1

SOLUTIONS
COMPLEX ANALYSIS
Only way to learn mathematics Is To do mathematics
Paul R. Halmas

PROF. MUHAMMAD USMAN HAMID (0323 – 6032785)

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Exercise
1) Verify that
a) (√ ) ( √ )
Sol: (√ ) ( √ ) √ √

b) ( )( ) ( )
Sol: ( )( ) ( ) ( )

2) Show that
a) Re(iz) = − Im z
Sol: ( ) (( )) ( )

b) Im(iz) = Re z.
Sol: ( ) (( )) ( )

3) Show that (1 + z)2 = 1 + 2z + z2.

Sol: ( ) ( )( ) ( ) ( )
( )

4) Verify that each of the two numbers z = 1 ± i satisfies the equation

z2 − 2z + 2 = 0.
Sol: | | ( ) ( )
| |

5) Briefly answer the followings;

a) Write (x, y) + (u, v) = (x, y) and point out how it follows that the
complex number 0 = (0, 0) is unique as an additive identity
Sol: ( ) ( ) ( ) given
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) by cancellation law.

To prove uniqueness let ( ) ( ) and ( ) ( )

( ) ( ) ( ) given
Implies ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
Let ( ) ( ) ( ) and ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
Also ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
thus ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
identity is unique.

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b) Likewise, write (x, y)(u, v)=(x, y) and show that the number
1= (1, 0) is a unique multiplicative identity.
Sol: ( )( ) ( ) given
( )( ) ( )( )
( ) ( ) by cancellation law.

To prove uniqueness let ( ) ( ) and ( ) ( )

( )( ) ( ) given
Implies ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
Let ( )( ) ( ) and ( )( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
als( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
thus ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
identity is unieque.

c) Use −1 = (−1, 0) and z = (x, y) to show that (−1)z = −z.

Sol: ( ) ( ) given
( )( ) ( )
( ) ( )

d) Use ( ) and ( ) to verify that –( ) ( )

Sol: ( ) ( ) given
– ( ) – ( )( ) ( )
–( ) ( ) ( )( )
–( ) ( )

e) Solve the equation z2 + z + 1 = 0 for z = (x, y).

Sol: given
( )( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
and
and
( ) when
√
when
Also if have no real roots when
√
( ) ( )

PROF. MUHAMMAD USMAN HAMID (0323 – 6032785)

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6) Reduce each of these quantities into real numbers number:

(a)
Sol: given
( )( ) ( )( )
( )( )

(b) ( )( )( )
Sol: ( )( )( )
given

( )( )( )

(c) ( )
Sol: ( ) given
[( ) ]

7) Show that ⁄
Sol: ⁄
given
| | ̅
⁄( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ̅ ̅

8) Prove that if z1z2z3 = 0, then at least one of the three factors is

zero.
Sol: given
Suppose for then ( ) exists
and any complex number times zero is zero. Hence
[( )( ) ] [( ) ( )]
( ) ( ) ( )

9) Derive the identity ( ) ( ) ( )

Sol: ( ) ( ) ( ) given
( ) ( ) ( )( ) ( ) ( ) ( )( )

10) Derive the cancellation law

Sol: ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

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11) Use the definition of complex numbers as an ordered pair

of real numbers and prove that
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )( ) ( )
Sol: ( ) ( ) ( )( ) ( )( )
Where ( )( ) ( ) ( )
Then using ( ) and ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

Exercises: Locate the numbers z1 + z2 and z1 − z2 vectorially when

i. ;

ii. ( √ ); (√ )

iii. ( ); ( )

PROF. MUHAMMAD USMAN HAMID (0323 – 6032785)

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iv. z1 = x1 + iy1 ; z2 = x1 - iy1

v. Perform both indicated operations analytically as well as

graphically for ( ) ( )
Sol:Analytically: ( ) ( )
Graphically:

Practice: In each case, sketch the set of points determined by the given
condition:

(a) |z − 1 + i|= 1
This is the circle centered at and has radius 1

(b) |z + i|≤ 3
This is the circle centered at and with interior 3

PROF. MUHAMMAD USMAN HAMID (0323 – 6032785)

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(c) |2z - i |= 4
This is the circle centered at and has radius 2

(d) |z − 4i| ≥ 4
This is the circle centered at and with exterior 4

(e) | |
̅
Solution: | | ( )( ̅ ) ̅ ̅
( )( ̅ ) | |
a circle of radius 4 centered at ( )
(f) | |
Solution: | | | | √( ) √( )
( ) (( ) )
( ) | |
Required set consists of all points external to the circle.

Exercise:
i. Show that | | | |
Sol: obviously | | √ and | | √

ii. Verify | | | | | | involving Re z, Im z, and |z|

Sol: Consider | | | | | | | |
| | | | | |

( ) | | | |
iii. When | | | | show that
| | || | | ||
Sol: Since ( ) | ( )| |( )| | | | |
( ) | | | | ……..(i)
|| | | || | |
| | || | | ||
……..(ii)
( ) | | | |
From (i) and (ii) | | || | | ||

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iv. If then find | |

Sol:
| | | |

v. Verify that √ | | | ( )| | ( )|
Sol: let then | | √
√ | | √ √ √
we know that | | | |
√ √
√ | | | ( )| | ( )|

vi. Using mathematical induction show that | | | |

Sol: put n = 1 then | | | | | | result is true.

Consider result is true for n = k then | | | |
Put then | | | | | || | | | | | | |
Hence by mathematical induction | | | |

Show that |
vii. | when z lies in the circle | |
Sol: ( )( )
When | | then | | || | | | |
Also When | | then | | || | | | |
Thus when | | then | | | || |
Consequently | | when z lies in the circle | |

Exercise
1. Show that
i. ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
̅
Sol: ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
̅ ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
( ) ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅ ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
( )
̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
̅ ( )
Or ̅ ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅ ̅ ̅

ii. ̅ ̅
Sol: ̅ ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
( ) ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
̅ ( ) ̅
Or ̅ ̅ ̅ ̅

PROF. MUHAMMAD USMAN HAMID (0323 – 6032785)

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iii. ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
( )
Sol: ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
( ) ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅ ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅ ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
Or (̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅ ) (̅̅̅̅̅̅) ( )

iv. |( ̅ )(√ )| √ | |
Sol: |( ̅ )(√ )| | ̅ ||√ |̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅|√
|
|( ̅ )(√ )| |̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅|√ √ | |

1. Sketch the set of points determined by the condition;

i. (̅ )
Sol: Rewrite ( ̅ ) as [ ( )] or
This is the vertical line through the point
y

2 x
O

ii. | |
Sol: | | | | | | this is the circle
centered at with radius 2

2. Show that
i. ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅ ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
Sol: ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅ ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
( ) (̅̅̅̅̅̅) ̅ (̅ ̅)̅ ̅̅̅

ii. ̅̅̅ ̅
Sol: ̅̅̅ ̅̅̅̅̅̅ ̅̅̅ ̅̅̅ ̅̅̅ ̅̅̅ ̅ ̅ ̅ ̅ ̅

3. Verify for non – zero

̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅ ̅̅̅
i. ( ) ̅̅̅ ̅̅̅
̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅ ̅̅̅ ̅̅̅
Sol: ( ) ̅̅̅̅̅̅ ̅̅̅ ̅̅̅

| |
ii. | | | || |
| | | |
Sol: | | | | | || |

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4. Show that | ( ̅ )| when | |

