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Integral Calculus

Basic Concept of Integration

𝑦
6
𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥)
4 Area ?
Area ?
𝑥
𝑥=𝑎 𝑥=𝑏

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Basic Concept of Integration

𝑦
𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥)

Area ?
𝑥
𝑥=𝑎 𝑥=𝑏

Area = 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = [𝐹(𝑥)] = 𝐹(𝑎) − 𝐹(𝑏)

Integration
Definition: The process of finding anti-derivative is called integration

𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝐹 𝑥 + 𝐶

The expression ∫ 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 is called the indefinite integral

Type:
Integration

Definite Integration
Indefinite Integration
𝑥 𝑑𝑥 ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
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Indefinite Integral

Concept of Integration
Any operation in mathematics has an inverse operation such as
Addition ↔ Subtraction
Multiplication ↔ Division
𝑓 (function) ↔ 𝑓 (inverse function)
𝐴 (matrix) ↔ 𝐴 (inverse matrix)
The reverse process of differentiation is defined as anti-differentiation or simply integration
𝑑
𝐹 𝑥 =𝑓 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑
𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝐹 𝑥
Integral 𝑑𝑥
𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑓 𝑥

𝑑 𝑥 2𝑥 𝑑 𝑑
𝑥 = 2𝑥 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 = 2𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 Derivative
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Concept of Integration (cont.…)

Integral Symbol Integral with
𝑑𝑥 sometimes abosorbed into integrand
∫ 1 𝑑𝑥 can be written as ∫ 𝑑𝑥 respect to 𝒙
∫ 𝑑𝑥 can be written as ∫ 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝐹 𝑥 + 𝐶 Constant of Integrand
integration (function we want to integrate)
Why “+ C” ???
Integral
𝑥
2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 + 𝐶
𝑥 + 4, 𝑥 , 2𝑥
𝑥 + 100, 𝑥 − 6

Derivative 7

Integration Formulas

Source: Calculus, 10th Edition. Author: Howard Anton, Irl C. Bivens, Stephen Davis, page. 324.
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Rule 1: ∫ 𝑐𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑐 ∫ 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Example: E𝐯𝐚𝐥𝐮𝐚𝐭𝐞 ∫ 𝟒𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒙 𝒅𝒙
4𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 4 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = sin 𝑥
= 4 sin 𝑥 + 𝐶

Rule 2: ∫ 𝑓 𝑥 ± 𝑔 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 ± ∫ 𝑔 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Example: E𝐯𝐚𝐥𝐮𝐚𝐭𝐞 ∫ 𝒙 + 𝒙𝟐 𝒅𝒙
𝑥+𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑥
𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = , 𝑛 ≠ −1
𝑥 𝑥 𝑛+1
= + +𝐶
1+1 2+1
𝑥 𝑥
= + +𝐶 9
2 3
9

Rule 3:
𝒄𝟏 𝒇𝟏 𝒙 + 𝒄𝟐 𝒇𝟐 𝒙 + ⋯ + 𝒄𝒏 𝒇𝒏 (𝒙) 𝒅𝒙

= 𝒄𝟏 𝒇𝟏 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 + 𝒄𝟐 𝒇𝟐 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 + ⋯ + 𝒄𝒏 𝒇𝒏 𝒙 𝒅𝒙

Example 1: E𝐯𝐚𝐥𝐮𝐚𝐭𝐞 ∫ 𝒙 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒙 − 𝟏 𝒅𝒙

𝑥 𝑥 + 𝑥 − 1 𝑑𝑥 = (𝑥 + 𝑥 − 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥

= 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑥
𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = , 𝑛 ≠ −1
= + − +𝐶 𝑛+1
4 3 2

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Example 2: E𝐯𝐚𝐥𝐮𝐚𝐭𝐞 ∫ 𝒆𝒙 − 𝟓𝒂𝒙 + 𝟐 𝒅𝒙

𝑒 − 5𝑎 + 2 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑑𝑥 − 5𝑎 𝑑𝑥 + 2 𝑑𝑥 𝑒 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒

