UNIT 3 Measures of Location

ELEMENTARY STATISTICS 32
UNIT 3
MEASURES OF LOCATION
OR
MEASURES OF CENTRAL TENDENCY
OR
MEASURES OF AVERAGE
A single value which is used to represent the whole set of data is called as Location
and the methods which are used to find this single are called Measures of Location.
Because this single value approximately tends to lie in the center of data, so it is also
called as Measure of Central Tendency OR Measure of Average.
IMPORTANT TYPES OF AVERAGE:
(i) The Arithmetic Mean (A.M.)
(ii) The Geometric Mean (G.M.)
(iii) The Harmonic Mean (H.M.)
(iv) The Median
(v) The Mode
CRITERIA/PROPERTIES OF A GOOD AVERAGE:
A good average should possess the following Properties:
1. It should be well defined by mathematical formula.
2. It should be simple to understand and easy to calculate.
3. It should base on all the values.
4. It should be capable of algebraic manipulation.
5. It should not be much affected by sampling variability.
6. It should not be affected by extreme (abnormally large/small) values.
THE ARITHMETIC MEAN:
The Arithmetic Mean is defined as “A value which is obtained by dividing the sum of
the values by their numbers.”
It is denoted by  for Population data and X for sample data.
X
i.e. =
N
Where N = Total number of observations in Population (Size of Population)
X
and X=
n
Where n = Total number of observations in a Sample (Size of sample)
…………………………………………
Example# 1: Find the Arithmetic mean from the following data of student’s heights (cms)
87, 91, 89, 88, 89, 91, 87, 92, 90, 98
SUBJECT CODE: STAT-211, STAT-321

Solution:
Height (cm)
X
89 X
X=
91 n
89 904
X=
88 10
89 X = 90.4 cm.
91
87
92
90
98
 X = 904
…………………………………………
Example# 2: Find the arithmetic mean from the following data
50, 67, 39, 40, 36, 60, 54, 43
Example# 3: The number of cars crossing a certain bridge in a big city in 10 intervals of five
minutes each was recorded as follows;
25, 15, 18, 30, 20, 20, 12, 9, 16, 15
Calculate the arithmetic mean?
D.Y.S.
…………………………………………
THE ARITHMETIC MEAN: (For frequency distribution OR For grouped data)
 fX
X=
f
…………………………………………
Example# 4: The given data shows the distribution of the maximum loads in short tons
supported by a certain cables produced by a company. Determine the mean?
Maximum 12.8 – 13.2
9.3 – 9.7 9.8 – 10.2 10.3 – 10.7 10.8 – 11.2 11.3 – 11.7 11.8 – 12.2 12.3 – 12.7
Loads
No. of
2 5 12 17 14 6 3 1
cables
P.T.O.

Solution:
Maximum Loads Mid Points OR Class Marks

f fX
C–I X
9.3 + 9.7
9.3 – 9.7 2 = 9.5 2 x 9.5 = 19.0
2
9.8 + 10.2
9.8 – 10.2 5 = 10.0 5 x 10.0 = 50.0
2
10.3 – 10.7 12 10.5 126.0
10.8 – 11.2 17 11.0 187.0
11.3 – 11.7 14 11.5 161.0
11.8 – 12.2 6 12.0 72.0
12.3 – 12.7 3 12.5 37.5
12.8 – 13.2 1 13.0 13.0
 f = 60  fX = 665.5
 fX 665.5
X= =
f 60
X = 11.09 Short tons
…………………………………………
Example# 5: Find the mean for the following distribution.
Classes 0 – 10 10 – 40 40 – 90 90 – 100 100 – 105 105 – 120 120 -140
f 40 10 150 200 120 30 20
Solution:
C–B f X fX
0 + 10
0 – 10 40 =5 200
2
10 – 40 110 25 2750
40 – 90 150 65 9750
90 – 100 200 95 19000
100 – 105 120 102.5 12300
105 – 120 30 112.5 3375
120 – 140 20 130 2600
 f = 670  fX = 49975
 fX 49975
X= =
f 670
X = 74.6
…………………………………………
Example# 6: Find the arithmetic mean from the following data;
Height (cms) 86 – 90 91 – 95 96 – 100 101 – 105 106 – 110 111 - 115
f 6 4 10 6 3 1
Example# 7: Calculate the arithmetic mean from the following frequency distribution;

Profit (Rs.) 10 – 19 20 – 29 30 – 39 40 – 49 50 – 59 60 – 69 70 – 79
No. of shoes 10 18 20 26 30 28 18
Example# 8: Calculate the mean numbers of persons per house from the data given below;
No. of persons per house 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
No. of houses 26 113 120 95 60 42 21 14 5 4
D.Y.S.
…………………………………………
Note: n= f
…………………………………………
SHORTCUT FORMULAE FOR THE COMPUTATION OF THE
ARITHMETIC MEAN:
(a) For Ungrouped Data
D
X =a+
n
Where D = X − a and “a” is any arbitrary value or Provisional mean
U
And X =a+ h (Step deviation or Coding Method)
n
X −a
Where U = and “h” is class interval
h
(a) For Grouped Data
 fD
X =a+
f
 fU
And X =a+ h (Step deviation or Coding Method)
f
…………………………………………
Note:
Step deviation or Coding meth is only suitable for equal interval data.
…………………………………………
Example# 9: The marks obtained by 9 students are given below;
45, 32, 37, 46, 39, 36, 41, 48, 36
Calculate the arithmetic mean by using (i) Direct method (ii) Shortcut method
P.T.O.

