Design of Tension Members

Welded Bolted
Double Single Double Single
1- Stiffness condition
𝐿
𝜆 = 𝑖 ≤ 300 𝐿 𝐿 𝐿 𝐿
𝑎(𝑐𝑚) ≥ 𝑎(𝑐𝑚) ≥ 𝑎(𝑐𝑚) ≥ 𝑎(𝑐𝑚) ≥
0.3 ∗ 300 0.2 ∗ 300 0.3 ∗ 300 0.2 ∗ 300
𝐿 𝑖𝑛 𝑐𝑚
2- Construction condition Not required Not required 𝑎 − 𝑡 ≥ 3𝜙 𝑎 − 𝑡 ≥ 3𝜙

3- 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑞 𝑐𝑚2 = 𝐾∗𝑓

𝐹 𝐹 𝐹 𝐹 𝐹
𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑡 ≈ ≈ ≈ ≈
2 ∗ 1.4 0.7 ∗ 1.4 2 ∗ 0.85 ∗ 1.4 0.7 ∗ 0.85 ∗ 1.4
4- Choose suitable section from tables, L a(mm)*t(mm), satisfying condition 1 & 2 Ag=.....cm2

5- Checks stresses:

𝐴𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 2 𝐴𝑔 𝑎 2 𝐴𝑔 − 𝜙 + 0.2 𝑡 𝑎
𝐴𝑔 − 𝑡 𝐴𝑔 − 𝑡 − (𝜙 + 0.2)𝑡
2 2
𝐹
𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡 = ≤ 𝑓𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑡
𝐴𝑛𝑒𝑡

Where:

1- 𝐿 = 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡𝑕 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑒𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑖𝑛 𝑐𝑚. & 𝐹 = 𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑜𝑛 𝑚𝑒𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑖𝑛 𝑡𝑜𝑛.

2- 𝐴𝑔 = 𝐺𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 (𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑡𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒).
3- ∅ = 𝐵𝑜𝑙𝑡 𝐷𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑖𝑛 𝑐𝑚.
4- 𝐴𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 𝑁𝑒𝑡 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎(𝐴𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎).
5- 𝑓𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑡 = 𝐴𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑙𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑠 ( 𝐹𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑡𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑎𝑐𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡𝑜 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑒).
6- 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡 = 𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑠 𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑜𝑛 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛.
7- 𝐾 = 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑤𝑕𝑖𝑐𝑕 𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑠 𝑜𝑛 𝑑𝑜𝑢𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑟 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒; 𝑏𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑜𝑟 𝑤𝑒𝑙𝑑𝑒𝑑.
 Assignment (2)
Model Answer
Problem (1):

Design the diagonal tension member (member K) once with welded connections & redesign it with bolted
connections.

Solution
-Design force F = 28.28 ton. (From Table 1)
- Member length = 2.52 + (2.52 ) = 3.54m. (From Figure 1)
-Bolt diameter 22mm. (Given)
- St. 44. (Given)
1st with welded connections
∵ 𝐷𝑖𝑎𝑔𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑚𝑒𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 ⟹ 𝑈𝑠𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 ⟹ 𝑖 = 0.2 𝑎

1- Stiffness condition:
𝐿
𝜆= ≤ 300
𝑖
354
𝑎 𝑐𝑚 ≥ ; 𝑎 ≥ 5.9 𝑐𝑚.
0.2 ∗ 300

2- Construction condition:
Not required

3- Strength condition:
𝑠𝑡44 ⟹ 𝑓𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑡 = 1.6 𝑡 𝑐𝑚2
𝐹 28.28
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑞 = = = 25.25 𝑐𝑚2
0.7 ∗ 𝑓𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑡 0.7 ∗ 1.6
 4- Choose suitable section from tables, L 120(mm)*11(mm), Ag = 25.4 cm2

5- Check stiffness condition:

𝑎 = 12 𝑐𝑚 ≥ 5.9 𝑐𝑚 ∴ 𝑆𝑎𝑓𝑒.

6- Checks stresses
𝑎 12
𝐴𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 𝐴𝑔 − 𝑡 = 25.4 − ( ∗ 1.1) = 18.8 𝑐𝑚2
2 2

𝐹 28.28
𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡 = = = 1.5 𝑡 𝑐𝑚2 < 𝑓𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑡 = 1.6 𝑡 𝑐𝑚2 ∴ 𝑠𝑎𝑓𝑒.
𝐴𝑛𝑒𝑡 18.8

2nd with bolted connections

∵ 𝐷𝑖𝑎𝑔𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑚𝑒𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 ⟹ 𝑈𝑠𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 ⟹ 𝑖 = 0.2 𝑎

1- Stiffness condition:

𝐿
𝜆= ≤ 300
𝑖
354
𝑎 𝑐𝑚 ≥ ; 𝑎 ≥ 5.9 𝑐𝑚.
0.2 ∗ 300
2- Construction condition:
𝑎 − 𝑡 ≥ 3𝜙 ⟹ 𝑎 − 𝑡 ≥ 3 2.2 ∴ 𝑎 − 𝑡 ≥ 6.6 𝑐𝑚.