=𝑒 −5 𝑎 𝑑𝑥 + 2 𝑑𝑥 𝑎
𝑎 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥
𝑎 ln 𝑎
=𝑒 −5 + 2𝑥 + 𝐶
ln 𝑎
𝒙 𝟐 𝒙 𝟕
Example 3: E𝐯𝐚𝐥𝐮𝐚𝐭𝐞 ∫ 𝒅𝒙
𝒙
𝑥+2 𝑥+7 𝑥 2 𝑥 7
𝑑𝑥 = + + 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 +2 + 7𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
𝑥 𝑥
𝑥 = 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 2 𝑑𝑥 + 7𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = + 2𝑥 + 7 +𝐶
𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 1 1
𝑛+1 2+1 −2+1
𝑥 𝑥 2
= + 2𝑥 + 7 + 𝐶 = 𝑥 + 2𝑥 + 14 𝑥 + 𝐶
3 1 3
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𝒇 𝒙
Prove that ∫ 𝒅𝒙 = 𝒍𝒏 𝒇 𝒙 + 𝑪
𝒇 𝒙
Proof
Suppose 𝑓 𝑥 =𝑧
𝑑 𝑑
𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑧
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑧
𝑓 𝑥 =
𝑑𝑥
∴ 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑧

𝑓 𝑥 1
So, 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑧
𝑓 𝑥 𝑧 1
𝑑𝑥 = ln 𝑥
= ln 𝑧 + 𝐶 𝑥
= ln 𝑓 𝑥 + 𝐶
𝑓 𝑥
∴ 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑙𝑛 𝑓 𝑥 + 𝐶
𝑓 𝑥
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Prove that ∫ 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = 𝒍𝒏 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝒙 + 𝑪

Proof sin 𝑥
Now, tan 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑥
cos 𝑥
− sin 𝑥
=− 𝑑𝑥
cos 𝑥 𝑓 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 = 𝑙𝑛 𝑓 𝑥 + 𝐶
= −𝑙𝑛 cos 𝑥 + 𝐶 𝑓 𝑥
1
= −𝑙𝑛 +𝐶
sec 𝑥
= − 𝑙𝑛 1 − 𝑙𝑛 sec 𝑥 + 𝐶

= − 0 − 𝑙𝑛 sec 𝑥 + 𝐶
∴ tan 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑙𝑛 sec 𝑥 + 𝐶

Exercise: Prove that ∫cot 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑙𝑛 sin 𝑥 + 𝐶

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Prove that ∫𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = 𝒍𝒏 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝒙 − 𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝒙 + 𝑪

Proof cosec 𝑥 cosec 𝑥 − cot 𝑥
Now, cosec 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑥
cosec 𝑥 − cot 𝑥

cosec 𝑥 − cosec 𝑥 cot 𝑥 𝑑

= 𝑑𝑥 cosec 𝑥 − cot 𝑥
cosec 𝑥 − cot 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑 𝑑
= cosec 𝑥 − cot 𝑥
− cosec 𝑥 cot 𝑥 + cosec 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= 𝑑𝑥 = −cosec 𝑥 cot 𝑥 − (− cosec 𝑥)
cosec 𝑥 − cot 𝑥 = −cosec 𝑥 cot 𝑥 + cosec 𝑥
= 𝑙𝑛 cosec 𝑥 − cot 𝑥 + 𝐶
𝑓 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 = 𝑙𝑛 𝑓 𝑥 + 𝐶
∴ 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = 𝒍𝒏 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝒙 − 𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝒙 + 𝑪 𝑓 𝑥

Exercise: Prove that ∫sec 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑙𝑛 sec 𝑥 + t𝑎𝑛 𝑥 + 𝐶

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I𝐧𝐭𝐞𝐠𝐫𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐛𝐲 𝐌𝐞𝐭𝐡𝐨𝐝 𝐨𝐟 𝐒𝐮𝐛𝐬𝐭𝐢𝐭𝐮𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧

Step 1
𝑓( ) = cos( )
𝑓 𝑔 𝑥 𝑔 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 10𝑥 cos(𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑥
𝑔 (𝑥) = 2𝑥
Step 2 =5 cos(𝑥 ) 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑢=𝑔 𝑥
𝑑𝑢 𝑑 𝑢=𝑥
𝑓 𝑔 𝑥 𝑔 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑔 𝑥 𝑑𝑢 𝑑
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 =5 cos(𝑢) 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑢
=𝑔 𝑥 = 5 sin 𝑢 + 𝐶 = 2𝑥
𝑓 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑢 = 𝑔 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑢 = 2𝑥𝑑𝑥
= 5 sin 𝑥 +𝐶
Step 3
Re-insert 𝑔 𝑥 instead of 𝑢
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E𝐯𝐚𝐥𝐮𝐚𝐭𝐞 ∫ 𝒅𝒙
𝒙

Here,
cos ln 𝑥 1
𝑑𝑥 = cos ln 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 Suppose
𝑥 𝑥
ln 𝑥 = 𝑢
1 𝑑𝑢
= cos 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 =
𝑥 𝑑𝑥
cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = sin 𝑥 = sin 𝑢 + 𝐶 1
∴ 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑𝑥
𝑥
cos ln 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 = sin ln 𝑥 +𝐶
𝑥

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E𝐯𝐚𝐥𝐮𝐚𝐭𝐞 ∫ 𝟑𝒙𝟐 𝒙𝟑 − 𝟐 𝒅𝒙
Here,
3𝑥 𝑥 − 2 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 − 2 (3𝑥 )𝑑𝑥
Suppose
= 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 𝑥 −2 = 𝑢
𝑑𝑢
= 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 3𝑥 =
𝑑𝑥

𝑢 ∴ 𝑑𝑢 = 3𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑥
𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = , 𝑛 ≠ −1 = +𝐶
𝑛+1 1
+1
2
𝑢
= +𝐶
3
2
2
3𝑥 𝑥 − 2 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 −2 +𝐶
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E𝐯𝐚𝐥𝐮𝐚𝐭𝐞 ∫ sin 2𝑥 + 3 𝒅𝒙

Here,
1
sin 2𝑥 + 3 𝑑𝑥 = sin 2𝑥 + 3 2 𝑑𝑥 Suppose
2
2𝑥 + 3 = 𝑢
1
= sin 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑢
2 2=
𝑑𝑥
sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = − cos 𝑥 1
= − cos 𝑢 +𝐶 ∴ 𝑑𝑢 = 2𝑑𝑥
2
1
= − cos 2𝑥 + 3 + 𝐶
2
cos 2𝑥 + 3
sin 2𝑥 + 3 𝑑𝑥 = − +𝐶
2

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E𝐯𝐚𝐥𝐮𝐚𝐭𝐞 ∫ cos𝟐 𝟓𝒙 + 𝟑 𝒅𝒙
Here,
1
𝑐𝑜𝑠 5𝑥 + 3 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 5𝑥 + 3 5 𝑑𝑥
5
Suppose
1 1
= 2𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 5𝑥 + 3 = 𝑢
𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 5 2
𝑑𝑢
1 5=
= 1 + cos 2𝑢 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑥
sin 𝑚𝑥 10
cos 𝑚𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∴ 𝑑𝑢 = 5𝑑𝑥
𝑚 1 1
= 𝑑𝑢 + cos 2𝑢 𝑑𝑢
10 10
1 1 sin 2𝑢 2 cos 𝜃 = 1 + cos 2𝜃
= 𝑢+ +𝐶
10 10 2
5𝑥 + 3 sin 10𝑥 + 6
∴ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 5𝑥 + 3 𝑑𝑥 = + +𝐶
10 20
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E𝐯𝐚𝐥𝐮𝐚𝐭𝐞 ∫ cos𝟑 𝒙 𝒅𝒙
Here,
𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 . cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Suppose
= (1 − sin 𝑥) . cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 sin 𝑥 = 𝑢
𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 𝑑𝑢
= 1−𝑢 𝑑𝑢 cos 𝑥 =
𝑑𝑥
𝑥 ∴ 𝑑𝑢 = cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = , 𝑛 ≠ −1 = 𝑑𝑢 − 𝑢 𝑑𝑢
𝑛+1
𝑢
=𝑢− +𝐶
3
sin 𝑥
∴ cos 𝟑 𝒙 𝑑𝑥 = sin 𝑥 − +𝐶
3

