Application of Integration

1
Area of Curves

2
 Area of Curves (1)

If 𝑓(𝑥) is a single valued and continuous function of 𝑥 in the interval (𝑎, 𝑏), then the area
bounded by the curve 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥), the axis of 𝑥 and the ordinates 𝑥 = 𝑎 and 𝑥 = 𝑏 is
𝑏 𝑏
𝐴 = න 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 or, 𝐴 = න 𝑦 𝑑𝑥
𝑎 𝑎

3
 Area of Curves (2)

If 𝑓(𝑦) is a single valued and continuous function of 𝑦 in the interval (𝑎, 𝑏), then the area
bounded by the curve 𝑥 = 𝑓(𝑦), the axis of 𝑦 and the abscissa 𝑦 = 𝑎 and 𝑦 = 𝑏 is
𝑏 𝑏
𝐴 = න 𝑓(𝑦) 𝑑𝑦 or, 𝐴 = න 𝑥 𝑑𝑦
𝑎 𝑎

4
 Area of Curves (3)

If we are to find the area bounded by the two curves 𝑦 = 𝑓1 (𝑥) and 𝑦 = 𝑓2 (𝑥) and the
ordinates 𝑦 = 𝑎 and 𝑦 = 𝑏 i.e. the area 𝐴𝐵𝐶𝐷 in figure then
the required area 𝐴𝐵𝐶𝐷 = area 𝐷𝑀𝑁𝐶 – area 𝐴𝑀𝑁𝐵
𝑏 𝑏
𝐴 = න 𝑓1 (𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 − න 𝑓2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑎 𝑎
𝑏
∴ 𝐴 = න 𝑓1 𝑥 − 𝑓2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑎 5
Find the area common between the curves y  4 a x and x  4 a y. 2 2

Solution. Given Equations, y 2  4 a x (i ) (4𝑎, 4𝑎)

x2 4a y (ii )

Squaring  i  : y 4  16 a 2 x 2  16 a 2  4 a y (0, 0)

y  y 3  64 a 3   0
 y  0 , 4a (4𝑎, 4𝑎)

when y  0 , x  0
when y  4 a , x  4 a (0, 0)

The point of intersection of the given curves are:  0 , 0  and  4 a , 4 a 

6
Find the area common between the curves y  4 a x and x  4 a y.
2 2

Solution (cont.).
(4𝑎, 4𝑎)
Required area OQAP = area of OPAB – area of OQAB
4a  x 
2
Required area OQAP   0 4 a x d x  0   d x
4a

 4a  (0, 0)
1 1 4a 2
 2 a 0 x d x 
4a 2
4a
 0
x dx
(4𝑎, 4𝑎)
4a
x 2 3
1 x 3 4a
2 a     
 3  4a  3 0 (0, 0)
 2 0
2 3 1 1
 2 a  4a    4a 
3
2
3 4a 3
16 2
 a
3 7
 2 2 2
Find the area enclosed by the astroid x 3
 y 3
 a 3.
2 2 2
Solution. Given Equations, x  y  a 3
3 3
(i )
The curve is symmetrical about both the axes and touches
the x  axis at   a , 0  and y  axis at  0,  a  .
Required area  4  0 y dx
a
𝑂(0, 0)

 
3
2 2 2
 4 0 a x
a 3 3
dx

a 
3
 2 2 2
 4 0 2 3
a 3
sin  d2
3a sin 2  cos  d Let x  a sin 3  then dx  3a sin 2  cos  d
1 sin  
 3
 12 a  0
2 2 2 2
sin 2  cos  d when x  0,   0
 
 12 a  0 2 sin 2  cos 4  d
2
when x  a,  
2
 2 1   4 1  3 5
 
       
 12 a 2 
2   2 
 12 a 2    
2 2
 242 2 4
2  
 2 
1 3 1
.  . . 
3
 12 a 2 2 2 2   a2 8
2.3.2.1 8
Calculation of Arc Length
(Rectification)

9
Calculation of Arc Length (Rectification)(1)

Arc length Intuitively, we might think of the arc length

of a curve as the number obtained by aligning a piece of
string with the curve and then measuring the length of the
string after it is straightened out.