3- Strength condition:
𝑠𝑡44 ⟹ 𝑓𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑡 = 1.6 𝑡 𝑐𝑚2
𝐹 28.28
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑞 = = = 29.7 𝑐𝑚2
0.7 ∗ 0.85 ∗ 𝑓𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑡 0.7 ∗ 0.85 ∗ 1.6
 4- Choose suitable section from tables, L 130(mm)*12(mm), Ag = 30 cm2

5- Check stiffness condition:

𝑎 = 13 𝑐𝑚 ≥ 5.9 𝑐𝑚 ∴ 𝑆𝑎𝑓𝑒.

6- Checks construction condition :

13 − 1.2 = 11.8 𝑐𝑚 > 6.6 𝑐𝑚 ∴ 𝑆𝑎𝑓𝑒.

7- Checks stresses:

𝑎 13
𝐴𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 𝐴𝑔 − 𝑡 − 𝜙 + 0.2 𝑡 = 30 − ( ∗ 1.2) − [ 2.2 + 0.2 1.2 ] = 19.32 𝑐𝑚2
2 2

𝐹 28.28
𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡 = = = 1.46 𝑡 𝑐𝑚2 < 𝑓𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑡 = 1.6 𝑡 𝑐𝑚2 ∴ 𝑠𝑎𝑓𝑒.
𝐴𝑛𝑒𝑡 19.32

Problem (2):

Design the lower chord tension member (member Q) once with welded connections & redesign it with bolted
connections.

Solution
-Design force F = 96 ton. (From Table 1)
- Member length is 2.5m. (From Figure 1)
-Bolt diameter 22mm. (Given)
- St. 44. (Given)
 1st with welded connections
∵ 𝐿𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑐𝑕𝑜𝑟𝑑 ⟹ 𝑈𝑠𝑒 𝑑𝑜𝑢𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒𝑠 ⟹ 𝑖 = 0.3𝑎

1- Stiffness condition:
𝐿
𝜆= ≤ 300
𝑖
250
𝑎 𝑐𝑚 ≥ ; 𝑎 ≥ 2.78 𝑐𝑚.
0.3 ∗ 300

2- Construction condition:
Not required

3- Strength condition:
𝑠𝑡44 ⟹ 𝑓𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑡 = 1.6 𝑡 𝑐𝑚2
𝐹 96
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑞 = = = 30 𝑐𝑚2
2 ∗ 𝑓𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑡 2 ∗ 1.6

4- Choose suitable section from tables, L 130(mm)*14(mm), Ag= 34.7 cm2

5- Check stiffness condition:

𝑎 = 13 𝑐𝑚 ≥ 2.78 𝑐𝑚 ∴ 𝑆𝑎𝑓𝑒.

6- Checks stresses
𝐴𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 2 ∗ 𝐴𝑔 = 2 ∗ 34.7 = 69.4 𝑐𝑚2

𝐹 96
𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡 = = = 1.38 𝑡 𝑐𝑚2 < 𝑓𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑡 = 1.6 𝑡 𝑐𝑚2 ∴ 𝑠𝑎𝑓𝑒.
𝐴𝑛𝑒𝑡 69.4
 2nd with bolted connections
∵ 𝐿𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑐𝑕𝑜𝑟𝑑 ⟹ 𝑈𝑠𝑒 𝑑𝑜𝑢𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 ⟹ 𝑖 = 0.3𝑎

1- Stiffness condition:
𝐿
𝜆= ≤ 300
𝑖
250
𝑎 𝑐𝑚 ≥ ; 𝑎 ≥ 2.78 𝑐𝑚.
0.3 ∗ 300

2- Construction condition:
𝑎 − 𝑡 ≥ 3𝜙 ⟹ 𝑎 − 𝑡 ≥ 33 2.2 ∴ 𝑎 − 𝑡 ≥ 6.6 𝑐𝑚.

3- Strength condition:
𝑠𝑡44 ⟹ 𝑓𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑡 = 1.6 𝑡 𝑐𝑚2
𝐹 96
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑞 = = = 35.3 𝑐𝑚2
2 ∗ 0.85 ∗ 𝑓𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑡 2 ∗ 0.85 ∗ 1.6

4- Choose suitable section from tables, L 140(mm)*15(mm), Ag = 40 cm2

5- Check stiffness condition:

𝑎 = 14 𝑐𝑚 ≥ 2.78 𝑐𝑚 ∴ 𝑆𝑎𝑓𝑒.

6- Checks construction :
14 − 1.5 = 12.5 𝑐𝑚 > 6.6 𝑐𝑚 ∴ 𝑆𝑎𝑓𝑒.
7- Checks stresses:

𝐴𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 2 ∗ 𝐴𝑔 − 𝜙 + 0.2 𝑡 = 2 ∗ [40 − 2.2 + 0.2 1.5 ] = 72.8 𝑐𝑚2

𝐹 96
𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡 = = = 1.32 𝑡 𝑐𝑚2 < 𝑓𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑡 = 1.6 𝑡 𝑐𝑚2 ∴ 𝑠𝑎𝑓𝑒.
𝐴𝑛𝑒𝑡 72.8