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E𝐯𝐚𝐥𝐮𝐚𝐭𝐞 ∫ cos𝟐 𝒙 𝒅𝒙
Here,
1
cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 2cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 2cos 𝜃 = 1 + cos 2𝜃
2

1
= 1 + cos 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2

1 sin 𝑚𝑥
= 𝑑𝑥 + cos 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 cos 𝑚𝑥 𝑑𝑥 =
2 𝑚
1 sin 2𝑥
=
𝑥+ +𝐶
2 2
𝑥 sin 2𝑥
∴ cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = + +𝐶
2 4

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E𝐯𝐚𝐥𝐮𝐚𝐭𝐞 ∫ sin𝟒 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 2cos 𝜃 = 1 + cos 2𝜃

Here, 2sin 𝜃 = 1 − cos 2𝜃
1
sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = (2sin 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
4
1
= 1 − cos 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
4
1 1 1 sin 4𝑥
1 sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 − sin 2𝑥 + 𝑥 + +𝐶
= 1 − 2 cos 2𝑥 + cos 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 4 2 2 4
4

1 1 3 sin 4𝑥
= 𝑑𝑥 − 2 cos 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + cos 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 − sin 2𝑥 + +𝐶
4 4 2 8

1 1 3 sin 2𝑥 sin 4𝑥
= 𝑥−2 cos 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 2 cos 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥− + +𝐶
4 2 8 4 32
1 sin 2𝑥 1 3 sin 2𝑥 sin 4𝑥
= 𝑥−2 + (1 + cos 4𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 ∴ sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 − + +𝐶
4 2 2 8 4 32
1 1 1
= 𝑥 − sin 2𝑥 + 𝑑𝑥 + cos 4𝑥 𝑑𝑥
4 2 2 22

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𝒙 𝒙
E𝐯𝐚𝐥𝐮𝐚𝐭𝐞 ∫ 𝒅𝒙
𝟏 𝟐𝒙
Here,
sin 𝑥 + cos 𝑥 sin 𝑥 + cos 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑥 sin 2𝑥 = 2 sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥
1 + sin 2𝑥 sin 𝑥 + cos 𝑥 + 2 sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥
sin 𝑥 + cos 𝑥
= 𝑑𝑥
sin 𝑥 + cos 𝑥
sin 𝑥 + cos 𝑥
= 𝑑𝑥
(sin 𝑥 + cos 𝑥)

= 1 𝑑𝑥

=𝑥+𝐶
sin 𝑥 + cos 𝑥
∴ 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 + 𝐶
1 + sin 2𝑥
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Exercise
Evaluate the followings:

1. ∫ 2x + 1 x + x dx
2. ∫ sin 2x + 5 dx
3. ∫ sin x dx
4. ∫ cos x sin x dx
5. ∫ cos x dx
6. ∫ cos x dx

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Integration by Parts:
If 𝑢 and 𝑣 are functions of x, (𝑢 = 𝑓 𝑥 and 𝑣 = 𝑔 𝑥 ), then
𝑑𝑢
𝑢𝑣 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑢 𝑣 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑣 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥
Guideline for selecting 𝒖 and 𝒗:
L I A T E
L : Logoritmic function (log 𝑥 , ln 𝑥 , … )
I : Inverse Trigonometric Function (sin 𝑥 , tan 𝑥,…)
A : Algebraic Function (2𝑥, 𝑥 + 7𝑥, 𝑥 , … )
T : Trigonometric Function (cos 𝑥 , sec 𝑥 , … )
E : Exponential Function(𝑒 , 𝑒 ,…)