Sol:
since we know that | | | | also | | | | | | | |
specifically when | |
| ( ̅ )| | ̅ | | ̅| | |
| ( ̅ )| | | | |
5. By using mathematical induction show that
i. ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅ ̅ ̅ ̅ ̅̅̅
Sol: when n = 2 it is true that ̅̅̅̅̅̅ ̅ ̅
Consider the result is true for n = k
̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅ ̅ ̅ ̅ ̅̅̅
then we may write
̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅ ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
( ) (̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅)̅̅̅̅̅̅
̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅ ( ̅ ̅ ̅ ̅̅̅)̅̅̅̅̅̅
Hence ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅ ̅ ̅ ̅ ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅

ii. ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅ ̅ ̅ ̅ ̅̅̅

Sol: when n = 2 it is true that ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅ ̅ ̅
Consider the result is true for n = k
̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅ ̅ ̅ ̅ ̅̅̅
then we may write
̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅ ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
( )
̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅ ( ̅ ̅ ̅ ̅̅̅) ̅̅̅̅̅̅
Hence ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅ ̅ ̅ ̅ ̅̅̅ ̅̅̅̅̅̅

6. For any real numbers ∑ and for a complex number „z‟

show that
̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅ ̅ ̅ ̅

Sol: Since we know that

̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅ ̅ ̅ ̅ ̅̅̅ Also | | | |
Then clearly
̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅ ̅ ̅ ̅

7. Show that the equation | | of a circle centered at with

radius R can be written as | | ( ̅) | |
̅
Sol: Since we know that ̅ | | and ( )
Then | | could be written as
( )(̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅) ( )( ̅ ̅ )
̅ ( ̅ ̅̅̅̅ ̅) ̅
| | ( ̅) | |
PROF. MUHAMMAD USMAN HAMID (0323 – 6032785)
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8. Show that the hyperbola can be written as ̅

̅ ̅
Sol: Since we know that and
̅ ̅
Then ( ) ( ) ̅

9. Express 2x + y = 5 in terms of complex conjugates.

̅ ̅
Sol: Since we know that and
̅ ̅
Then ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ̅
the equation represents the straight line in the z – plan.

10. Express in terms of complex conjugates.

̅ ̅
Sol: Since we know that and
̅ ̅
Then ( ) ( ) ̅
the equation represents a circle in the z – plan of radius 6 and centered
at origin.

11. If the sum and product of two complex numbers are both real, then
prove that the two numbers must either be real or conjugate.
Sol: let and
Given that sum of two complex numbers are both real

…….(i)
Also given that product of two complex numbers are both real
( )( )
Put
If then from (i)
since
since
If then ̅ ̅

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Exercises
1. Write (√ ) in rectangular form.
Solution:
( ) ( ) ( )
(√ ) ( ) ( )( ) (√ )

2. By writing the individual factors on the left in exponential form,

performing the needed operations, and finally changing back to
rectangular coordinates, show that
i. ( √ )(√ ) ( √ )
Solution:
Given that ( √ )(√ )
( ) ( ) ( )
(√ √ ) ( )( )( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( √ )
ii.
Solution:
( )
( ) ( ( ))
Given that √
( ( ))
√ ( )

( ( ))
√

iii. (√ )
Solution:
( ) ( ) ( )
(√ ) ( ) ( )( )

iv. ( √ ) ( √ )
Solution:
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( √ ) ( )
( )
( √ ) ( ) ( √ )

PROF. MUHAMMAD USMAN HAMID (0323 – 6032785)

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Practice: Use de Moivre‟s formula to derive the following trigonometric

identities:
(a) cos 3θ = cos3 θ − 3 cos θ sin2 θ
Solution:
Since we know that (cos θ + i sin θ )3 = cos 3θ + i sin 3θ
Or cos3θ + 3 cos2θ (isinθ)+ 3 cosθ (isinθ)2 + (isinθ)3 = cos 3θ + i sin 3θ
By equating real parts we get the required result. i.e.
cos 3θ = cos3 θ − 3 cos θ sin2 θ

(b) sin 3θ = 3 cos2 θ sin θ − sin3 θ

Solution:
Since we know that (cos θ + i sin θ )3 = cos 3θ + i sin 3θ
Or cos3θ + 3 cos2θ (isinθ)+ 3 cosθ (isinθ)2 + (isinθ)3 = cos 3θ + i sin 3θ
By equating real parts we get the required result. i.e.
sin 3θ = 3 cos2 θ sin θ − sin3 θ

Exercise
1. Find the principal argument Arg z when
i.
√
Solution: use arg(z) = arg (i) - arg (-1-i)
And Since Arg(-2) = and Arg( √ )=
one value of arg z is not a principal value
then ( )
√

ii. (√ )
Solution: (√ ) (√ )
Since therefore it will be Principle argument and
(√ )

2. Find the modulus and argument of the followings

i. ( )
Solution:
| | | | | |
√
( ) ( ) ( )

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ii.
Solution:
| | | | | |
( ) ( ) ( )

3. Show that (a) |eiθ |= 1; (b) ̅̅̅̅ = e−iθ .

Solution:
| | | | √
̅̅̅̅ ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅ ( ) ( )

4. Use mathematical induction to show that

eiθ1 eiθ2 ··· eiθn = ei(θ1+θ2+···+θn) (n = 2, 3,.. .).
iθ iθ i(θ +θ )
Sol: when n = 2 it is true that e 1 e 2 = e 1 2
Consider the result is true for n = k
eiθ1 eiθ2 ··· eiθk = ei(θ1+θ2+···+θk)
then we may write
iθk+1
eiθ1 eiθ2 ··· eiθk eiθk+1 =(eiθ1 eiθ2 ··· eiθk) eiθk+1 = ei(θ1+θ2+···+θk) e
Hence eiθ1 eiθ2 ··· eiθk eiθk+1 = ei(θ1+θ2+···+θk +θk+1)

5. Using the fact that the modulus | | is the distance between the
iθ
points e and 1 give a geometric argument to find a value of θ in the
interval 0 θ < 2π that satisfies the equation | |
Ans: the solution θ = π of the equation | | in the interval
0 θ < 2π is geometrically evident if we recall that lies on the
circle | | and that | | is the distance between the
points and 1.

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Exercise:
1. Find the locus of ‘z’ when | | | |
Solution: Since | | ̅ therefore
̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅ ̅
| | ( )( ) ( )()
̅
which is interior and boundary of circle.

2. Prove that | ̅ | if | | and | | when does equality

holds?
Solution: We have to prove | ̅ | | | | ̅ |
if | | and | |
Consider
| | ( )(̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅) ( )( ̅ ̅ ) ̅ ̅ ̅ ̅
| | | | | | ̅ ̅ ()
Again Consider
| ̅ | ( ̅ )(̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
̅ ) ( ̅ )( ̅) ̿
| ̅ | ̅ ̅ ̅ ̅
Adding and subtracting | | | | on R.H.S
| ̅ | | | | | ̅ ̅ ̅ ̅ | | | |
| ̅ | | | | || | | | | | ()
| ̅ | | | ( | | )( | | )
Since | | | |
| ̅ | | | | ̅ | | | | | | ̅ |
Equality will hold if
| | | | | | | | | |