Arc length problem Suppose that 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) is a smooth curve on

the interval [𝑎, 𝑏]. Define and find a formula for the arc length 𝐿 of
the curve 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) over the interval [𝑎, 𝑏].

10
 Calculation of Arc Length (Rectification)(2)
If 𝑓′(𝑥) is a single valued and continuous function of 𝑥 in the interval [𝑎, 𝑏] and 𝑆 be the
arc length of the curve 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) between the ordinates 𝑥 = 𝑎 and 𝑥 = 𝑏, then
𝑏 𝑏 2
𝑑𝑦
𝑆=න 1+ 𝑓′ 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 or, 𝑆 = න 1+ 𝑑𝑥
𝑎 𝑎 𝑑𝑥

If 𝑔′(𝑦) is a single valued and continuous function of 𝑦 in the interval [𝑐, 𝑑] and 𝑆 be the
arc length of the curve 𝑥 = 𝑓(𝑦) between the abscissa 𝑦 = 𝑐 and 𝑦 = 𝑑, then
𝑑 𝑑 2
𝑑𝑥
𝑆=න 1+ 𝑔′ 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦 or, 𝑆 = න 1+ 𝑑𝑦
𝑐 𝑐 𝑑𝑦

11
Calculation of Arc Length (Rectification)(3)

If 𝑆 be the arc length of the curve 𝑥 = 𝑓1 𝑡 , 𝑦 = 𝑓2 (𝑡)between the points 𝑡1 and 𝑡2 on the
curve, then
𝑡2 𝑡2 2 2
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
𝑆=න 𝑓1 ′ 𝑡 2 + 𝑓2′ 𝑡 2 𝑑𝑡 or, 𝑆=න + 𝑑𝑡
𝑡1 𝑡1 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡

12
 Calculation of Arc Length (Rectification)(4)

𝑑𝑟
If 𝑓 ′ 𝜃 = is a single valued and continuous function of 𝜃 in the interval [𝛼, 𝛽] and 𝑆
𝑑𝜃
be the arc length of the curve 𝑟 = 𝑓(𝜃) between the vectorial angles 𝜃 = 𝛼 and 𝜃 = 𝛽, then
𝛽 𝛽 2
𝑑𝑟
𝑆=න 𝑟2 + 𝑓 ′ 𝜃 2 𝑑𝜃 or, 𝑆=න 2
𝑟 + 𝑑𝜃
𝛼 𝛼 𝑑𝜃

13
 2 2
Find the whole length of the asteroid x 3
 y 3
 4.
2 2 2
Solution. Given Equations, x  y  8 3
3 3
(i )
The curve is symmetrical about both the axes and touches
the x  axis at   8, 0  and y  axis at  0,  8  .
Differentiating (i ) with respect to x : 𝑂(0, 0)

2  13 2  13 d y
x  y 0
3 3 dx
1
dy  y 3
  
dx x 1
  dy 
2
 2

Required length of the curve  4  0 1     dx

8

  d x  
1
  1

2
 2
 2

1
2
 2 2

1
2
  y  3
x  y
 4  0 1       d x  4  0 1  2  d x  4  0 
3 3 3
y
 dx
8 8 8
  x    x 3  
2


    x 3
1 8
 4  2
 1
 x 23 
3 23
 4 0  2  dx 8 
8
d x  4  2 0 x 8 3
 8  8  48
 x 3 2  2
 3 0 14
Find the whole length of the cycloid x  a   sin   , y  a 1  cos   .
Solution.
2 2
2  dx   dy 
Therefore required arc length  0     d
 d   d 
 a(1  cos  )    a sin   d
2
 0
2 2

2
 0 2a 2 (1  cos  ) d
2 
  0 2a sin d
2
2
 
  cos 2 
 2a 
1 
 
 2 0
2
  
https://www.geogebra.org/m/QeQ9aA5e
  4a cos 
 2 0
 8a 15
Find the whole length of the cycloid x  a   sin   , y  a 1  cos   .

