Theories of Human Development 2nd Newman Test Bank

Theories of Human Development 2nd Newman Test

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Chapter 5 Learning Theories
Test Bank

Multiple Choice Questions

1. Which of the following is the best definition of learning?: (a)
(a) the relatively permanent changes in behavior that occur as a result of
experience
(b) the information acquired from attendance in school
(c) the ability to remember and recall information
(d) activities that form habits without the need for thought
2. In his research on the digestive system, Pavlov discovered that the sight of
food, the sight of the person delivering food, or the sounds typically associated
with the delivery of food produced a digestive response. He called these
associations ____________: (c)
(a) operant conditioning
(b) behavior
(c) conditioned reflexes
(d) reactive conditioning
3. In classical conditioning the stimulus that naturally produces a reflexive
response is called the ____. The natural reflexive response is called the
______________: (b)
(a) neutral stimulus; neutral response
(b) unconditioned stimulus; unconditioned response
(c) lasting stimulus; lasting response
(d) higher order stimulus; higher order response
4. What is the adaptive value of classical conditioning?: (d)
(a) it suggests a process by which one stimulus provides information about
another
(b) it is a model for understanding how multiple associations can be
established and triggered in the process of concept formation, memory,
and problem solving
(c) it helps explain that when conditions change, the learner is capable of
revising responses to reflect those changes
(d) all of the above
5. When a bell that used to signal food is no longer followed by food, the
salivation response to the bell will eventually fade. This is called
_____________: (b )

©Instructor Web Resource Material Created by Barbara M. Newman and Philip R. Newman to accompany
Newman & Newman: Theories of Human Development, 2nd ed., 2016, Psychology Press/Taylor & Francis Page 1
 (a) recall
(b) extinction
(c) repression
(d) short-term memory
6. According to Thorndike, a bond is established between a situation and a
response depending on the feeling state accompanying the reaction. Other
things being equal, when a response is followed by a positive feeling state, it
strengthens the bond between the stimulus and the response. What did
Thorndike call this bond?: (c )
(a) the Law of the Survival of the Fittest
(b) the Law of Emotions
(c) the Law of Effect
(d) the Law of Relative Motion
7. Skinner’s theory of operant conditioning was very similar to that of Thorndike.
He found that learning is guided by which of the following?: (d )
(a) the role of reflexes
(b) stimulus control
(c) the events preceding the response
(d) the consequences of the behavior
8. What is a negative reinforcer? A stimulus that ____________: (b )
(a) increases the likelihood of a response
(b) increases the likelihood of a response when it is removed
(c) has the same meaning as the ongoing behavior
(d) is associated with fear and dread
9. Which term refers to the frequency and regularity with which reinforcements
are given?: (d)
(a) extinction
(b) generalization
(c) continuous reinforcement
(d) schedule of reinforcement
10. In the theory of operant conditioning, what is the difference between negative
reinforcement and punishment?: (c )
(a) punishment leads to more lasting changes in behavior than negative
reinforcement
(b) negative reinforcements decrease the likelihood of responses;
punishments increase the likelihood of responses when they are removed
©Instructor Web Resource Material Created by Barbara M. Newman and Philip R. Newman to accompany
Newman & Newman: Theories of Human Development, 2nd ed., 2016, Psychology Press/Taylor & Francis Page 2
 (c) punishment is an unpleasant consequence that follows an undesired
behavior; a negative reinforcement increases the likelihood of a response
when it is removed
(d) punishment and negative reinforcement are different terms for the same
thing
11. Much learning takes place because of the person’s tendency to observe and
imitate others. This idea is fundamental to which theory of learning?: (a )
(a) social learning theory
(b) classical conditioning
(c) operant conditioning
(d) trial-and-error learning
12. Children are most likely to imitate models who are ___________: (d)
(a) prestigious
(b) in control of resources
(c) rewarded
(d) all of the above
13. Which theory of learning focuses on the many internal mental activities and
mental representations that influence learning?: (b )
(a) classical conditioning
(b) cognitive behaviorism
(c) operant conditioning
(d) zone of universal proximity
14. A key element in the cognitive basis of behavior is the sense of confidence that
one can perform the behaviors demanded by a situation. This is known as
__________: (a)
(a) self-efficacy
(b) lucid awareness
(c) creative imitation
(d) mirror imaging
15. Which theory of learning provides most insight into the outlook that learners
have about the learning situation, including their goals, values, and their
expectations about possibilities for success?: (c )
(a) classical conditioning
(b) operant conditioning
(c) cognitive behaviorism
(d) the theory of mindfulness
©Instructor Web Resource Material Created by Barbara M. Newman and Philip R. Newman to accompany
Newman & Newman: Theories of Human Development, 2nd ed., 2016, Psychology Press/Taylor & Francis Page 3
16. According to social cognitive learning theory, the sense of agency is central to
the capacity for learning. Which of the following is not a component of the
sense of agency?: (d )
(a) intentionality
(b) forethought
(c) self-reactiveness
(d) reversibility
17. Which statement below accurately reflects the view of the environment in
social cognitive theory?: (b)
(a) environments are imposed and have fixed schedules of reinforcement
(b) environments can vary from imposed to modifiable to self-constructed
(c) because environments are so varied, they are not relevant in the learning
process
(d) knowing about the demands of the environment leads to an accurate
prediction about learning and behavior
18. Experiential learning theory suggests two different ways of knowing, and two
different ways of making use of knowledge. From these four dimensions, the
theory predicts a person’s preferred _____________: (a)
(a) learning style
(b) sense of agency
(c) resistance to extinction
(d) capacity for generalization
19. __________ is defined as an expectation that an outcome will not be
influenced by any response that a learner makes: (d)
(a) discrimination
(b) learned convergence
(c) resourcefulness
(d) learned helplessness
20. Which of the following forms of therapy is based on the scientifically supported
assumption that most emotional and behavioral reactions are learned: (b )
(a) psychoanalytic therapy
(b) cognitive behavioral therapy
(c) shock therapy
(d) play therapy
Essay Questions

©Instructor Web Resource Material Created by Barbara M. Newman and Philip R. Newman to accompany
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Theories of Human Development 2nd Newman Test Bank

1. Describe the basic features of cognitive behavioral therapy. Explain at least

three principles of the learning theories discussed in the chapter that underlie
cognitive behavioral therapy.
2. Compare and contrast the role of the environment in the four different
learning theories: classical conditioning, operant conditioning, social learning
theory, and cognitive behaviorism.
3. Explain the differences between the focus of the cognitive developmental
theories presented in Chapter 4 and the learning theories presented in this
chapter. Why are the cognitive developmental theories included in Part I,
theories that emphasize biological factors, and the learning theories included
in Part II, theories that emphasize environmental factors?
4. According to the learning theories, what factors are most likely to place a
person at risk for subsequent development and learning? How would the
various learning theories address this issue?

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