Solution:
X D = X – 39
45 45 – 39 = 6 (i) Direct Method
32 32 – 39 = -7  X 360
X= = = 40 marks
37 37 – 39 = -2 n 9
46 7 (ii) Shortcut Method
39 0 D
X =a+
36 -3 n
41 2 As D = X – a then a = 39
48 9 9
X = 39 + = 39 + 1 = 40 marks
36 -3 9
X = 360 D=9
…………………………………………
Example# 10: Using the data from Example# 2, Example# 3, find the arithmetic mean by
using the shortcut method. D.Y.S.
…………………………………………
Example# 11: Calculate the arithmetic mean from the following frequency distribution by
using; (i) Direct Method (ii) Shortcut method (iii) Coding Method
Profit (Rs.) 10 – 19 20 – 29 30 – 39 40 – 49 50 – 59 60 – 69 70 – 79
No. of shoes 10 18 20 26 30 28 18
Solution: (i) Direct Method
C–I f X fX
10 – 19 10 14.5 145
20 – 29 18 24.5 441
30 – 39 20 34.5 690
40 – 49 26 44.5 1157
50 – 59 30 54.5 1635
60 – 69 28 64.5 1806
70 – 79 18 74.5 1341
 f = 150  fX = 7215
 fX 7215
X= = = Rs. 48.1
f 150
(ii) Shortcut method
C–I f X D = X – 54.5 fD
10 – 19 10 14.5 - 40 - 400
20 – 29 18 24.5 - 30 - 540
30 – 39 20 34.5 - 20 - 400
40 – 49 26 44.5 - 10 - 260
50 – 59 30 54.5 0 0
60 – 69 28 64.5 10 280
70 – 79 18 74.5 20 360
 f = 150  fD = −960

 fD
X =a+
f
(−960)
X = 54.5 +
150
960
X = 54.5 −
150
X = 54.5 − 6.4 = Rs. 48.1
(ii) Coding method
X − 54.5
C–I f X U= fU
10
10 – 19 10 14.5 -4 - 40
20 – 29 18 24.5 -3 - 54
30 – 39 20 34.5 -2 - 40
40 – 49 26 44.5 -1 - 26
50 – 59 30 54.5 0 0
60 – 69 28 64.5 1 28
70 – 79 18 74.5 2 36
 f = 150  fU = −96
 fU
X =a+ h
f
(−96)
X = 54.5 + 10
150
960
X = 54.5 −
150
X = 54.5 − 6.4 = Rs. 48.1
…………………………………………
Example# 12: Using the data from example# 6, calculate the arithmetic mean by using the
shortcut and coding method. D.Y.S.
…………………………………………
WEIGHTED ARITHMETIC MEAN:
When the numbers X 1 , X 2 , ......., X k are not of equal importance, then we associate
with them certain weighting factors W1 ,W2 , .......,Wk depending on the importance attached to
the numbers. In this case
W X + W2 X 2 + ....... + Wk X k
XW = 1 1
W1 + W2 + ....... + Wk
 WX
XW =
W
is called the weighted arithmetic mean.
…………………………………………
Example# 13: Salman obtained the following marks in a certain examination. Find the
weighted mean if weights 4, 3, 3 2 and 2 respectively are allotted to the subjects.

English Urdu Math Stat Physics

73 82 80 57 62
Solution:
Marks
Subjects W WX
X
English 73 4 292
Urdu 82 3 246
Math 80 3 240
Stat 57 2 114
Physics 62 2 124
 W = 14  WX = 1016
 WX 1016
Xw = = = 72.5 Marks
W 14
…………………………………………
Example# 14: Calculate weighted mean for the following items;
Items Food Rent Clothing Fuel & Light Misc.
Expenditures 290 54 98 75 75
Weights 7.5 2 1.5 1.0 0.5
Example# 15: An examination candidate’s percentages are; English 73; French 82;
Mathematics 57; Science 62; History 60. Find the candidate’s weighted mean if weights of 4,
3, 3, 1, 1 respectively are allotted to the subjects.
D.Y.S.
…………………………………………
PROPERTIES OF ARITHMETIC MEAN:
(i) The sum of deviations of observations from their Arithmetic mean is always equal to
zero.
i.e. ( X − X ) = 0
(ii) The sum of squared deviations of observations from their Arithmetic mean is always
minimum.
i.e. ( X − X )2 = Minimum
(iii) If n1 values have mean X 1 , n2 values have mean X 2 and so on nk values have mean
Xk then Combined Arithmetic Mean is;
n1 X 1 + n2 X 2 + ........... + nk X k
X = Xc =
n1 + n2 + ......... + nk
(iv) The Arithmetic mean is affected by change of origin and scale
i.e. if Y = aX + b , then Y = aX + b
Where “a” and “b” are two constants
…………………………………………

Example# 16 Using the following the data;

2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16
(i) Show that sum of the deviations from arithmetic mean is equal to zero i.e.
( X − X ) = 0
(ii) Show that ( X − X )2 = Minimum
Solution:
(i) (ii) a = 10
X
X −X ( X − X )2 X–a (X – a)2
2 -7 49 -8 64
4 -5 25 -6 36
6 -3 9 -4 16
8 -1 1 -2 4
10 1 1 0 0
12 3 9 2 4
14 5 25 4 16
16 7 49 6 36
X = 72 (X − X) = 0 (X − X)2 = 168 (X − a)2 = 176
 X 72
(i) X= = =9
n 8
Therefore (X − X) = 0 proved
(ii) ( X − X )2 = 168 and (X − a) 2 = 176
Therefore ( X − X )2  ( X − a)2 proved; where a= 10.

…………………………………………
Example# 17: Given ( X − 15) = 5, ( X − 18) = 0 and ( X − 211) = −21
X =?
Solution: As we know that
( X − X ) = 0 ................(i )
Given
( X − 18) = 0 ...............(ii)
Comparing equation (i) and (ii), we get;
X = 18
…………………………………………
Example# 18: The mean height of 40 students of Section A is 62 inches, the mean height of
37 students of Section B is 58 inches and the mean height of 43 students of Section C is 61
inches. Find the overall mean height of all 120 students.