Choose “𝒖” to be the function that comes first in this list

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Evaluate ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑢
𝑢𝑣 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑢 𝑣 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑣 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Here, 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑒𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 𝑑𝑥

=𝑥 𝑒 𝑑𝑥 −
𝑑
𝑥 𝑒 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
L I A T E
𝑑𝑥
L : Logoritmic function
=𝑥 𝑒 − 1 𝑒 𝑑𝑥 I : Inverse Trigonometric Function
A : Algebraic Function
= 𝑥𝑒 − 𝑒 𝑑𝑥 T : Trigonometric Function
E : Exponential Function
= 𝑥𝑒 − 𝑒 + 𝐶
𝑢=𝑥 𝑥 : Algebraic function (A)
∴ 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥𝑒 − 𝑒 + 𝐶
𝑣=𝑒 𝑒 : Exponential function (E)

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Evaluate ∫ ln 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑢
𝑢𝑣 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑢 𝑣 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑣 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Here, ln 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ln 𝑥 1 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

= ln 𝑥 1 𝑑𝑥 −
𝑑
ln 𝑥 1 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
L I A T E
𝑑𝑥
1 L : Logoritmic function
= ln 𝑥 𝑥 −
𝑥
(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 I : Inverse Trigonometric Function
A : Algebraic Function
= 𝑥 ln 𝑥 − 1 𝑑𝑥 T : Trigonometric Function
E : Exponential Function
= 𝑥 ln 𝑥 − 𝑥 + 𝐶
𝑢 = ln 𝑥 ln 𝑥: Logoritmic function (L)
∴ ln 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 ln 𝑥 − 𝑥 + 𝐶
𝑣=1 1: Algebraic function (A)

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27

Evaluate ∫ 𝑥 cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑢
𝑢𝑣 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑢 𝑣 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑣 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Here, 𝑥 cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑑
=𝑥 cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 −
𝑑𝑥
𝑥 cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 L I A T E
L : Logoritmic function
=𝑥 sin 𝑥 − 2𝑥 sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 I : Inverse Trigonometric Function
A : Algebraic Function
𝑑 T : Trigonometric Function
= 𝑥 sin 𝑥 − 2𝑥 sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − 2𝑥 sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥 E : Exponential Function

= 𝑥 sin 𝑥 − 2𝑥 − cos 𝑥 − 2 − cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑢=𝑥 𝑥 : Algebraic function (A)

= 𝑥 sin 𝑥 − −2𝑥 cos 𝑥 + 2 cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑣 = cos 𝑥 cos 𝑥: Trigonometric function (T)

∴ 𝑥 cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 sin 𝑥 + 2𝑥 cos 𝑥 − 2 sin 𝑥 + 𝐶

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Exercise

Evaluate the followings:

1. ∫x ln x dx
2. ∫ x sin x dx
3. ∫ x e dx
4. ∫ e cos x dx
5. ∫ cos x dx

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29

Integration by Partial Fraction:

𝒅𝒙 𝟏 𝒂 𝒙
Prove that ∫ = 𝒍𝒏 +𝑪
𝒂𝟐 𝒙𝟐 𝟐𝒂 𝒂 𝒙 𝑓 𝑥
Proof 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑙𝑛 𝑓 𝑥 + 𝐶
𝑑𝑥 1 𝑓 𝑥
Now, = 𝑑𝑥
𝑎 −𝑥 𝑎+𝑥 𝑎−𝑥
1 1 𝑑𝑥 1 1 −1
⟹ = 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑑𝑥
2𝑎 + 2𝑎 𝑑𝑥 𝑎 −𝑥 2𝑎 𝑎+𝑥 𝑎−𝑥
=
𝑎+𝑥 𝑎−𝑥 1
= ln 𝑎 + 𝑥 − ln 𝑎 − 𝑥 + 𝐶
1 1 1 2𝑎
= + 𝑑𝑥 1 𝑎+𝑥
2𝑎 𝑎+𝑥 𝑎−𝑥 = ln +𝐶
2𝑎 𝑎−𝑥
1 1 1 𝑑𝑥 1 𝑎+𝑥
= 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑑𝑥 ∴ = 𝑙𝑛 +𝐶
2𝑎 𝑎+𝑥 𝑎−𝑥 𝑎 −𝑥 2𝑎 𝑎−𝑥