16
Volume of Revolution

17
 Volume of Revolution (2)
The volume of the solid generated by the revolution of the area bounded by the curve
𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥), x-axis and the ordinates 𝑥 = 𝑎 and 𝑥 = 𝑏 about the x-axis is
𝑏 𝑏
2
𝑉=න 𝜋 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 or, 𝑉 = න 𝜋𝑦 2 𝑑𝑥
𝑎 𝑎

The volume of the solid generated by the revolution of the area bounded by the curve
𝑥 = 𝑓(𝑦), y-axis and the abscissa 𝑦 = 𝑎 and 𝑦 = 𝑏 about the y-axis is
𝑏 𝑏
𝑉=න 𝜋 𝑓 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦 or, 𝑉 = න 𝜋𝑥 2 𝑑𝑦
𝑎 𝑎

18
Volume of Revolution (3)

If the equation of the generated curve be given by 𝑥 = 𝑓1 𝑡 , 𝑦 = 𝑓2 (𝑡) and it is revolved

𝑏
about x-axis, then the formula corresponding to ‫ 𝑦𝜋 𝑎׬‬2 𝑑𝑥 becomes
𝑡2
2
𝑑
𝑉 = න 𝜋 𝑓2 𝑡 𝑓1 𝑡 2 𝑑𝑡
𝑡1 𝑑𝑡

19
 Volume of Revolution (4)
The volume of the solid generated by revolving the area bounded by the curve 𝑟 = 𝑓(𝜃)
and the radii vectors 𝜃 = 𝛼 and 𝜃 = 𝛽 about the initial line is
𝛽
2
𝑉 = 𝜋 න 𝑟 3 sin 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
3 𝛼

The volume of the solid generated by revolving the area bounded by the curve 𝑟 = 𝑓(𝜃)
𝜋
and the radii vectors 𝜃 = 𝛼 and 𝜃 = 𝛽 about the line 𝜃 = is
2
𝛽
2
𝑉 = 𝜋 න 𝑟 3 cos 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
3 𝛼

20
 2 2 2
Find the volume of the spindle shape solid generated by revolving the asteroid x 3
 y 3
 a 3 about x  axis.
2 2 2
Solution. Given Equations, x 3
 y 3
a 3
(i )
The curve is symmetrical about both the axes and touches
the x  axis at   a , 0  and y  axis at  0,  a  .
The required volume is generated by revolving the area ABAOA about x  axis 𝑂(0, 0)
 2  volume generated by revolving the area ABOA about x  axis.

Required Volume  2  0  y 2 dx
a

  dx
2 2 3
 2  0 a x
a 3 3
Let x  a sin 3  then dx  3a sin 2  cos  d

 
 3
when x  0,   0
2 2
 2  0 2 a 3
a 3
sin  d
2
3a sin 2  cos  d
 
 6 a  0 2 sin 2  cos 7  d
3 when x  a,  
2
 2 1   7 1 
   
 6 a 3  2   2 
 272
2  
 2 
32
  a3 21
105
The cardioids r  a 1  cos   revolve about the initial line, find the volume generated.


Given Equation, r  a 1  cos  

Solution. (i ) 2

   0
2 
Required Volume    r 3 sin  d 3
3 2

2  3 Let 1  cos   z then sin  d   dz

   0 a 1  cos   sin  d
3

3 when   0, z  2
when    , z  0
2 a 0 3
3
  2
z  dz 
3
0
2  z 4

 a  
3

3  4 2
8
  a3
3
22
Surface area of Revolution

23
Surface Area of Revolution (1)
A surface of revolution is a surface that is generated by revolving a plane curve about an
axis that lies in the same plane as the curve.

For example, the surface of a sphere can be generated by revolving a semicircle about its
diameter, and the lateral surface of a right circular cylinder can be generated by revolving a
line segment about an axis that is parallel to it.
24
 Surface area of Revolution (2)
The area of the surface generated by the revolution of the area bounded by the curve
𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥), x-axis and the ordinates 𝑥 = 𝑎 and 𝑥 = 𝑏 about the x-axis is
𝑏 𝑏 2
2
𝑑𝑦
𝑆𝐴 = න 2𝜋𝑓(𝑥) 1 + 𝑓′(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = න 2𝜋𝑦 1 + 𝑑𝑥
𝑎 𝑎 𝑑𝑥

The area of the surface generated by the revolution of the area bounded by the curve
𝑥 = 𝑔(𝑦), y-axis and the abscissa 𝑦 = 𝑎 and 𝑦 = 𝑏 about the y-axis is
𝑏 𝑏 2
2
𝑑𝑥
𝑆𝐴 = න 2𝜋𝑔(𝑦) 1 + 𝑔′(𝑦) 𝑑𝑦 = න 2𝜋𝑥 1 + 𝑑𝑦
𝑎 𝑎 𝑑𝑦