Solution:
Section A Section B Section C
n1 = 40 n2 = 37 n3 = 43
X 1 = 62" X 2 = 58" X 3 = 61"
n1 X 1 + n2 X 2 + n3 X 3
XC =
n1 + n2 + n3
40(62) + 37(58) + 43(61) 2480 + 2146 + 2623
XC = =
40 + 37 + 43 120
7249
XC = = 60.4"
120
…………………………………………
Example# 19: (a) Three teachers of Statistics reported mean examination grades of 75, 82
and 84 for their classes which consisted of 30, 25 and 17 students respectively. Calculate the
mean grade for all classes.
(b) Three sections of an I.Com. class consisting of 28, 32 and 35 students with respective
means 83, 80 and 76 in Statistics. What is the combined mean for all three sections?
D.Y.S.
…………………………………………
Example# 20 The scores denoted by X obtained by five students on a set of examination
papers are 70, 50, 60, 70, 50. If Y = 5 + 3X, then find the arithmetic mean of Y by using the
property # (iv) of mean.
Solution:
X
70  X 300
50 X= =
n 5
60
70
X = 60 scores
50
X = 300
Given Y = 5 + 3X
According to the property
Y = 5 + 3X
Then Y = 5 + 3(60) = 5 + 180 = 185
…………………………………………
Merits/Advantages of Arithmetic mean:
(i) It is clearly defined by mathematical formula.
(ii) It is based on all the values in the data set.
(iii) It is easy to calculate and simple to understand.
(iv) It is a relatively stable statistic in repeated sampling experiments.
Demerits/Disadvantages of Arithmetic mean:
(i) It is greatly affected by extreme values in the set of data.
(ii) It is not an appropriate average for highly skewed distribution.

(iii) In case of open-end frequency distribution, mean cannot be calculated without

assuming the limits.
(iv) It cannot be calculated for qualitative data.
…………………………………………
THE GEOMETRIC MEAN:
The Geometric Mean is defined as “the nth root of the product of n positive values.”
1
i.e. G .M . = ( x1 . x2 ......... xn ) n
  log x 
OR G.M . = Anti log  
 n 
…………………………………………
Example# 21 Find the Geometric mean from the following data
(i) 2, 4, 6
(ii) 5, 7, 5, 3, 7
Solution:
1
(i) G.M . = ( 2  4  6) 3 = 3.63
1
(ii) G.M . = (5  7  5  3  7) 5 = 5.16
…………………………………………
Example# 22 Calculate geometric mean for the following data of the percentage changes in
the weight of eight animals;
45, 30, 35, 40, 44, 32, 42, 37
Solution:
X log x
  log x 
45 1.6532 G.M . = Anti log  
30 1.4771  n 
35 1.5441  12.6164 
G.M . = Anti log  
40 1.6021  8 
44 1.6434 G.M . = Anti log (1.57705 )
32 1.5051
42 1.6232 G.M . = 37.76
37 1.5682
 log x = 12.6164
…………………………………………
Example# 23: The number of cars crossing a certain bridge in a big city in 10 intervals of
five minutes each was recorded as follows;
25, 15, 18, 30, 20, 20, 12, 9, 16, 15
Calculate the Geometric mean? D.Y.S.
…………………………………………
THE GEOMETRIC MEAN: (For frequency distribution OR For grouped data)
  f log x 
 f 

Example# 24: From the following data, calculate the Geometric mean;
Age in days 0–4 4–8 8 – 12 12 – 16 16 – 20 20 – 24 24 – 28
Frequency 2 5 7 8 7 4 1
Solution:
C–B f X log x f logx
0–4 2 2 0.3010 0.6020
4–8 5 6 0.7782 3.8910
8 – 12 7 10 1.0000 7.0000
12 – 16 8 14 1.1461 9.1688
16 – 20 7 18 1.2553 8.7871
20 – 24 4 22 1.3424 5.3696
24 – 28 1 26 1.4150 1.4150
 f = 34  f log x = 36.2535
  f log x 
 f 
 36.2535 
 34 
G.M . = Anti log (1.0663) = 11.65 days
…………………………………………
Example# 25: Find the Geometric mean from the following data;
Height (cms) 86 – 90 91 – 95 96 – 100 101 – 105 106 – 110 111 - 115
f 6 4 10 6 3 1
Example# 26: Calculate the Geometric mean from the following frequency distribution;
Weekly income
35 – 39 40 – 44 45 – 49 50 – 54 55 – 59 60 – 64 65 – 69
(Rs.)
No. of workers 15 13 17 29 11 10 5
D.Y.S.
…………………………………………
Note: (i) To calculate the Average percentage increase/decrease, the suitable average is
Geometric Mean.
(ii) Geometric mean cannot be calculated, if any value in the data set is zero and
Negative.
…………………………………………
Merits/Advantages of Geometric mean:
(iii) It is less affected by the extreme values as compared to the arithmetic mean.
Demerits/Disadvantages of Geometric mean:
(i) It becomes zero, if any of the observation is zero.
(ii) It is neither easy to calculate nor to understand.
(iii) In case of negative values, it cannot be calculated.
…………………………………………

THE HARMONIC MEAN:

The Harmonic Mean is defined as “the reciprocal of the Arithmetic mean of the
reciprocal values.”
n
i.e. H .M . =
 1 ( )
X
…………………………………………
Example# 27: Find the Harmonic mean from the following data
2, 4, 6
Solution:
X 1/X n 3
H .M . = = = 3.27
2
4
0.5000
0.2500
( X)
 1 0.9167
3
6 0.1667 H .M . = = 3.27
( X ) = 0.9167
 1 0.9167
…………………………………………
Example# 28: The monthly incomes of ten families in rupees in a certain locality are given
below;
85, 70, 10, 75, 500, 8, 42, 250, 40, 36
Calculate the Arithmetic mean, the Geometric mean and the Harmonic mean of the above
incomes. D.Y.S.
…………………………………………
THE HARMONIC MEAN: (For frequency distribution OR For grouped data)
f f
H .M . = =
( X)
f 1
( )
 f
X
…………………………………………
Example# 29: From the following data, calculate the Harmonic mean;
Age in days 0–4 4–8 8 – 12 12 – 16 16 – 20 20 – 24 24 – 28
Frequency 2 5 7 8 7 4 1
Solution:
C–B f X f
X
0–4 2 2 1.0000
4–8 5 6 0.8333
8 – 12 7 10 0.7000
12 – 16 8 14 0.5714
16 – 20 7 18 0.3889
20 – 24 4 22 0.1818
24 – 28 1 26 0.0385
 f = 34  f( X ) = 3.7139