𝒅𝒙 𝟏 𝒙 𝒂
Exercise: Prove that∫ = 𝒍𝒏 +𝑪 30
𝒙𝟐 𝒂𝟐 𝟐𝒂 𝒙 𝒂
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𝒅𝒙
Evaluate ∫
𝒙𝟐 𝟓𝒙 𝟔 𝑓 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 1 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑙𝑛 𝑓 𝑥 + 𝐶
Here, = 𝑑𝑥 𝑓 𝑥
𝑥 + 5𝑥 + 6 𝑥 + 3𝑥 + 2𝑥 + 6
𝑑𝑥 1 1
1 ⟹ = 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑑𝑥
= 𝑑𝑥 𝑥 + 5𝑥 + 6 𝑥+2 𝑥+3
𝑥 𝑥 + 3 + 2(𝑥 + 3)
1 = ln 𝑥 + 2 − ln 𝑥 + 3 + 𝐶
= 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 + 2 (𝑥 + 3)
𝑥+2
1 −1 = ln +𝐶
𝑥+3
= + 𝑑𝑥
𝑥+2 𝑥+3
𝑑𝑥 𝑥+2
1 1 ∴ = ln +𝐶
= − 𝑑𝑥 𝑥 + 5𝑥 + 6 𝑥+3
𝑥+2 𝑥+3

Exercise: (i) Evaluate ∫ 𝑑𝑥; (ii) Evaluate ∫ 𝑑𝑥

( )( )( )
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31

Definite Integral

32

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Definite Integral
Upper limit of
Definite Integral: If 𝑓(𝑥) is a continuous function Integration
defined in the interval 𝑎, 𝑏 then the definite Integral with
integral with respect to 𝑥 is defined as, Integral Symbol respect to 𝒙
𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = 𝐹(𝑥) = 𝐹 𝑏 − 𝐹(𝑎)
Lower limit of
Integration Integrand
Where 𝑎 and 𝑏 are called lower and upper limits of (function we want
to integrate)
integration, respectively

This formula is known as Newton-Leibnitz formula

Note:
• The indefinite integral ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 is a function of 𝑥, whereas definite integral ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 is a
number.
• Given ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 we can find ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 but given ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 we cannot find ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥.
33

33

Fundamental theorem of Integral Calculus

If 𝑓(𝑥) is continuous in 𝑎 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝑏 and 𝐹(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥) then

𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = 𝐹 𝑏 − 𝐹(𝑎)

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Geometrical Interpretation
Integration can be used to find areas, volumes, central points and many useful things.
But it is often used to find the area under the graph of a function like this:
𝒚 𝒚
∫ 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 represents the
area enclosed between
A 𝒇(𝒙) A 𝒇(𝒙) the curve 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥), the
𝑥-axis and the ordinate at
𝑥 = 𝑎 and 𝑥 = 𝑏 i.e. the
𝒙 𝒂 𝒃 𝒙 blue shaded area A in
𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 the figure below

Indefinite Integral Definite Integral

(no specific values) (from a to b)
Definite integral has start and end values: in other words there is an
interval 𝑎, 𝑏 . We can find out the actual area under a curve 35

35

Concept of Definite Integral

Example: 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 =?

Step 1: we need to find the indefinite integral

Using the rules of integration we find that ∫ 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 + 𝐶

Step 2: use limit for definite integral: 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 + 𝐶

Step 3: calculate that at 1 and 2: Step 4: Subtract:

(value at upper limit – value at lower limit)
At 𝑥 = 1: ∫ 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 1 + 𝐶
2 +𝐶 − 1 +𝐶
At 𝑥 = 2: ∫ 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 2 + 𝐶 2 +𝐶−1 −𝐶
4−1+𝐶−𝐶 =3
And “C” gets cancelled out… so with Definite Integrals we can ignore C.