25
Surface area of Revolution (3)

If the equation of the generated curve be given by 𝑥 = 𝑓1 𝑡 , 𝑦 = 𝑓2 (𝑡) and it is revolved

about x-axis, then the formula becomes
𝑡2 2 2
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
𝑆𝐴 = න 2𝜋𝑦 + 𝑑𝑡
𝑡1 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡

26
 Surface area of Revolution (4)
The area of the surface generated by the revolution of the area bounded by the curve 𝑟 = 𝑓(𝜃)
and the radii vectors 𝜃 = 𝛼 and 𝜃 = 𝛽 about the initial line is
𝛽 2
𝑑𝑟
𝑆𝐴 = න 2𝜋𝑟 sin 𝜃 𝑟2 + 𝑑𝜃
𝛼 𝑑𝜃

The area of the surface generated by the revolution of the area bounded by the curve 𝑟 = 𝑓(𝜃)
𝜋
and the radii vectors 𝜃 = 𝛼 and 𝜃 = 𝛽 about the line 𝜃 = is
2
𝛽 2
𝑑𝑟
𝑆𝐴 = න 2𝜋𝑟 cos 𝜃 𝑟2 + 𝑑𝜃
𝛼 𝑑𝜃

27
 2 2 2
Find the surface area of the spindle shape solid generated when we rotate x 3
 y 3
 a 3 about x  axis.
2 2 2
Solution. Given Equations, x 3
 y 3
a 3
(i )
The curve is symmetrical about both the axes and touches
the x  axis at   a , 0  and y  axis at  0,  a  .
Differentiating (i ) with respect to x :
𝑂(0, 0)
2  13 2  13 d y
x  y 0
3 3 dx
1
dy  y 3
  
dx x
The required surface area is generated by rotating the area ABAOA about x  axis
 2  surface area generated by rotating the area ABOA about x  axis.
2
d y
Required Surface Area  2  0 2 y 1  
a
 dx
 d x 
2
3
y
 2  0 2 y 1 
a
2
dx
3
x
28
 2 2 2
Find the surface area of the spindle shape solid generated when we rotate x 3
 y 3
 a 3 about x  axis.
Solution (cont…). 2 2
x 3
 y 3
Required Surface Area  2  0 2 y
a
2
dx
3
x

 a  x  x dx
3 2
3
2 2 2 a
 4  0
a 3 3
2
3

 4   a  x 
3 1
3
a a 2
3
2
3
2
0
dx 1
x 3 Let x  a sin 3  then dx  3a sin 2  cos  d
 4    a  a sin  
3 1

when x  0,   0
3
2a 2 2
2 3 3 2
3a sin 2  cos  d
 a sin  
0 1
3 3 
when x  a,  
 2
 12 a  0 2 sin  cos 4  d
2

5
1   
 12  a 2 2
7
2  
2
12
  a2 29
5
Find the surface area of the solid generated when we rotate the cardioids r  a 1  cos   about the initial line.

Solution. Given Equation, r  a 1  cos   (i ) 



 2
Then, r  2a cos 2

2    0
dr  
   a Sin    2a Sin Cos 3
d 2 2 2

Now, r  0, a 1  Cos    0 gives     .

For the upper half   0 to    and lower half   0 to     .
The given cardioid is symmetric about the initial line.
2
 dr
Required Surface area   0 2  r sin  r    d
2

 d 
 4 2 2
  0 2  r sin  4 a Cos
2
 4 a Sin
2
Cos d
2 2 2
30
Find the surface area of the solid generated when we rotate the cardioids r  a 1  cos   about the initial line.
Solution (cont…).
    
Required Surface area   0 2  r sin  2
 Sin
4 a Cos  Cos  d
2 2 2

2 2 2

 2   0 a 1  cos   sin  2a cos d


2
  
 16 a 2  0 sin cos 4 d
2 2

 16 a 2  0 2
2
sin z cos 4 z d z 
Let  z then d  2dz
5 2
1   
2 when   0, z  0
 32  a 2
7 
2   when    , z 
32 2 2
 a 2

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