f 34
H .M . = = = 9.15 days
 ( )
f
X
3.7139
…………………………………………
Example# 30: Find the Harmonic mean from the following data;
Height (cms) 86 – 90 91 – 95 96 – 100 101 – 105 106 – 110 111 - 115
f 6 4 10 6 3 1
Example# 31: Calculate the Harmonic mean from the following frequency distribution;
Weekly
35 – 39 40 – 44 45 – 49 50 – 54 55 – 59 60 – 64 65 – 69
income (Rs.)
No. of
15 13 17 29 11 10 5
workers
D.Y.S.
…………………………………………
Note:
(i) To calculate the Average Speed, the suitable average is Harmonic Mean.
(ii) Harmonic mean cannot be calculated, if any value in the data set is zero.
…………………………………………
Example# 32: A man traveling 100 kilometers has 5 stages at equal intervals. The speed of
the man in the various stages was observed to be 10, 16, 20, 14, 15 kilometers per hour. Find
the average speed at which the man travels?
Solution:
Speed in KM per hour
1/X
X
10 0.1000
16 0.0625 n 5
H .M . = = = 14.3 Km per hour
20
14
0.0500
0.0714
 1
X ( )
0.3506
15 0.0667
( )
 1 = 0.3506
X
…………………………………………
Example# 33: A bus traveling 200 miles has 10 stages at equal intervals. The speed of the
bus in the various stages was observed to be 10, 15, 20, 75, 20, 30, 40, 50, 30, 40 miles per
hour. Find the average speed at which the bus traveled?
D.Y.S.
…………………………………………
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN A.M., G.M. AND H.M.
A.M .  G.M .  H .M .
If all the values in the data set are same, then
A.M . = G.M . = H .M .
…………………………………………

Example# 34: The values of Arithmetic mean, Geometric mean and Harmonic mean are
given as 25, 34, 29. Identify the Arithmetic mean, Geometric mean and Harmonic mean.
Solution: As we know that
A.M .  G.M .  H .M .
Then A.M. = 34, G.M. = 29 and H.M. = 25
…………………………………………
Merits/Advantages of Harmonic mean:
(iii) It is amenable to mathematical treatment.
Demerits/Disadvantages of Harmonic mean:
(i) It cannot be calculated, if any of the observation is zero.
(ii) It is neither easy to calculate nor to understand.
(iii) It gives too much weightage to the smaller observations.
…………………………………………
THE MEDIAN:
The middle most value of the arranged set of data is called as Median.
OR
Median is a value which divides an arranged set of data into two equal parts.
 n +1 
th
i.e. X = value of   observation

 2 
…………………………………………
Example# 35: Following are the heights (cm) of 5 students measured at the time of
registration. Find the median.
95.05, 94.50, 84.60, 94.90, 88.03
Solution:
Arranging the data in ascending order
84.60, 88.03, 94.50, 94.90, 95.05
 n +1 
th
X = value of   observation
 2 
 5 +1 
th
 2 
th
6
2
X = value of 3rd observation
X = 94.50 cm
…………………………………………
Example# 36: Find the Median from the following data
89, 91, 89, 88, 89, 91, 87, 92, 90, 98

Solution:
87, 88, 89, 89, 89, 90, 91, 91, 92, 98
 n +1 
th
 2 
 10 + 1 
th
 2 
th
 11 
2
X = value of (5.5)th observation
89 + 90
X= = 89.5
2
OR
 n +1 
th
 2 
 10 + 1 
th
 2 
th
 11 
2
X = value of 5th obsevation + d (value of 6th observation − value of 5th obsevation)

X = 89 + 0.5(90 − 89)
X = 89 + 0.5(1) = 89 + 0.5 = 89.5
…………………………………………
QUARTILES:
Quartiles are the values which divide an arranged set of data into four equal parts.
 n +1 
th
i.e. Q1 = value of   observation

 4 
 2(n + 1)   (n + 1) 
th th
Q2 = value of   observation = value of   observation = Median

 4   2 
 3(n + 1) 
th
Q3 = value of   observation
 4 
…………………………………………
Example# 37: Find the Quartiles from the following data
89, 91, 89, 88, 89, 91, 87, 92, 90, 98
Solution:

87, 88, 89, 89, 89, 90, 91, 91, 92, 98

 n +1 
th
 4 
 10 + 1 
th
 4 
th
 11 
4
Q1 = value of (2.75)th observation
Q1 = value of 2nd obsevation + d (value of 3rd observation − value of 2nd obsevation)
Q1 = 88 + 0.75(89 − 88)
Q1 = 88 + 0.75(1) = 88 + 0.75
Q1 = 88.75
 3(n + 1) 
th
And Q3 = value of   observation

 4 
 3(10 + 1) 
th
 4 
th
 33 
 4
Q3 = value of (8.25)th observation
Q3 = value of 8th obsevation + d (value of 9th observation − value of 8th obsevation)
Q3 = 91 + 0.25(92 − 91)
Q3 = 91 + 0.25(1) = 91 + 0.25
Q3 = 91.25
…………………………………………
DECILES:
Deciles are the values which divide an arranged set of data into ten equal parts.
 n +1 
th
i.e. D1 = value of   observation

 10 
 2(n + 1) 
th
D2 = value of   observation
 10 
 3(n + 1) 
th
 10 
------
------
------
 9(n + 1) 
th
 10 
…………………………………………

Example# 38: Find D1, D3, D7 from the following data

89, 91, 89, 88, 89, 91, 87, 92, 90, 98
Solution:
87, 88, 89, 89, 89, 90, 91, 91, 92, 98
 n +1 
th
 10 
 10 + 1 
th
 10 
th
 11 
 10 
D1 = value of (1.1)th observation
D1 = value of 1st obsevation + d (value of 2nd observation − value of 1st obsevation)
D1 = 87 + 0.1(88 − 87)
D1 = 87 + 0.1(1) = 87.1
 3(n + 1) 
th
 10 
 3(10 + 1) 
th
 10 
th
 33 
 10 
D3 = value of 3rd obsevation + d (value of 4th observation − value of 3rd obsevation)
D3 = 89 + 0.3(89 − 89)
D3 = 89 + 0.3(0) = 89
 7(n + 1) 
th
 10 
 7(10 + 1) 
th
 10 
th
 77 
 10 
D7 = value of 7th obsevation + d (value of 8th observation − value of 7th obsevation)
D7 = 91 + 0.7(91 − 91)
D7 = 91 + 0.7(0) = 91
…………………………………………

PERCENTILES:
Percentiles are the values which divide an arranged set of data into hundred equal
parts.
 n +1 
th
i.e. P1 = value of   observation