3. Prove that | ̅ | if either | | or | | what exception

must be made if | | | |
Solution: We have to prove | ̅ | | | | ̅ |
Consider
| | ( )(̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅) ( )( ̅ ̅ ) ̅ ̅ ̅ ̅
| | | | | | ̅ ̅ ()
Again Consider
| ̅ | ( ̅ )(̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
̅ ) ( ̅ )( ̅) ̿
| ̅ | ̅ ̅ ̅ ̅
Adding and subtracting | | | | on R.H.S
| ̅ | | | | | ̅ ̅ ̅ ̅ | | | |
| ̅ | | | | || | | | | | ()
PROF. MUHAMMAD USMAN HAMID (0323 – 6032785)
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| ̅ | | | ( | | )( | | )
Since | | | |
| ̅ | | | | ̅ | | | | | | ̅ |
Now according to condition if | | | | then equality will be hold
| | | ̅ |
4. Prove that | | | | [| | | | ] where ‘a’ and ‘b’
being any complex numbers.
Solution: let and be any two complex numbers then
| | | |
( )(̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅)( )(̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅)
( )( ̅ ̅̅̅)( )( ̅ ̅̅̅)
̅ ̅̅̅ ̅ ̅̅̅ ̅ ̅̅̅ ̅ ̅̅̅
| | | | | | | | [| | | | ]
Then | | | | [| | | | ]

5. Find the locus of ‘z’ where where‘t’ is real parameter

and a, b are complex constants.
Solution: Given
Let
( ) ( )

( ) ( )
Then comparing real and imaginary parts
……..(i)
……..(ii)

Thus from (i) and (ii)

……..(iii)

……..(iv)
( )( )
Multiplying (iii) and (iv) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )
Comparing with
( )
( )
Then [( ) ]
Which is Hyperbola.

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6. Find maximum and minimum of| | for | | | ( )|

Solution:
For | |
| | | | | | | | | |
| | || | | || || | | || | |

For | ( )|
| | | | | | | | | | √
| | || | | || || | | || √

Exercises
1. Write in polar form √
Solution: Let √ | |
then polar form will be
2. Compute for √
Solution: Let √ | |
then polar form will be

then ( √ ) ( ) * ( ) ( )+
* ( ) ( )+ * ( ) ( )+

3. Find the square roots of and express them in rectangular coordinates.

( )
Solution: Let ;
⁄ ( ) ⁄ ( )
then ( ) | | | |
put
put ( ) with being principle root.
hence are our required three cube roots of the number .

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4. Find the square roots of √ and express them in rectangular

coordinates.
Solution:
( )
Let √ ;
( ) ( )
| | ⁄ | | ⁄
then ( √ )
√
put principle root.
√
√
put ( )
√

5. Find three cube roots of

Solution: Let
Keep in mind that we are basically solving the equation
now to find desired root we use the formula and
⁄ ( )
then () | |
√
put
√
put put
hence are our required three cube roots of the number .

6. Find the four forth roots of

Solution: Let √ ( )

now to find desired root we use the formula and

⁄ ( )
then ( ) | |
put
put
put
put
hence are our required fourth roots.

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7. Find the three cube roots of and express them in rectangular

coordinates and sketch.
Solution: Let
Keep in mind that we are basically solving the equation
now to find desired root we use the formula and
⁄ ( ) ( )
then ( ) | |
put
put
put
hence are our required three cube roots of the number .

8. Find ( ) ( ) ( ) and express them in rectangular

coordinates and sketch and identify principal root.
( )
Solution (1): √
now to find desired root we use the formula and
⁄ ( )
then ( ) ( √ )
put put
put put
hence are our required fourth roots of the number .

Solution(2): √ ( )

now to find desired root we use the formula and

⁄ ( )
then ( ) (√ )
put put
put
hence are our required cube roots of the number .

( )
Solution(3):
now to find desired root we use the formula and
( )
then ( )
put
put
put
hence are our required cube roots of the number .

PROF. MUHAMMAD USMAN HAMID (0323 – 6032785)

 20

9. Find ( ) and express them in rectangular coordinates and sketch and

identify principal root.
( )
Solution: Let
now to find desired root we use the formula and
⁄ ( )
then ( ) | |
put √
√
put
√
√
put ( )
√
put √
√
put ( )
√
√
put
√
hence are our required roots of the number 8.

10. Compute the roots of [( ) ] and sketch them.

( )
Solution: Let
( )
then polar form will be √
Where
now to find desired root we use the formula and
⁄ ( )
then ( ) ( ) | |
⁄ ( ) ⁄
put | | | | * ( ) ( )+
⁄
put | | * ( ) ( )+
⁄
put | | * ( ) ( )+
⁄
put | | * ( ) ( )+
hence are our required fourth roots of the number

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 21

Exercises
1. Sketch the following sets and determine which are domains. Also
show either sets are open or closed. Also show sets are either bounded
or not.
(a) |z − 2 + i|≤ 1;
Sol: We may write | ( )| . This is the set of points inside and on
the circle centered at having radius 1. It is not a domain.

(b) |2z + 3| > 4;

Sol: We may write | ( )| This is the set of points exterior to the
circle centered at having radius 2. It is a domain.

c) Im z > 1;
Sol: We may write as . This is the half plane consisting of
all points lying above the horizontal line y = 1. It is a domain.

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 22

(d) Im z = 1;
Sol: it is simply the horizontal line. It is not a domain.

(d) 0 ≤ arg z ≤ π/4 ( )

Sol: It is not a domain.it is neither open nor closed. Sketched below.

(e) |z − 4| ≥ |z|.
Sol: | | | | can be written in the form ( ) which
reduces to . This is not a domain.

(g) Whether the set -1≤ Im z <4 is closed?

Sol: It is not open. Not closed. Not a domain. But bounded as well as
connected.

2. In each case, sketch the closure of the set:

i. ( )
Sol: its closure is entire plane.

PROF. MUHAMMAD USMAN HAMID (0323 – 6032785)

 23

ii. | ( )| | |
Sol: Since | ( )| | | | | √ this inequality
is the same as or | |
its closure is entire plane.

iii. ( )
( ) ( )
( ) this is a circle together with its exterior centered at
with . The closure of this is itself.

iv. ( )
( ) | | | |
The closure of this set consists of the line together with the shaded
region.

3. Let S be the open set consisting of all points z such that |z|< 1
or |z-2|< 1. State why S is not connected.
: Since every polygonal line joining and must contains at least one
point that is not in S, clearly S is not connected.

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Exercise:
1) For each of the function below, describe the domain of definition
That is understood.
i. ( )
Sol: Defined everywhere in the finite plane except at and

ii. ( ) ( )
Sol: Defined throughout the entire plane except for the point

iii. ( )
̅
Sol: Defined everywhere in the finite plane except for the imaginary axis
because ̅ the same as x = 0

iv. ( ) | |
Sol: Defined everywhere in the finite plane except on the circle | | where
| | | | | |

2) Transform in Cartesian form that is in form of

f (z) = u(x, y) + iv(x, y)
i. ( )
Sol: since then
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )

̅
ii. ( )
Sol: since and ̅ then
̅ ( )
( )
PROF. MUHAMMAD USMAN HAMID (0323 – 6032785)
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3) Transform in term of „z‟ if ( ) ( )

̅ ̅
Sol: since and then
̅ ̅ ̅ ̅ ̅ ̅
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) * ( ) ( )( )+
( ) ̅
4) Transform in polar form if ( )
Sol: since and then
( )
( ) ( ) ( )

Practice:
Suppose that ( ) ( ) exist Then
i. [ ( ) ( )] [ ]
Proof: Suppose that [ ( ) ( )]
And ( ) and ( ) Also ( ) and ( ) then
( ) ( ) [( ) ( )] [( ) ( )]
( ) ( ) [( ) ( )]
[( ) ( )] ( ) ( )
Thus [ ( ) ( )] [ ]
ii. [ ( ) ( )] [ ]
Proof: Suppose that [ ( ) ( )]
And ( ) and ( ) Also ( ) and ( ) then
( ) ( ) [( ) ( )] [( ) ( )]
( ) ( ) [( ) ( )]
[( ) ( )] ( ) ( )
Thus [ ( ) ( )] [ ]
iii.
Proof: Suppose that [ ] And ( ) and ( ) then
( ) ( )[ ]
iv. By mathematical induction.
Sol: Obviously result is true for n = 1 i.e.
Suppose that result is true for n = k i.e.
Putting n = k + 1 induction will be true.
( )
By mathematical induction.

