1st Semester
A.Y. 2023-2024 ACA EAPP • Academic texts follow an established structure which
Text
• Defined in linguistics as “a stretch of language which is
perceived as a purposeful connected whole.”
• Spoken or written
• Produced by one person or more
• Created by text-internal cohesion and text-external
coherence
• A text is not a grammatic unit, “but a product of
communication or piece of language whose shape is
motivated by its semantic purposes and pragmatic roles”
(Collins & Hollo, 2000)
• Can be classified into academic and non-academic
ACADEMIC TEXT
• A product of communication or written language that
provides information, which contain ideas and concepts
that are related to the particular academic courses or
discipline.
• Can be essay, articles, conference papers, report, reviews,
and theses/dissertations.
• Characteristics of academic text:
a. Has clearly structured introduction-body-
conclusion
b. Formal
c. Includes information from credible sources which
are properly cited
d. Includes a list of references
• Critical, objective, specialized text written by an expert or
professional in a specific field using formal language,
empirical evidence
• (Collins and Hollo, 2000) Some linguist use the term text
interchangeably with discourse (spoken or written
communication about a particular topic).
Text-internal cohesion
• Unity or oneness or connectedness of ideas
• Inside factor
• Use of transitional signals
Text-external coherence
• Interrelatedness of ideas, consistency, and systematic
• Outside factors
STRUCTURES OF ACADEMIC TEXT
refers to the internal organization of a text which is
called Text Structure
• Minor grammatical units: words, phrases, clauses, and
sentences
• Major grammatical units: paragraphs and compositions
• Paragraph- set of related sentences having only one idea
embodies in a topic sentence.
• Topic sentence- thesis/main idea
• Supporting sentence- develops or supports the
thesis/main idea of a paragraph.
A. PATTERNS OF PARAGRAPH DEVELOPMENT
1. Deductive Pattern- topic sentence is stated in the
beginning.
2. Inductive Pattern- topic sentence is stated in the
end.
3. Deductive-Inductive Pattern- topic sentence is
stated in the beginning and restated in the end.
4. Inductive-Deductive Pattern- topic sentence is
stated in the middle.
5. Hinted Pattern- topic sentence is not stated, but
implied.
B. CLASSIFICATIONS OF PARAGRAPH
1. Independent Paragraph- paragraph that stand on its
own; serves as a composition perse, having a thesis
of its own (ex: fable & parable)
2. Introductory Paragraph- paragraph that introduces
the thesis/main idea; also called as first, opening,
starting, or beginning par.
3. Developmental Paragraph-paragraph that supports
the thesis or entire composition; also called
developing or supporting par.
4. Transitional Paragraph- connects two or more
paragraph; also called connecting, linking, or joining
paragraph.
5. Concluding Paragraph- serves to end the entire
composition; also called closing, ending, finishing, or
last par.
ACADEMIC TEXT AS ENTIRE COMPOSITION
• Most academic texts exhibit the IBC format
(Introduction-Body-Conclusion). However, texts of a
technical nature exhibit the ABC format (Abstract-Body-
Conclusion) (Pfeiffer, 1998)
• A- Abstract; short introduction
• B- Body; longest part
• C- Conclusion; ending
• ABC or IBC format can be translated to PVR (Preview-
View-Review) format.
 RHETORICAL PATTERNS USED IN ACADEMIC WRITING c. Journalese

Descriptive Writing • language of journalists; terms used in the field of

journalism/reporting
• Most basic type of all types of academic writing • Ex: yellow reporting, lead, banner
• Explains a topic/issue by clarifying and giving
information through description d. Commercialese/Mercantilese
• Done by means of identifying, explaining, reporting,
• Language of businessmen; terms used in the field of
recording, and summarizing
commerce and industry
• Ex: abstracts, research articles
• Ex: expenditure, revenue, collateral
Analytical Writing
e. Technicalese
• Involve not just describing and defining the topic, but
• Language of technocrats; terms used in the field of
rearranging the facts in logical sequence
science and technology
• Classifies information clearly and logically
• Ex: kinetic energy, electron, solar energy
Persuasive Writing
f. Diplomatese
• Requires to convince the readers
• Language of diplomats; terms used in the field of
• Persuasive elements are usually found in the
foreign service
introduction and conclusion of the paper
• Ex: state visit, courtesy call, immigration
Critical Writing
g. Teacherese
• Requires to evaluate, assess, debate, critique, disagree,
• Language of teachers; terms used in the field of
and consider
education
• Ex: reaction papers, reflection papers, book reviews
• Ex: teaching strategy, classroom performance,
assessment
JARGON
h. Motherese
Academic language • Language of mothers; terms used in parenting
• Represents the language demands of school • Ex: baby talk, baby sitter, breast feeding
(academics) i. Telegraphese
Academic vocabulary
• Language of texters; terms used in telegraphy/texting
• Used in all academic disciplines to teach about the • Ex: ur, imy, ty
content of the discipline
j. Computerese
Academic structure
• Language of computer specialists; terms used in
• Includes the established ways of organizing writing in a information technology
discipline • Ex: kilobyte, cybercrime, debugging

Jargon

• Language of a certain profession or occupation

• Following are the different kinds of Jargon:
a. Medicalese
• Language of doctors; terms used in the
field of medicine
• Ex: scoliosis, vasectomy, leukemia
b. Legalese
• Language of lawyers; terms used in the
field of law
• Ex: penology, defendant, criminologist