 100 
 2(n + 1) 
th
P2 = value of   observation
 100 
 3(n + 1) 
th
 100 
------
------
------
 99(n + 1) 
th

 100 
…………………………………………
Example# 39: Find P27, P79, P90 from the following data
89, 91, 89, 88, 89, 91, 87, 92, 90, 98
Solution:
87, 88, 89, 89, 89, 90, 91, 91, 92, 98
 27(n + 1) 
th

 100 
 27(10 + 1) 
th

 100 
th
 297 
 100 
P27 = value of (2.97)th observation
P27 = value of 2nd obsevation + d (value of 3rd observation − value of 2rd obsevation)
P27 = 88 + 0.97(89 − 88)
P27 = 88 + 0.97(1) = 88.97
 79(n + 1) 
th

 100 
 79(10 + 1) 
th

 100 
th
 869 
 100 
P79 = value of ( 8.69 ) observation
th

P79 = value of 8th obsevation + d (value of 9th observation − value of 8th obsevation)
P79 = 91 + 0.69(92 − 91) = 91 + 0.69(1) = 91.69
 90(n + 1) 
th

 100 
 90(10 + 1) 
th

 100 
th
 990 
 100 
P90 = value of ( 9.90 ) observation
th
P90 = value of 9th obsevation + d (value of 10th observation − value of 9th obsevation)
P90 = 92 + 0.90(98 − 92)
P90 = 92 + 0.90(6) = 92 + 5.4
P90 = 97.4
…………………………………………
Note: (i) Median = Q2 = D5 = P50
(ii) Q1 = P25 and Q3 = P75
(iii) D1 = P10 , D2 = P20 , D3 = P30 , ..................., D9 = P90
…………………………………………
Example# 40: Calculate the median, Quartiles, D3, P27 and P79 from each of the following
cases.
(i) 18, 15, 30, 23, 27, 29, 100, 10000, 70
(ii) 3.25, 4.23, 1.57, 2.33, 5.78, 3.45, 4.95, 5.05, 5.55, 4.95
D.Y.S.
…………………………………………
Median, Quartiles, Deciles and Percentiles for Discrete frequency
distribution or for ungrouped frequency distribution
Example# 41: Twenty six plants of cotton are taken and the number of bolls per plant
observed. Find the Median, Quartiles, D3, D7, P39 and P90
Number of bolls 0 1 2 4 5 6 7
Number of plants 5 6 3 6 3 2 1
Solution:
Number of bolls Number of plants Cumulative frequency
X f (c.f.)
0 5 5
1 6 5+6 = 11 Q1 , D3 , P39
2 3 11 + 3 = 14 X
4 6 14+ 6 = 20 D7
5 3 20 + 3 = 23 Q3
6 2 25 P90

7 1 26
 f = n = 26
 n +1 
th
 2 
 26 + 1 
th
 2 
X = 2 bolls
 n +1 
th
 4 
 26 + 1 
th
 4 
Q1 = value of (6.75)th observation = 1 boll
 3(n + 1) 
th
 4 
 3(26 + 1) 
th
 4 
Q3 = value of (20.25)th observation = 5 bolls
 3(n + 1) 
th
 10 
 3(26 + 1) 
th
 10 
D3 = 1 boll
 7(n + 1) 
th
 10 
 7(26 + 1) 
th
 10 
D7 = value of (18.9)th observation = 4 bolls
 39(n + 1) 
th

 100 
 39(26 + 1) 
th

 100 
P39 = value of (10.53)th observation
P39 = 1 boll

 90(n + 1) 
th

 100 
 90(26 + 1) 
th

 100 
P90 = value of ( 24.3) observation = 6 bolls
th
…………………………………………
Example# 42: The following data relate to sizes of shoes sold at a store during a given week.
Find the median of the shoes. Also calculate the Quartiles, the 7th decile and the 64th
percentile. D.Y.S.
1 1 1 1 1
Size of shoes 5 5 6 6 7 7 8 8 9 9
2 2 2 2 2
No. of pairs 2 5 15 30 60 40 23 11 4 1
…………………………………………
THE MEDIAN: (For Grouped Data)
hn 
X =l+  −c
f 2 
Where l = Lower class boundary of the median class.
h = Class interval of the median class.
f = Frequency of the median class.
c = Cumulative frequency (c.f.)preceding the median class.
…………………………………………
QUARTILES: (For Grouped Data)
h n 
Q1 = l +  −c
f 4 
h  3n 
Q3 = l +  − c 
f  4 
…………………………………………
DECILES: (For Grouped Data)
h n 
D1 = l +  −c
f  10 
h  2n 
D2 = l +  − c 
f  10 
h  3n 
D3 = l +  − c 
f  10 
------
------
h  9n 
D9 = l +  − c 
f  10 
…………………………………………
PERCENTILES: (For Grouped Data)
h n 
P1 = l +  −c
f  100 

h  2n 
P2 = l +  −c
f  100 
h  3n 
P3 = l +  −c
f  100 
------
------
h  99n 
P99 = l +  −c
f  100 
…………………………………………
Example# 43: Calculate the Median, Quartiles, 3rd Decile, 7th Decile, 29th Percentile and 86th
Percentile from the following frequency distribution.
Profit (Rs.) 10 – 19 20 – 29 30 – 39 40 – 49 50 – 59 60 – 69 70 – 79
No. of shoes 10 18 20 26 30 28 18
Solution:
C–I f C–B c. f.
10 – 19 10 9.5 – 19.5 10
20 – 29 18 19.5 – 29.5 10 + 18 = 28
30 – 39 20 29.5 – 39.5 28 + 20 = 48 Q1 , D3 , P29
40 – 49 26 39.5 – 49.5 48 + 26 = 74
50 – 59 30 49.5 – 59.5 104 X
60 – 69 28 59.5 – 69.5 132 Q3 , D7 , P86
70 – 79 18 69.5 – 79.5 150
 f = n = 150
hn 
X =l+  −c
f 2 
n 150
= = 75th observation
2 2
Therefore median class is 49.5 – 59.5
l = 49.5, h = 59.5 − 49.5 = 10, f = 30, c = 74
10
X = 49.5 + ( 75 − 74)
30
10 10
X = 49.5 + (1) = 49.5 +
30 30
X = 49.5 + 0.33
X = Rs. 49.83
h n 
Q1 = l +  −c
f 4 
n 150
= = 37.5th observation
4 4
Therefore Q1 class is 29.5 – 39.5
l = 29.5, h = 39.5 − 29.5 = 10, f = 20, c = 28

