116 HISTORY OF THE FILIPINO PEOPLE
of boloes, kampilans, and krises. Zh€co-optation of the Filipino
chiefly class with the Spanish church and state officials who
granted them special benefits also added to the failure of revolts,
With disunity ,gbsence of good leaders who know military strategy,
and tactics, g-network of spies, enforcement of the.yse-of pape.
letas de permiso (official travel permits) and cartas de radio
(safe-conduct passes) which controlled free movement of natives
and, of course, the presence of the Spanish priests who meddled
in the uprising, all the Filipino efforté proved futile. .
Filipino Nationalism: Accelerators.—The filtering through
of progressive political ideologies and the transfer of technology
to the Philippines through liberal-minded men from Europe
and America, along with diserichantment with Madre Espaha,
catalyzed Filipino nationalism in the nineteenth century. Tired
of being “‘only an individual. . . and not a member of a nation,”
the Filipino, particularly the social elites, finally woke up to the
realization that he must change. Change finally came about,
stimulated by the opening of the Philippines to world commerce,
with the attendant ‘rise of the clase media, Various factors such
as the impact of European liberalism and the administration of
Carlos Maria de la Torre, racial discrimination, the effects of the
secular-regular conflicts, and thé Cavite Mutiny of 1872, all con-
tributed to the birth of Filipino nationalism.
The Philippines in World Commerce (1834-1898)
mia Proper and the suburban éreas developed by leaps and
bounds with the official and Permanent opening of the her port
to international trade in 1834, tesulting in tremendous socio-
economic changes for the Filipino. Indeed, the nineteenth cen-
tury brought a great transformation from the Preceding centuries
of economic stagnation created by the monopolistic policy of
Spain. Despite economic gestrictions, fore fen ei