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v. ( ) ( ) where P(z) is a Polynomial of degree ‘n’

Sol: Suppose that [ ( )] [ ]
[ ( )]
Thus ( ) ( )
vi. ( ) ( )
Sol: Suppose that [ ] ( ) ( )[ ] ( )
vii. ̅ ̅
Sol: Suppose that [̅] And ( ) and ( )
Then ̅ ( ) ( )[ ] ̅
̅
viii.
̅ ( )
Sol: Suppose that * + ( ) ( )* +
̅
* + ( ) ( )* + after solving

ix. [ ] [ ]
Sol: Suppose that [ ] [ ( ) ]
[ ] [ ( ) ] [ ]
x.
()
Sol: Suppose that
( ) ( )
xi. ( ) ( )
( )
Sol: Suppose that * ( )
+ * +
( ) ( )
* ( )
+ * + ( )
xii. [ ] [ ]
Sol: Suppose that [ ] ( ) ( ) [( ) ]
[ ] [( ) ] [ ]
xiii. [ ( )]
Sol: Suppose that [ ( )] ( ) ( )[ ( )]
[ ( )]
xiv. ( )
Sol: Suppose that ( ) ( )( )
xv. [ ]
Sol: [ ] [( ) ( ) ]
( )( )
xvi.
( )( ) [ ( ) ][( ) ]
Sol: ( ) ( )

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xvii.
( )( )
Sol: ( )
( )( )
Another method: Given ( ) ( )
Now ( ) | | | |
Implies | ( ) | | |
Thus
√
xviii. ( )

Sol:
( ) ( )
( )( )( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( )( )( )( )
( ) √
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( )( )

Another method: Since ( )( ) then

( )( )
( ) ( ) ( )

( )
√
( ) ( )

xix. by using form.

Sol: We must show that for any there exists such that
| ( )| where | |
Since we can write
( ( ) ( ) )( )

( ) ( )
Then we must show that our result
If then | | implies
| ( ) ( ) | | || ( ) |
| || ( ) ( )( ) |
| || ( ) ( )( ) |
| ( )| | || | | | ( )
Taking as the smaller of „1‟ and , the required result follows.

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xx. If ( ) exists then | ( )| | | also

exists.
Sol: Given that ( ) then
| ( ) | where | |
Now using the result || | | || | |
|| ( )| | || | ( ) | where | |
|| ( )| | || where | |
Implies | ( )| | |

xxi. ( ) iff ( )
when
Sol: Let ( ) exists
Given implies also then
Implies ( )
Means | ( ) | where | |

xxii. ( ) ( ) if ( ) and if there exists a

positive number M such that | ( )| for all ‘z’ in some
neighborhood of
Sol: Given ( )
Implies | ( ) | where | |
Then take | ( )| for and multiplying with above.
Implies | ( ) ( ) | where | |
Implies ( ) ( )
xxiii. Show that ( ) does not exists for ( ) (̅)
Sol: Along x – axis: put y = 0 then
( ) ( )

Along y – axis: put x = 0 then ( ) ( )

But putting ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
This shows that ( ) has value 1 at all non – zero points on the real and
imaginary axes but value at all non – zero points on the line y = x. thus the
limit of the function ( ) as z tends to zero cannot exists.

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Practice:
i. Show that ( )
( )
Sol: ( )
( )
( ) ( )

ii. Show that ( )

Sol: ( )
( )

iii. Show that

Sol:
iv. State why limits involving the points at infinity are unique.
Ans: Since we know that if limit exists for a function it will be
unique. Hence the statement.

Practice: Show that given functions are continuous at or not?

i. ( ) | | at
Solution:
i. ( ) | | which is finite. i.e. ( ) is defined at z = z0
ii. | | | |
iii. The value and limit agree at z = z0 i.e. ( ) ( )
Hence ( ) | | is continuous at .
ii. ( ) at
Solution:
i. ( ) ( ) which is finite. i.e. ( ) is defined at z = z0
ii. ( ) ( )
iii. The value and limit agree at z = z0 i.e. ( ) ( )
Hence ( ) ( ) is continuous at .
iii. ( ) at
Solution:
i. ( ) ( ) ( )
ii. ( ) ( )
iii. ( ) ( )
Hence ( ) is continuous at .

iv. ( ) in the region | |

Solution:
Let be any point in the region | | then ( ) ( ) therefore
( ) is continuous at thus ( ) is continuous in the region | | . Since it is
continues at any point of the region.
PROF. MUHAMMAD USMAN HAMID (0323 – 6032785)
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v. ( ) {

Solution:
 ( ) which is finite. i.e. ( ) is defined at z =
 ( )
 ( ) ( )
Hence ( ) is not continuous at .
vi. ( ) {
Solution:
i. () which is finite. i.e. ( ) is defined at z =
ii. ( )
( ) ( ) Hence ( ) is not continuous at .
vii. ( ) at
Solution: ( ) which is infinite. i.e. ( ) is not defined at
z = z0 Hence ( ) is not continuous at .
viii. ( ) at is removable discontinuous.
Solution: ( ) does not exists. i.e. ( ) is not defined at . Thus ( ) is not
continuous at
In limit portion, ( ) (after solving) so that it becomes continuous at
, in such a case, we call a removable discontinuity.

Practice:
Show that given functions are uniformly continuous at or not?
i. ( ) in the region | | (not continuous)
Solution:
Let and be any two points of the region such that
| | | | then
| |
| ( ) ( )| | | | || | | || |
Can be made large than any positive number by choosing sufficiently close
to zero. Hence the function cannot be uniformly continuous in the region.
ii. ( ) in the region | |
Solution:
Let ( ) for | | and let Be two points i.e. | | and
| | then
| ( ) ( )| | | | | | || |
Now since | | and | | therefore
| ( ) ( )| | |
PROF. MUHAMMAD USMAN HAMID (0323 – 6032785)
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| ( ) ( )|
When | | implies | ( ) ( )|
| ( ) ( )| whenever | |
( ) in the region | | is uniformly continuous.

Exercise:
i. Show that ( ) when ( ) at each
Sol: Consider ( ) at any point „z‟
( )
Then ( ) ( )
ii. Find ( ) when
a) ( ) ( )

Sol: ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) *( )( )+ ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
b) ( ) Sol: ( ) (( )
( ) ) ( )

c) ( )
Sol: ( ) ( )
d) ( ) ( ) Sol: ( ) ( ) ( )
e) ( )
Sol: ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( )
f) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
Sol: ( ) ( ) ( )
iii. Suppose that ( ) ( ) and ( ) ( ) exist,
( ) ( )
where ( ) then show that ( ) ( )
Sol: We are given that ( ) ( ) and ( ) ( ) exist, where
( ) then according to the definition of derivative

( ) ( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( ) ( )
Also ( )
( )
( ) ( )
Thus ( ) ( ) ( )

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̅
iv. Show that ( ) does not exist when ( ) {

Sol: By using formula we will solve it;

̅ ̅̅̅̅
() ( ) ̅ ̅̅̅
( )

v. Show that ( ) does not exist at any point „z‟ when

a) ( )
Sol: ( ) ( )
Do not have derivative at
b) ( )
Sol: ( ) ( )
Do not have derivative at
c) ( ) | |
Sol: ( ) | | √ √| | √ ̅
Do not have derivative at
d) ( ) ( )
Sol: ( ) ( ) ( )
Do not have derivative at