10
Q1 = 29.5 + ( 37.5 − 28)
20
10 95
Q1 = 29.5 + ( 9.5) = 29.5 +
20 20
Q1 = 29.5 + 4.75 = Rs. 34.25
h  3n 
Q3 = l +  −c
f  4 
3n 3(150)
4 4
Therefore Q3 class is 59.5 – 69.5
l = 59.5, h = 69.5 − 59.5 = 10, f = 28, c = 104
10
Q3 = 59.5 + (112.5 −104 )
28
10 85
Q3 = 59.5 + (8.5) = 59.5 +
28 28
Q3 = 59.5 + 3.04 = Rs. 62.54
h  3n 
D3 = l +  −c
f  10 
3n 3(150)
10 10
Therefore D3 class is 29.5 – 39.5
l = 29.5, h = 39.5 − 29.5 = 10, f = 20, c = 28
10
D3 = 29.5 + ( 45 − 28)
20
10 170
D3 = 29.5 + (17 ) = 29.5 +
20 20
D3 = 29.5 + 8.5 = Rs. 38.0
h  7n 
D7 = l +  −c
f  10 
7n 7(150)
10 10
l = 59.5, h = 69.5 − 59.5 = 10, f = 28, c = 104
10
D7 = 59.5 + (105 −104 )
28
10 10
D7 = 59.5 + (1) = 59.5 +
28 28
D7 = 59.5 + 0.04 = Rs. 59.54
h  29n 
P29 = l +  −c
f  100 

29n 29(150)
100 100
Therefore P29 class is 29.5 – 39.5
l = 29.5, h = 39.5 − 29.5 = 10, f = 20, c = 28
10
P29 = 29.5 + ( 43.5 − 28)
20
10 155
P29 = 29.5 + (15.5) = 29.5 +
20 20
P29 = 29.5 + 7.75 = Rs. 37.25
h  86n 
P86 = l +  −c
f  100 
86n 86(150)
100 100
l = 59.5, h = 69.5 − 59.5 = 10, f = 28, c = 104
10
P86 = 59.5 + (129 −104)
28
10 250
P86 = 59.5 + ( 25) = 59.5 +
28 28
P86 = 59.5 + 8.93 = Rs. 68.43
…………………………………………
Example# 44: Compute Median, 6th Decile and 74th Percentile from the following data;
Classes 0.7312 – 0.7313 0.7314 – 0.7315 0.7316 – 0.7317 0.7318 – 0.7319 0.7320 – 0.7321 0.7322 – 0.7323 0.7324 – 0.7325
Frequency 10 15 20 25 30 8 2
Solution:
C–I f C–B c. f.
0.7312 – 0.7313 10 0.73115 – 0.73135 10
0.7314 – 0.7315 15 0.73135 – 0.73155 25
0.7316 – 0.7317 20 0.73155 – 0.73175 45
0.7318 – 0.7319 25 0.73175 – 0.73195 70
0.7320 – 0.7321 30 0.73195 – 0.73215 100
0.7322 – 0.7323 8 0.73215 – 0.73235 108
0.7324 – 0.7325 2 0.73235 – 0.73255 110
f = n = 110
hn 
X =l+  −c
f 2 
n 110
2 2
l = 0.73175 h = 0.73195 − 0.73175 = 0.0002, f = 25, c = 45

0.0002
X = 0.73175 + (55 − 45)
25
0.0002 0.002
X = 0.73175 + (10) = 0.73175 +
25 25
X = 0.73175 + 0.00008 = 0.73183
h  6n 
D6 = l +  − c 
f  10 
6n 6(110)
10 10
l = 0.73175 h = 0.73195 − 0.73175 = 0.0002, f = 25, c = 45
0.0002
D6 = 0.73175 + ( 66 − 45)
25
0.0002 0.0042
D6 = 0.73175 + ( 21) = 0.73175 +
25 25
X = 0.73175 + 0.000168 = 0.73192
h  74n 
P74 = l +  −c
f  100 
74n 74(110)
100 100
l = 0.73195, h = 0.73215 − 0.73195 = 0.0002, f = 30, c = 70
0.0002
P74 = 0.73195 + (81.4 − 70 )
30
0.0002 0.00228
P74 = 0.73195 + (11.4 ) = 0.73195 +
30 30
P74 = 0.73195 + 0.000076 = 0.73203
…………………………………………
Example# 45: The frequency distribution of a group of persons according to age is given
below;
Age in Years <1 1 – 4 5 – 9 10 – 19 20 – 29 30 – 39 40 - 59 60 – 79
No. of Persons 5 10 11 12 22 18 8 7
Calculate the Mean and the Median ages of the distribution.
Solution:
C–I f X fx C–B c. f.
<1 5 0.5 2.5 <1 5
1–4 10 2.5 25 0.5 – 4.5 15
5–9 11 7 77 4.5 – 9.5 26
10 – 19 12 14.5 174 9.5 – 19.5 38
20 – 29 22 24.5 539 19.5 – 29.5 60
30 – 39 18 34.5 621 29.5 – 39.5 78
40 – 59 8 49.5 396 39.5 – 59.5 86

60 – 79 7 69.5 486.5 59.5 – 79.5 93

 f = n = 93  fx = 2321
 fx 2321
X= = = 25Years
f 93
hn 
X =l+  −c
f 2 
n 93
2 2
l = 19.5 h = 29.5 − 19.5 = 10, f = 22, c = 38
10
( 46.5 − 38)
X = 19.5 +
22
10 85
X = 19.5 + (8.5) = 19.5 +
22 22
X = 19.5 + 3.9 = 23.4 Years
…………………………………………
Example# 46: The given table shows the distribution of the maximum loads in short tons
supported by a certain cable by a company. Determine Median?
Maximum
9.3 – 9.7 9.8 – 10.2 10.3 – 10.7 10.8 – 11.2 11.3 – 11.7 11.8 – 12.2 12.3 – 12.7 12.8 – 13.2
Loads
No. of
2 5 12 17 14 6 3 1
cables
Example# 47: Calculate the median for the following frequency distribution of marks in
Statistics of I.Com class;
Marks 0–5 5 – 10 10 – 20 20 – 30 30 – 35 35 – 40 40 – 45 45 – 50
Frequency 2 5 7 13 21 16 8 3
D.Y.S.
…………………………………………
Merits/Advantages of Median
(i) It is easy to calculate and simple to understand.
(ii) It is an appropriate average in a highly skewed distribution.
(iii) It is not affected by extreme values.
(iv) It can be computed even in open-end frequency distribution.
(v) It is an appropriate average for qualitative data.
Demerits/Disadvantages of Median
(i) It is not clearly defined by mathematical formula.
(ii) It is not based on all the observations.
(iii) It is not capable for further mathematical treatment.
(iv) It is necessary to arrange the data in an array before calculating the median, which is
tedious and time consuming.

