balance

PTS: 1 CON: Fluid and Electrolyte Balance

PTS: 1 CON: Fluid and Electrolyte Balance

PTS: 1 CON: Fluid and Electrolyte Balance

PTS: 1 CON: Fluid and Electrolyte Balance

PTS: 1 CON: Fluid and Electrolyte Balance

PTS: 1 CON: Fluid and Electrolyte Balance

PTS: 1 CON: Fluid and Electrolyte Balance

PTS: 1 CON: Fluid and Electrolyte Balance

PTS: 1 CON: Acid/Base Balance

PTS: 1 CON: Acid/Base Balance

PTS: 1 CON: Acid/Base Balance

PTS: 1 CON: Fluid and Electrolyte Balance

PTS: 1 CON: Fluid and Electrolyte Balance

PTS: 1 CON: Fluid and Electrolyte Balance

PTS: 1 CON: Fluid and Electrolyte Balance

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Test Bank Lutz's Nutrition and Diet Therapy 7th Edition Erin E.