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Chapter: 02:
Exercise:
1. Prove that for the function ( ) | | if CR equations are
Satisfied but ( ) does not exists at any non – zero point.
Solution: Given ( ) | | | |

Now we satisfy the CR equations at origin

( ) ( )
……….(i)
( ) ( )
……….(ii)
( ) ( )
……….(iii)
( ) ( )
……….(iv)
From (i) and (iv) and From (ii) and (iii)
Hence CR equations are satisfied
Now for Differentiability.
() ( ) | | | | ̅ ̅̅̅
( )
̅ ̅ ̅ ̅̅̅ ̅( ) ( ̅ ̅̅̅)
( )
(̅̅̅̅̅̅̅)
( ) *̅ +
Let then if then
(̅̅̅̅)
( ) *̅ +
when „ ‟ is real then limit is „̅ ‟ and
when „ ‟ is imaginary then limit is „̅ ‟
Therefore limit does not exist and function is not differentiable.
̅
2. Prove that for the function ( ) { CR equations are

satisfied but ( ) does not exists at any non – zero point.

Solution:
̅ ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
( )
Given ( ) ( )

Now we satisfy the CR equations at origin

( ) ( )
……….(i)
( ) ( )
……….(ii)
( ) ( )
……….(iii)

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 34

( ) ( )
……….(iv)
From (i) and (iv)
And From (ii) and (iii)
Hence CR equations are satisfied

For ( ) at the origin i.e. ( )

For this firstly show that if then at each non – zero point on the
real and imaginary axis in the , or plane. Then show that at
each non – zero point ( ) on the line . Conclude from these
observations that ( ) does not exists.

3. Prove that for the function ( ) √| | is not analytic at the origin

Although the CR equations are satisfied at origin.
Solution:
Given ( ) √| | ( ) √| |
√| |
Now we satisfy the CR equations at origin
( ) ( )
……….(i)
( ) ( )
……….(ii)
( ) ( )
……….(iii)
( ) ( )
……….(iv)
From (i) and (iv) and From (ii) and (iii)
Hence CR equations are satisfied

For ( ) at the origin i.e. ( )

( ) ( ) √| | √
( )
√ √ √
Put y = mx then ( ) ( )
( )
Which is a function of „m‟ and for different values of „m‟ ( ) is different.
i.e. ( ) does not exists.

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( )
4. Examine the nature of the function ( ) {

in a region including the origin.

Solution:
( )
Given ( ) ( )

Now we satisfy the CR equations at origin

( ) ( )
……….(i)
( ) ( )
……….(ii)
( ) ( )
……….(iii)
( ) ( )
……….(iv)
From (i) and (iv) and From (ii) and (iii)
Hence CR equations are satisfied

For ( ) at the origin i.e. ( )

( )
( ) ( )
( )
Suppose and y = x
( )
Again Suppose and ; ( )
Implies ( ) does not exists and ( ) is not analytic.
( )
5. Prove that for the function ( ) { is not Analytic

at the origin Although the CR equations are satisfied at origin.

( )
Solution: Given ( ) ( )

Now we satisfy the CR equations at origin

( ) ( )
……….(i)
( ) ( )
……….(ii)
( ) ( )
……….(iii)

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( ) ( )
……….(iv)
From (i) and (iv) and From (ii) and (iii)
Hence CR equations are satisfied
For ( ) at the origin i.e. ( )
( )
( ) ( )
( )

Suppose and y = x; ( )
Again Suppose and ( )
Implies ( ) does not exists and ( ) is not analytic.
6. Prove that for the function ( ) { is not analytic at
the origin Although the CR equations are satisfied at origin.
Solution:
Given ( ) when
For a function to be analytic, its derivative should be exists in domain
Differentiate ( ) w.r.to „z‟
( ) and ( )
Hence function is not analytic at
Now we satisfied CR equations
So ( ) putting
[ ]
( )
( ) * ( ) ( )+

( ) ( )
Comparing real and imaginary values
( ) ( )

Then * ( ) ( ) + …………(i)

* ( ) ( ) +

* ( ) ( ) + …………(ii)

* ( ) ( ) + …………(iii)

* ( ) ( ) +

* ( ) ( ) + …………(iv)

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Thus and

7. For the function ( ) ( ) Prove that ( ) Exists only

when
Solution: ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
It would be a mistake to say that ( ) exists everywhere and that
( )
To see this, we observe that the first CR equation can hold only if
( ) and that the second equation is always
satisfied. Condition ( ) thus tells us that ( ) exists only
when and .
In view of equation ( ) , then our theorem tells us that
( ) exists only when , in which case ( )

8. For the following functions show that ( ) does not exist as CR equations
are not satisfied.
i. ( ) ̅
Solution: ( ) ̅
CR equations are not satisfied. Hence ( ) does not exist.
ii. ( ) ̅
Solution: ( ) ̅
CR equations are not satisfied. Hence ( ) does not exist.

iii. ( )
Solution: ( )
………(i)
Also
( ) CR equations are not satisfied. Hence ( ) does not exist.

iv. ( )
Solution: ( )

;
Also
;
Since these are two different sets of values of „y‟
CR equations are not satisfied. Hence ( ) does not exist.

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9. Show that ( ) and its derivative ( ) exist every-where and find

( ) when
i. f(z) = iz + 2
Solution: ( ) ( ) ( )

( ) exists everywhere as CR equations satisfied.

( ) and ( )

ii. f(z) = e−xe−iy

Solution: ( )

( ) exists everywhere as CR equations satisfied.

( )
and ( )
( ) ( )

iii. f(z) = z3
Solution: ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )

( ) exists everywhere as CR equations satisfied.

( ) ( )
and ( )

iv. f(z) = cos x cosh y − i sin x sinh y.

Solution: ( )

( ) exists everywhere as CR equations satisfied.

( )
and ( )
( ) ( )

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10. Determine where ( )exists and find its value when;

i. f(z) = 1/z
̅ ̅
Solution: ( ) ̅ | |

( ) ( )
with
( ) exists when moreover when
( ) ( ̅)
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ̅)
ii. f (z) = x2 + iy2
Solution: ( )

Also
So ( ) exist only when
and we find that ( ) ( ) ( )
iii. f (z) = z Im z.
Solution: ( ) ( )

Also
So ( ) exist only when
and we find that ( ) ( ) ( )

11. Show that the function ( ) is nowhere differentiable.

Solution:
Let „z‟ be any point in the complex plain and consider then
( ) ( )
( )
Along horizontal axis: and
( )
Along vertical axis: and
( )
Since values are different therefore ( ) is nowhere differentiable.

12. Show that the function ( ) is analytic.

Solution:
Given ( ) ( ) ( )

and
Hence CR equations are satisfied and it will be analytic. By theorem “ a
function will be differentiable or analytic if its CR equations hold.”
PROF. MUHAMMAD USMAN HAMID (0323 – 6032785)
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13. Show that the function ( ) ( ) is not analytic.

Solution:
Given ( ) ( )

and
Hence CR equations are not satisfied and it will be analytic. By theorem “ a
function will not be differentiable or analytic if its CR equations not hold.”