…………………………………………
MODE:
Mode is defined as “A value which occurs most frequently in the data set”.
OR
The most common value in the data set is called as Mode.
…………………………………………
Example# 48: Find the mode from the following data;
(i) 10, 12, 10, 13, 14, 10, 20, 10
(ii) 25, 27, 28, 27, 30, 29, 30, 27, 30
(iii) 87, 87, 87, 87, 87
(iv) 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12
Solution:
(i) Mode = X̂ = 10 (Uni-model)
(ii) X̂ = 27 & 30 (Bi-model)
(iii) X̂ = 87
(iv) No mode
…………………………………………
Mode for Discrete frequency distribution or for ungrouped frequency distribution:
Example# 49: Find the mode from the following frequency distribution.
Number of bolls Number of plants

X f
0 5
1 6
2 3
4 8
5 3
6 2
7 1
Solution:
X̂ = A value corresponding to the Maximum frequency
X̂ = 4 bolls
…………………………………………
Example# 50: The following data relate to sizes of shoes sold at a store during a given week.
Find the mode of the shoes.
1 1 1 1 1
Size of shoes 5 5 6 6 7 7 8 8 9 9
2 2 2 2 2
No. of pairs 2 5 15 30 60 40 23 11 4 1
Example# 51: Calculate the Mean, Median and Model numbers of persons per house from
the data
No. of persons per house 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

No. of houses 26 113 120 95 60 42 21 14 5 4
D.Y.S.
MODE: (For Grouped Data)
f m − f1
Xˆ = l + h
( f m − f1 ) + ( f m − f 2 )
Where l = Lower class boundary of the model class.
fm = Maximum frequency.
f1 = Frequency preceding the maximum frequency.
f2 = Frequency following the maximum frequency.
h = Class interval of the model class.
Example# 52: The given table shows the distribution of the maximum loads in short tons
supported by a certain cable by a company. Determine Mode?
Maximum
9.3 – 9.7 9.8 – 10.2 10.3 – 10.7 10.8 – 11.2 11.3 – 11.7 11.8 – 12.2 12.3 – 12.7 12.8 – 13.2
Loads
No. of
2 5 12 17 14 6 3 1
cables
Solution:
C–I f C–B
9.3 – 9.7 2 9.25 – 9.75
9.8 – 10.2 5 9.75 – 10.25
10.3 – 10.7 12 = f1 10.25 – 10.75
10.8 – 11.2 17 = fm 10.75 – 11.25
11.3 – 11.7 14 = f2 11.25 – 11.75
11.8 – 12.2 6 11.75 – 12.25
12.3 – 12.7 3 12.25 – 12.75
12.8 – 13.2 1 12.75 – 13.25
f m − f1
Xˆ = l + h
( f m − f1 ) + ( f m − f2 )
Model class is 10.75 – 11.25, because it has maximum frequency
l = 10.75, f m = 17, f1 = 12, f 2 = 14, h = 11.25 − 10.75 = 0.5
17 − 12
Xˆ = 10.75 +  0.5
(17 − 12) + (17 − 14)
5 2.5
Xˆ = 10.75 +  0.5  Xˆ = 10.75 +
5+3 8
Xˆ = 10.75 + 0.31 = 11.06
…………………………………………
Example# 53: Find the Median and Mode from the data given below about the ages in a
locality.

Ages (in years) 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

Frequency 3 61 132 158 140 51 2
Solution:
Ages (in years)
f C–B c.f.
X
20 3 15 – 25 3
30 61 25 – 35 64
40 132 35 – 45 196
50 158 45 – 55 345
60 140 55 – 65 494
70 51 65 – 75 545
80 2 75 – 85 547
 f = n = 547
hn 
X =l+  −c
f 2 
n 547
2 2
Therefore median class is 45 – 55
l = 45 h = 55 − 455 = 10, f = 158, c = 196
10
X = 45 + ( 273.5 −196)
158
10 775
X = 45 + ( 77.5) = 45 +
158 158
X = 45 + 0.5 = 45.5 Years
f m − f1
Xˆ = l + h
( f m − f1 ) + ( f m − f 2 )
Model class is 45 – 55, because it has maximum frequency
l = 45, f m = 158, f1 = 132, f 2 = 140, h = 55 − 45 = 10
158 − 132
Xˆ = 45 + 10
(158 − 132) + (158 − 140)
26
Xˆ = 45 + 10
26 + 18
26
Xˆ = 45 + 10
44
260
Xˆ = 45 + = 45 + 5.9
44
Xˆ = 50.9 Years
…………………………………………