Final Step: Result: 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝟑

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Properties of Definite Integral

• The definite integral of 1 is equal to the length of interval of the integral

1 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑏 − 𝑎 Example: 1 𝑑𝑥 = 3 − (−1) = 4

• A constant factor can be moved across the integral sign

𝑘. 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑘. 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 Example: 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

• Definite integral is independent of variable of integration

𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑓(𝑧) 𝑑𝑧 Example: 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑧 𝑑𝑧

• If the upper limit and the lower limit of a definite integral are the same, then the integral is zero

𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = 0 Example: 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 0
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37

Properties of Definite Integral

• Reversing the limit of integration change the sign of definite integral

𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = − 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 Example: 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = − 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

• If c is any point in the interval 𝑎, 𝑏 then the definite integral of 𝑓(𝑥) over 𝑎, 𝑏 is equal to the
sum of integrals over 𝑎, 𝑐 and 𝑐, 𝑏

𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 Example: 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

• ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑎 − 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥

0 , 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑓 𝑥 𝑖𝑠 𝑜𝑑𝑑
• ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 =
2 ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑓 𝑥 𝑖𝑠 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛
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𝟏
Problem 1: ∫ 𝟑
𝟔𝒙𝟐 + 𝟓𝒙 − 𝟐 𝒅𝒙

Given that, 6𝑥 + 5𝑥 − 2 𝑑𝑥

𝑥
𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = , 𝑛 ≠ −1
= 6 + 5 − 2𝑥 𝑛+1
3 2

1 −3
= 2×1 +5 − 2 × 1 − 2 × −3 +5 − 2 × −3
2 2

5 45 5 51
= 2 + − 2 − −54 + +6 = − −
2 2 2 2
5 51 56
= + =
2 2 2

∴ 6𝑥 + 5𝑥 − 2 𝑑𝑥 = 28
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39

𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐 𝒆𝒙
Problem 2: ∫𝟎 𝒅𝒙
𝟏 𝒆𝒙

Given that, 𝑒 𝑓 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑙𝑛 𝑓 𝑥 + 𝐶
1+𝑒 𝑓 𝑥

= log 1 + 𝑒

= log 1 + 𝑒 − log 1 + 𝑒

= log 1 + 2 − log 1 + 1

= log 3 − log 2
3
= log
2

𝑒 3
∴ 𝑑𝑥 = log
1+𝑒 2
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0, when f  x  is odd

Prove that   a f  x  dx   a
a
.
  0
2 f  x  dx , when f  x  is even
Proof:   a f  x  dx   a f  x  dx   0 f  x  dx  (i)
a 0 a

Now   a f  x  dx    a f  t  dt
0 0
Let x   t then d x   d t
a When x   a, t  a
 f  t  d t
0 and when x  0, t  0
  0 f   x  dx
a

Substituting  a f  x  dx   0 f   x  dx in (i):
0 a

 a f  x  dx   0 f   x  dx   0 f  x  dx  (ii )
a a a

When f  x  is odd i.e., f   x    f  x  then from (ii ):

 a f  x  dx    0 f  x  dx   0 f  x  dx  0
a a a

When f  x  is even i.e., f   x   f  x  then from (ii ):

 a f  x  dx   0 f  x  dx   0 f  x  dx  2 0 f  x  dx
a a a a

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41

0, if f  2a  x    f  x 
Prove that  0 f  x  dx   a
2a
.
2  0 f  x  dx, if f  2a  x   f  x 
Proof:  0 f  x  dx   0 f  x  dx   a f  x  dx  (i)
2a a 2a

Now  a f  x  dx    a f  2 a  y  dy
2a 0
Let x  2 a  y then dx   dy
when x  a, ya
  0 f  2a  y  dy
a

and when x  2a, y  0

  0 f  2a  x  dx
a

Substituting  a f  x  dx   0 f  2a  x  dx in (i):
2a a

 0 f  x  dx   0 f  x  dx   0 f  2a  x  dx  (ii )
2a a a

When f  2 a  x    f  x  then from (ii ):