Exercise:
1) Without verifying CR equations, Prove that following function are non
– analytic.
i. ( ) ( )
̅ ̅
Solution: ( ) ( ) * ( ) ( )+
( ) ( ) ( )̅
Since ̅ involves therefore function is not analytic.
ii. ( ) ( )
̅ ̅
Solution: ( ) ( ) * ( ) ( )+
( ) ( ) ( )̅
Since ̅ involves therefore function is not analytic.
iii. ( ) ( )
̅ ̅
Solution: ( ) ( ) *( ) ( )+
( ) ( ) ̅
Since ̅ involves therefore function is not analytic.
iv.
̅
Solution: ( ) ( ̅)
Since ̅ involves therefore function is not analytic.
v.
̅
Solution: ( ) ( )̅
Since ̅ involves therefore function is not analytic.
vi. | |
Solution: | | √| | √ ̅
Since ̅ involves therefore function is not analytic.

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 41

2) Show that each of these functions is nowhere analytic:

i. f(z) = xy + iy
Solution: ( )
Also
Which means CR equations holds only at point ( )

ii. f (z) = 2xy + i(x2 − y2)

Solution: ( ) ( )
Also
Which means CR equations holds only at point ( )

iii. f (z) = e y e ix
Solution: ( )

More precisely the roots of equation are

And ( ) consequently the CR equations are not satisfied
anywhere.

Exercise: Show that for given ( ); ( ) exists.

i. ( )
Solution: ( )
Since
f is analytic in its domain of definition. Furthermore
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( )
( )

ii. ( ) ( ) ( )
Solution: ( ) ( ) ( )
Since ( ) ( )
f is analytic in its domain of definition. Furthermore
( ) ( ) ( ( ) ( ))
( ) ( ( ) ( ))
( )
( )

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 42

iii. ( )
Solution: ( )
Since
f is analytic in its domain of definition. Furthermore
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( )
( )

iv. ( ) √
Solution: ( ) √ √ √
√ √
Since
f is analytic in its domain of definition. Furthermore

( ) ( ) ( )
(√ ) (√ )

( ) ( )
(√ ) (√ )

( )
( ( ))
(√ ) ( )

v. If n is real, prove that ( ) ( ) is analytic

except r = 0 Also calculate ( )
Solution: ( ) ( )
Since
f is analytic in its domain of definition. Furthermore
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) [ ( ) ( ) ]

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Exercises
1. Verify that each of these functions is entire:
(a) f(z) = 3x + y + i(3y − x)
Solution: f(z) = 3x + y + i(3y − x) is entire since

f(z) = sin x cosh y + i cos x sinh y

(b)
Solution: f(z) = sin x cosh y + i cos x sinh y is entire since

f(z) = e−y sin x − ie−y cos x

(c)
Solution: f(z) = e−y sin x − ie−y cos x is entire since

(d) f(z) = (z2 − 2)e−xe−iy

Solution: f(z) = (z2 − 2)e−xe−iy is entire since it is the product of the
entire functions g(z) = (z2 − 2)
and h(z) = e−xe−iy
the function g is entire being polynomial and h is entire as

2. State why a composition of two entire functions is entire.

Also, state why any linear combination c1 f1(z)+ c2 f2(z) of two entire
functions, where c1 and c2 are complex constants, is entire.
3. If „g‟ is entire then discuss f(z) = (iz2 +z)g(z)

Exercises
In each case, determine the singular points of the function and state why the
function is analytic everywhere except at those points:
i. ( )
( )

Solution: ( ) ( )
is analytic at each non – zero point in the
Finite plane and its derivative exists except . Hence
singular points are
ii. ( )
Solution: ( ) is analytic at each non – zero point in the
Finite plane and its derivative exists except . Hence
singular points are

PROF. MUHAMMAD USMAN HAMID (0323 – 6032785)

 44

iii. ( ) ( )( )

Solution: ( ) ( )( )
is analytic at each non – zero point in
the Finite plane and its derivative exists except . Hence
singular points are
iv. ( ) ( )( )

Solution: ( ) ( )( )
is analytic at each non – zero point in
the Finite plane and its derivative exists except .
Hence singular points are

Practice: Prove that the given function is harmonic. Find its

Corresponding conjugate and construct the original function.
i. ( )
Solution: For Harmonic Condition;
and

Clearly . Hence given function is harmonic.

For Corresponding conjugate:
Let using CR equations.
( ) after integrating …………(i)
Then ( )
Let ( ) using CR equations.
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
Then ( ) ( )
For Original Function:
Let ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( )
ii. ( ) ( )
Solution: For Harmonic Condition;
[( ) ] [( ) ]
and [( ) ] [( ) ]

Clearly . Hence given function is harmonic.

PROF. MUHAMMAD USMAN HAMID (0323 – 6032785)

 45

For Corresponding conjugate:

Let [( ) ] using CR equations.
[ ] ( ) after integrating …………(i)
Then [ ] ( )
[ ] ( ) using CR equations.
( ) ( ) ( )
Then ( ) ( ) [ ]
For Original Function:
Let ( ) ( ) ( [ ] )
( ) [( )( )] [ ]
( )
iii. ( )
Solution: For Harmonic Condition;
( )
and
Clearly . Hence given function is harmonic.
For Corresponding conjugate:
Let using CR equations.
( ) after integrating …………(i)
Then ( )
( ) using CR equations.
( ) ( )
Then ( ) ( )
For Original Function:
Let ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )

iv. u(x, y) = 2x(1 − y)

Solution: For Harmonic Condition;
and

Clearly . Hence given function is harmonic.

PROF. MUHAMMAD USMAN HAMID (0323 – 6032785)

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For Corresponding conjugate:

Let using CR equations.
( ) after integrating …………(i)
Then ( )
( ) using CR equations.
( ) ( )
Then ( ) ( )
For Original Function:
Let ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )

v. u(x, y) = 2x − x3 + 3xy2
Solution: For Harmonic Condition;
and

Clearly . Hence given function is harmonic.

For Corresponding conjugate:
Let using CR equations.
( ) after integrating …………(i)
Then ( )
( ) using CR equations.
( ) ( )
Then ( ) ( )
For Original Function:
Let ( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )

vi. u(x, y) = sinh x sin y

Solution: For Harmonic Condition;

And

Clearly . Hence given function is harmonic.

PROF. MUHAMMAD USMAN HAMID (0323 – 6032785)
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For Corresponding conjugate:

Let using CR equations.
( ) after integrating …………(i)
Then ( )
( ) using CR equations.
( ) ( )
Then ( ) ( )
For Original Function:
Let ( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )

vii. u(x, y) = y/ x2 + y2
Solution: For Harmonic Condition;
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

And ( ) ( ) ( )

Clearly . Hence given function is harmonic.

For Corresponding conjugate:
Let ( )
using CR equations.
( ) after integrating …………(i)

Then ( )
( )

( )
( ) using CR equations.
( ) ( )
Then ( ) ( )
For Original Function:
Let ( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )

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Practice: Verify that the given function is harmonic. And find analytic
function.
i. ( )
Solution: For Harmonic Condition;

( ) ( )

And ( ) ( )

Clearly . Hence given function is harmonic.

Now at ( ) ( )
( ) and ( )
Then ( ) ( ) ( )
Then after integrating ( ) is an analytic function.

ii. ( )
Solution: For Harmonic Condition;
and

Clearly . Hence given function is harmonic.

Method I: Now at ( ) ( )
( ) and ( )
Then ( ) ( ) ( )
Then after integrating ( ) is an analytic function.

Method II:
For Corresponding conjugate:
Let …..(a) and …..(b)
( ) after integrating
Then ( ) and comparing with (b) we get
( ) or ( )
Then ( ) ( )

PROF. MUHAMMAD USMAN HAMID (0323 – 6032785)

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iii. ( ) [( ) ]
Solution: For Harmonic Condition;
Clearly . Hence given function is harmonic.
Now at ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) and ( )
Then ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
Then after integrating ( ) is an analytic function.

iv. ( )
Solution: For Harmonic Condition;

And

Clearly . Hence given function is harmonic.