Example# 54: The yields of grain (x lb.) from 500 small plots are grouped in classes with a
common class interval (0.2 lb.) in the table below. Find the Mean, Median, Quartiles and
Mode.
x 2.8 3.0 3.2 3.4 3.6 3.8 4.0 4.2 4.4 4.6 4.8 5.0 5.2
f 4 15 20 47 63 78 88 69 59 35 10 8 4
Example# 55: Calculate the Mode for the following frequency distribution of marks in
Statistics of I.Com class;
Marks 0–5 5 – 10 10 – 20 20 – 30 30 – 35 35 – 40 40 – 45 45 – 50
Frequency 2 5 7 13 21 16 8 3
Example# 56: The weights of the 40 male students at a university are given in the following
frequency table;
Weight 118 – 126 127 – 135 136 – 144 145 – 153 154 – 162 163 – 171 172 – 180
Frequency 3 5 9 12 5 4 2
D.Y.S.
Example# 57: Calculate the Mode from each of the following cases.
(i) 18, 15, 30, 27, 18, 29, 18, 25, 30, 18
(ii) 3.25, 3.37, 3.93, 3.37, 3.25, 3.44, 3.45, 3.25, 3.37
(iii) 95, 63, 96, 93, 99, 70, 78, 71, 80, 59
(v) 45, 43, 45, 43, 45, 43, 45, 43
D.Y.S
…………………………………………
Example# 58: Following data indicate daily income of small industrial unit.
Income (Rs.) 118 – 126 127 – 135 136 – 144 145 – 153 154 – 162
No. of
3 5 12 6 4
workers
Calculate Arithmetic mean, Median and Mode. D.Y.S.
…………………………………………
Merits/Advantages of Mode
(i) It is easy to calculate and simple to understand.
(ii) It can be located simply by inspection in ungrouped data and in discrete frequency
distribution
(iii) It is not affected by extreme values.
(iv) It can be computed even in open-end frequency distribution.
(v) It can be determined for both the quantitative and qualitative data.
Demerits/Disadvantages of Mode
(i) It is not clearly defined by mathematical formula.
(ii) It is not based on all the values.
(iii) It is not capable for further mathematical treatment.
(iv) Sometime a distribution has no mode or it may has more than one mode.

(v) When a distribution consists of small number of values, the mode may not exist.
…………………………………………
SYMMETRICAL DISTRIBUTION:
A distribution in which the
values are equidistant from the
mean is called as symmetrical
distribution.
In a symmetrical distribution; Mean
Median
Mean = Median = Mode Mode
SKEWNESS:
Lack of symmetry is called as skewness. There are two types of Skewness.
(i) Positive Skewness:

If the right tail of the
distribution is longer than its left
tail, the distribution is said to have
positive skewness.
In a positively skewed
distribution;
Mean > Median > Mode
(ii) Negative Skewness:
If the left tail of the
distribution is longer than its right
tail, the distribution is said to have
negative skewness.
In a negatively skewed
distribution;
Mean < Median < Mode
…………………………………………
EMPIRICAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN MEAN, MEDIAN AND
MODE:
For uni-modal frequency curves which are moderately skewed (asymmetrical), we
have the following empirical relation
Mode = 3Median − 2Mean
…………………………………………
Example# 59:
In a moderately skewed distribution;
(i) Mean = 156.17, Median = 153.5, Fine Mode?
(ii) Mean = 40.5, Mode = 27, Find Median?

(iii) Median = 56, Mode = 80, Find Mean?

Solution:
(i) Given; Mean = 156.17, Median = 153.5
As we know that
Mode = 3 (153.5 ) – 2 (156.17 )
Mode = 460.5 – 312.34 = 148.1

(ii) Given; Mean = 40.5, Mode = 27
As we know that
27 = 3 Median – 2 ( 40.5 )  27 = 3 Median – 81
27 + 81 = 3 Median  108 = 3 Median

108
Median = = 36
3
(iii) Given; Median = 56, Mode = 80
As we know that
80 = 3 ( 56 ) – 2 Mean  80 = 168 – 2 Mean
80 – 168 = – 2 Mean  – 88 = – 2 Mean
−88
Mean = = 44
−2
…………………………………………
Example# 60: If for any frequency distribution the Mean is 45 and the Median is 30. Find
Mode approximately, using formula connecting the three.
Solution: Given Mean = 45, Median = 30
Mode = ?
As we know that
Mode = 3(30) − 2(45)
Mode = 90 − 90 = 0
…………………………………………
THE BOX AND WHISKER PLOT:
The Box and Whisker plot is based on the Minimum value, Q1, Median, Q3 and
the maximum value i.e. Box plots show the five number summary of a data set.
A Box plot is constructed by drawing a rectangle with the ends (called the hinges)
drawn at the lower and upper quartiles. The median of the data is shown inside the box by a

vertical line. The straight lines (called the Whiskers) are drawn from each hinge to the most
extreme observations.
It is helpful and effective for comparing the two or more data sets by using the
following criteria;
(i) When the median is in the middle
of the box, and the Whiskers are
about the same on both sides of
the box, then the distribution is
symmetrical.
(ii) When the median is in the middle
of the box, and the Whiskers are
about the same on both sides of
the box, then the distribution is
symmetrical.
(iii) When the median is closer to the
Q3, and if the Whisker is shorter
on the upper end of the box, then
the distribution is negatively
skewed.
OUTLIERS:
An outlier is an observation that is numerically distant from the rest of the data.
In Box plot, an outlier is defined as a data point that is located outside the Whiskers of the
plot.
The observation (s) is considered as outlier which is below the (Q1 - 1.5IQR) and
above the (Q3 +1.5IQR), where IQR (Interquartile range) = Q3 - Q1
…………………………………………

UNIT 3 Measures of Location

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UNIT 3 Measures of Location

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ELEMENTARY STATISTICS 32

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Maximum Loads Mid Points OR Class Marks

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English Urdu Math Stat Physics

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Example# 16 Using the following the data;

Therefore ( X − X )2  ( X − a)2 proved; where a= 10.

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(iii) In case of open-end frequency distribution, mean cannot be calculated without

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THE HARMONIC MEAN:

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i.e. X = value of   observation

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X = value of 5th obsevation + d (value of 6th observation − value of 5th obsevation)

i.e. Q1 = value of   observation

Q2 = value of   observation = value of   observation = Median

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87, 88, 89, 89, 89, 90, 91, 91, 92, 98

And Q3 = value of   observation

i.e. D1 = value of   observation

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Example# 38: Find D1, D3, D7 from the following data

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i.e. P1 = value of   observation

P99 = value of   observation

P27 = value of   observation

P27 = value of   observation

P79 = value of   observation

P79 = value of   observation

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P90 = value of   observation

P90 = value of   observation

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P39 = value of   observation

P39 = value of   observation

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P90 = value of   observation

P90 = value of   observation

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60 – 79 7 69.5 486.5 59.5 – 79.5 93

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Number of bolls Number of plants

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No. of houses 26 113 120 95 60 42 21 14 5 4

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Ages (in years) 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

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(i) Positive Skewness:

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