 0 f  x  dx   0 f  x  dx   0 f  x  dx  0
2a a a

When f  2 a  x   f  x  then from (ii ):

0 f  x  dx  0 f  x  dx  0 f  x  dx  2  0 f  x  dx
2a a a a

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a 1
Find the value of 0 dx.
x a2  x2
Solution: Let x  a sin  then dx  a cos  d
a 1
0 dx when x  0,   0
x a2  x2


a cos  d and when x  a,  
 0
2
2
a sin   a 2  a 2 sin 2 

a cos  d Adding  i  and  ii  :
  02
a  sin   cos   
sin  
cos 
2 I   02 d   02 d

cos  d sin   cos cos   sin 
Let I   02  say     (i)  

sin   cos    02 1 d    02  0

 2

cos     d 
  02 2  I
    4
sin      cos    
2  2  a 1 
 0 dx 

sin  d x a x 2 2 4
 I   02    (ii )
cos   sin  43

43

1 log 1  x 
Find the value of  0 dx .
1 x 2
Solution: Let x  tan  then dx  sec 2  d
1 log 1  x 
0 1 x 2 dx when x  0,   0
log 1  tan   
 and when x  1,  
 0 4
sec  d
2
4
1  tan 2 
  
  0 4 log 1  tan   d I   0 4 log 2 d   0 4 log 1  tan   d

 I   0 4 log 2 d  I
Let I   0 log 1  tan   d    (i)
4

    2 I   0 4 log 2 d
  0 4 log 1  tan     d 
 4  2 I  log 2  0 4 d
  1  tan  
 0 4 log 1  d 1  
 1  tan   I  log 2  0 4  log 2
2 8
  2  log 1  x  
I   0 4 log   d  0
1
dx  log 2
 1  tan   1 x 2
8
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Summation of Series by
Definite Integral

45

45

1 an  r 
lim  f     0 f  x  dx
a

n  n r 1
n
Write:
r
(i ) x for ;
n
1
(ii ) dx for lim ;
n  n
(iii)  for  ;
(iv) Co-efficient of n above  will be the upper limit of  , lower limit is always zero  0  ;
1
(v) Form outside of  and make the power of n and r equal.
n

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 1 1 1 1 
Evaluate lim      .
n 
 n  m n  2m n  3m n  nm
Solution:  1 1 1 1 
Given, lim    
n 
 n  m n  2 m n  3m n  nm 
n
1
 lim 
n  r 1 n  rm

n
1
 lim 
n   r 
r 1
n 1  m 
 n 
1 n 1
 lim 
n  n r 1  r 
1  m 
 n 
11
 0 dx
1  mx
1 1 m 1
dx   ln 1  mx  
1
 0
m 1  mx m 0

ln 1  m 

m 47

47

2n
1
Evaluate lim  .
n 
r 0 4n 2  r 2
Solution: 2n 1
Given, lim 
n  r 0 4n 2  r 2
2n
1
 lim 
n  r 0  r2 
n2  4  2 
 n 

1 2n 1
 lim 
n  n r 0 r
2

22   
n
2 1
 0 dx
2  x2
2

 22 2 
   
2
 ln x  22  x 2   ln 2  8  ln 2  ln  
  0  2  

 ln 1  2  48

48

24
 8/13/2023

 
1 1 1 1
Evaluate lim     .
n   n 
n2 1 n 2  22 n 2   n 1
2
 
Solution:  
1 1 1 1
Given, lim     
n   n 2 

n 2 1 n 2  22 n 2
  n  1 
 
1 1 1 1
 lim      
n   
n 0 n 1 n 2 n   n  1
2 2 2 2 2 2 2
 
n 1
1 n 1
1
 lim   lim 
n  r  0
n r
2 2 n  r  0
 r2 
n2 1  2 
 n 
1 n 1 1
 lim 
n  n r  0
 r2 
1  2 
 n 
1 dx 1
 0  sin 1 x   sin 1 1  sin 1 0
1 x 2 0



2 49

49

25