Now at ( ) ( )
( ) and ( )
Then ( ) ( ) ( )
Then after integrating ( ) is an analytic function.

v. ( ) √ in the disk | |
Solution: For Harmonic Condition;

( )

And ( ( )
)

Clearly . Hence given function is harmonic.

Now at ( ) ( )
( ) and ( )
Then ( ) ( ) ( )
Then after integrating ( ) is an analytic function.

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vi. ( )
Solution: For Harmonic Condition;
Clearly . Hence given function is harmonic.
( )
( ) ( )

( )
Now at ( ) ( )
( ) and ( )
Then ( ) ( ) ( )
Then after integrating ( ) ( ) is an analytic
function.

vii. ( )
Solution: For Harmonic Condition;

And

Clearly . Hence given function is harmonic.

Now at ( ) ( )
( ) and ( )
Then ( ) ( ) ( )
Then after integrating ( ) is an analytic function.

viii. ( )
Solution: For Harmonic Condition;

And

Clearly . Hence given function is harmonic.

Now at ( ) ( )
( ) and ( )
Then ( ) ( ) ( )
Then after integrating ( ) ( ) is an analytic function.

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Exercise: Investigate the value of z for which ( ) ceases to be analytic

where
i. ( )
Solution: Given ( )
( ) ( ( ))
( )
[( ) ( ) ( )( )]
( ) [ ( )]
( ) ( ) √ √
does not exists when
Therefor function is not analytic when where ( )
ii.
Solution: Given
( )

( ) ( )

[( ) ( ) ( )( )]
( )
( ) ( ) √ √
does not exists when
Therefor function is not analytic when
where

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Chapter 3
Exercises
i. Prove that Exp(iz) and Exp(-iz) are regular functions of ‘z’
Solution:
let ( ) ( )
( )
also ( )

( )
Similarly let ( )
( )
also ( )

Thus both functions are single valued and differentiable also CR equations
hold. Hence analytic or regular functions.

ii. Prove that

Solution:
( )
let ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( )( ) ( )( )
( )( ) ( )
Hence

iii. Prove that

Solution:
( )
let ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( )( ) ( )( )
( )( ) ( )
Hence

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| |
iv. Prove that | | | |
Solution: we know that
Implies
| | | |
| | | | | |
| | | |
| | | | …………..(i)
| | | | | |
Also | | * | | + …………..(ii)
| |
From (i) and (ii) | | | |

v. State why the function f (z) = 2z2 − 3 − zez + e−z is entire.

Solution: is entire, since it is the composition of
entire functions and . And the chain rule for derivatives tell us
that
( )
Alternatively one can show that is entire by
writing,
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

Implies CR equations are satisfied (after solving and expanding)

i.e. and

Show in two ways that the function f (z) = exp(z2) is entire.

vi.
What is its derivative?
Solution: is entire, since it is the composition of entire functions
and . And the chain rule for derivatives tell us that

Alternatively one can show that is entire by writing,

Implies CR equations are satisfied

i.e. and

vii. Show that

(a) exp(2 ± 3πi) = −e2

Solution: ( ) ( ) ( )

PROF. MUHAMMAD USMAN HAMID (0323 – 6032785)

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(b) exp( ) =√ (1 + i)

Solution: ( ) ( ) ( )
√
( ) √ (√ ) ( ) √ (1 + i)
√ √

(c) exp(z + πi) = − exp z.

Solution: ( ) ( ) ( )

viii. Show that the function f(z) = exp ̅ is not analytic anywhere.
Solution: ̅
Then
Suppose that CR equations are satisfied then and
after solving these we get . But there is no value
of „y‟ satisfying this pair of equations. We may conclude that, since
the CR equations fails to be satisfied anywhere, therefore the given
function is not analytic anywhere.

ix. Write |exp(2z + i)| and |exp(iz2)| in terms of x and y. Then show
that |exp(2z + i) + exp(iz2)| ≤ e2x + e−2xy
( )
Solution: | | | |
( )
Also | | | |
Then since | | | | | |
Hence | |

x. Show that |exp(z2)| ≤ exp(|z|2)

Solution: | | | ( )
| | ( )
|
| |
And
Since it is clear that
2 2
Hence |exp(z )| ≤ exp(|z| )

xi. Prove that |exp(−2z)| < 1 if and only if Re z > 0

Solution: | | | |
It is clear that the statement to be proved is the same as iff
, which is obvious from the graph of exponential function in
calculus. Hence |exp(−2z)| < 1 if and only if Re z > 0.

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xii. Find all values of „z‟ such that

(a) ez = −2
Solution: we may write
;
Therefore ( ) ;

(b) ez = 1+
Solution: we may write √
√ √
( ) ;
Therefore ( ) ;
(c) exp(2z − 1) = 1
Solution: we may write
;
Therefore ;

xiii. Show that if ez is real, then Im z = nπ (n = 0, ±1, ±2,...)

Solution: Suppose that is real. Since , this means
that . Moreover since , . Consequently
That is Im z = nπ (n = 0, ±1, ±2,...)

xiv. If ez is pure imaginary, what restriction is placed on z?

Solution: Suppose that is imaginary. Since , this
means that . Moreover since , . Consequently

That is Im z = (n = 0, ±1, ±2,...)

xv. Write Re(e1/z) in terms of x and y. Why is this function harmonic in

every domain that does not contain the origin?
̅
Solution: Since ̅
Because ( )
( ) ( )
Then ( ) ( ) ( )
Since is analytic in every domain that does not contain the origin, then by
theorem “if a function is analytic its components will be harmonic” ( )
is harmonic in such a domain.

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xvi. Show that ̅̅̅̅ ̅

Solution: Consider ̅̅̅ ̅

xvii. Consider the exponential function ( ) on which points it is

differentiable?
Solution: Given that ( ) ( )
Then ( ) also ( )
Then at origin
( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( )
( )
Thus and i.e. CR equations hold.
Now for Differentiability at origin i.e. z =0:
( ) ( )
( ) | ( )|
CR equations are satisfied at and also function is analytic at origin. It is
differentiable everywhere in plane as

Exercises
1. Show that
(a) Log(−ei) = 1 ( )
Solution: ( ) | | ( )
(b) Log ( )=
Solution: ( ) | | ( )

2. Show that
a) log e = 1 + 2nπi (n = 0, ±1, ±2,...)
Solution: ( ) ( )

b) log i = ( ) (n = 0, ±1, ±2,...)

Solution: () ( ) ( )

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c) log ( √ )= ( ) (n = 0, ±1, ±2,...)

Solution: ( √ ) ( ) ( )

3. Show that Log ( )

Solution: () ( ) | | ( )
( || ( ))
Hence Log ( )

4. Show that log ( ) when the branch

( ) is used.
Solution: consider ( )
() ( )
( )
Hence log ( )

5. Find all roots of the equation log z = iπ/2.

Solution: Consider or

6. Show that Re [log(z − 1)] = 1/2 ln[(x − 1)2 + y2] (z 1). Why must
this function satisfy Laplace’s equation when z 1?
Solution: ( ) ( )
( ) | | ( )
( ) [ ( ) ]
As second order derivative exists given function therefore its satisfies
the Laplace Equation.

7. Show that log ( )

Solution: the two values of ( ) are and . Observe that
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) (( ) )
Combining both
() ( )
On the other hand
* ( )+ ( )
Hence log ( )

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8. Show in two ways that the function ln(x2 + y2) is harmonic in every
domain that does not contain the origin.
Solution: Since ln(x2 + y2) is the real component of any (analytic) branch
of 2logz, it is harmonic in every domain that does not contain the origin.
This can be verified directly by writing u(x ,y) = ln(x2 + y2 ) and showing
that

9. Find that log ( ) = i π/2

10. (−1)1/π = e(2n+1)i (n = 0, ±1, ±2,...)

( ) ( ( )) ( [ ( )])

( ) ( )

11. Find the value of Log ( )

( ) √

12. Find the value of Log ( )

( ) √

13. Find the value of ( )

( ) ( ( ))
( ) ( * √ ( )+) * ( )+
( ) ( ) ( )
Since „n‟ takes on all integral values, the term here can be replaced
by thus
( ) ( ) ( )

( )
14. Find the value of
( )
(* √ ( )+) ( √ ) ( ( ))
( )
√ ( ( ) ( )) √ (√ )
√
( )
( )

15. Find the value of ( )

( ) ( ( ))
( ) ( * √ ( )+) * ( )+

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16. Show that ( ) ( ) ( ) (n = 0, ±1, ±2,...)

( ) ( ( ))
( ) ( * √ ( )+) * ( )+
( ) ( ) ( )

17. Show that [( ) ] (n = 0, ±1, ±2,...)

[ ] [ ( )] [( ) ]
18. Find the value of (√ )
(√ ) ( (√ ))

(√ ) ( ( √ )) ( )

19. Explain the following paradox

( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
thus ( ) ( ) ( )
Exercises
1) Find the principal value of
(a) ( )
( ) ( ( )) ( *( )+)
(b) [ ( √ )]
* ( √ )+ ( ( ( √ )))

* ( √ )+ ( ( ))

(c) (1 − i)4i
( ) ( ( )) ( * √ ( )+)
√ ( ( )
√ √ )
(d) ( )
( ) ( ( )) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ( ))
PROF. MUHAMMAD USMAN HAMID (0323 – 6032785)
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2) Show that (−1 +√ i)3/2 = ± 2√ .

( √ ) ( (( √ )))

( ( ( ))) (( ( )) )

√ ( )
where n = 0,±1,±2,.... Observe that if is even, then is odd;
and so ( ) . On the other hand, if is odd,
is even; and this means that ( ) . So only two distinct
values ( √ ) arise. Specifically, (−1 +√ i)3/2 = ± 2√ .

3) Show that the results;

a) (−1 +√ i)3/2 = [(−1 +√ i)3]1/2 finding the square roots of −1+√
( √ ) √

(( √ ) ) ( ( (( √ ))))

( ( ( ( )))) ( (( ( )) ))

( ( )) ( ) √ ( ) √

b) (−1 +√ i)3/2 = [(−1 +√ i)1/2]3 finding the cube roots of −1+√

4) Find all the solutions of and prove that the values can be
arranged in an infinite geometric progression.
( ) ( ( ))

( )
Which is a geometric progression.
5) Examine the validity of the equation by taking
different values of ‘z’
Solution: put z = i
( ) ( ) ( )
() (( ))
From both above is not valid
put
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

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( ) (( ))
From both above is not valid
put
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )
From both above is not valid
Hence given expression is not valid

( )
6) Prove that ∑
( ) ( )
Solution: Suppose ∑ ( ) (i)
( )
Now ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ( )) ( ( ))
∑ ( )
( ) ( )
∑
Exercises
1) Show that |sin z|≥ |sin x|; and |cos z|≥ |cos x|.
2) Show that |sinh y|≤ |sin z|≤ cosh y ; and |sinh y|≤ |cos z|≤ cosh y.

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3) Show that neither sin ̅ nor cos ̅ is an analytic function of z anywhere.

Solution: consider ̅ ( )
̅
and
CR equations are not satisfied and therefore ̅ is not analytic.
Similarly: consider ̅ ( )
̅
and
CR equations are not satisfied and therefore ̅ is not analytic.
3) Find all roots of the equation by equating the
real parts and then the imaginary parts of sin z and cosh4.
Solution:

5) Find all solutions to

Proof: consider
( )

…….(i) …….(ii)
( )
()
[ ]
√ by quadratic formula.
( √ )
Now we know that therefore ( √ )

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6) Find all solutions to

Proof: consider
( )

…….(i) …….(ii)
( )
() ( )
( ) [ ]
√ by quadratic formula.
( √ )
Now we know that therefore ( √ )

Exercises:
1. Why is the function sinh(ez) entire? Write its real component as a
function of x and y, and state why that function must be harmonic
everywhere.

2. Prove that | |
Solution: ( )
| | | |
| |
| | ( )
| | ( )
| |
3. Prove that | |
Solution: ( )
| | | |
| |
| | ( )
| | ( )
| |

4. Prove that
( ) ( ) ( )
Solution: ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )

PROF. MUHAMMAD USMAN HAMID (0323 – 6032785)

 64

5. Prove that if ( ) then

and
( ) ( ) ( )
Solution: ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

Comparing real and imaginary parts

and

6. Find all solutions to

Proof: consider
( )

…….(i) …….(ii)
( )
() ( )
Now two cases arises;
Case – I : when „n‟ is even i.e.

√ ( √ )
Hence ( √ )
Case – II : when „n‟ is odd i.e. ( )
( )
√ ( √ )
Hence ( √ ) ( )

7. Find all solutions to

Proof: consider
( )

…….(i) …….(ii)
() ( )
( ) ( )
Now two cases arises;
Case – I : when ( )
( )
( )
Case – II : when ( )
PROF. MUHAMMAD USMAN HAMID (0323 – 6032785)
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( ) not possible.
Hence ( ) ( )

8. Find all solutions to

Solution:

9. Find all solutions to

Solution:

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Exercises
1. Find all the values of
(a) tan−1(2i)
we write w = tan−1 2i when 2i = tanw.

( )

( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) + nπi where (n = 0, ±1, ±2,...)
(b) tan−1(1 + i)
we write w = tan−1 (1+i) when (1+i) = tanw.
( )
( )

( ) ( ) [ ( ) ( )]
( ) *( √ ) ( √ )+
( ) *( ) ( )+
( ) + nπi where (n = 0, ±1, ±2,...)

(c) cosh−1(−1) (d) tanh−1 0.

2. Solve the equation sin z = 2 for z by

i. equating real parts and then imaginary parts in that equation;
Proof: consider
( )

…….(i) …….(ii)
( )
()
[ ]
√ by quadratic formula.
( √ )
Now we know that therefore ( √ )
PROF. MUHAMMAD USMAN HAMID (0323 – 6032785)
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ii. using expression for sin−1 z

3. Solve the equation cos z = √ for z by
i. using expression for sin−1 z
ii. using expression for cos−1 z
iii. using expression for tan−1 z
iv. using expression for cosh−1
4. Find √

)02-20-0202(ِ‫رحفِآرخ‬
‫وخشرںیہوخایشںابںیٹناوراہجںکتوہےکسدورسوںےکےیل‬
‫آاساینںدیپارکںی۔‬
‫اہلل ی‬
‫اعتٰلآپوکزدنیگےکرہومڑرپاکایمویبںاوروخویشںےس‬
)‫ونازے۔(اینیم‬
‫دمحمامثعناحدم‬
PROF. MUHAMMAD USMAN HAMID (0323 – 6032785)
 68

‫امشیل(وگدےھواال)رسوگداھ‬021‫کچربمن‬
UNIVERSITY OF SARGODHA
PUNJAB, PAKISTAN

PROF. MUHAMMAD USMAN HAMID (0323 – 6032785)

 69

PROF. MUHAMMAD USMAN HAMID (0323 – 6032785)