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CAESAR II STATIC ANALYSIS LEVEL 2

INTRODUCTION ON PIPE STRESS VERIFICATION

USING CAESAR II

01 YD KR ABD
NAME VISA NAME VISA NAME VISA
REV DATE Designation
Prepared Checked Approved

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Revision Report :

Revision N° Revision Description

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INEDX
I. INTRODUCTION................................................................................................................................................... 4

1.1. Introduction to Pipe Stress Analysis...........................................................................................................................4

1.2. Introduction to Pipe Stress Analysis...........................................................................................................................4

1.3. Introduction to CAESAR II........................................................................................................................................4

II. SCOPE.................................................................................................................................................................. 4
III. FLEXIBILITY CHECKING LEVEL DEFINITION............................................................................................................. 4
IV. CAESAR II INTERFACE – MAIN MENU.................................................................................................................... 5

4.1 Main Menu..................................................................................................................................................................5

4.2 File Menu.................................................................................................................................................................... 5

4.2.1 File – New....................................................................................................................................................................5

4.2.2 File – Open.................................................................................................................................................................. 5

4.3 Interaction Between Caesar II and External interfaces (PDMS, CAD works, CADPIPE, LIQT.)...........................6

4.3.1 Conversion File .Cii to File .C2..................................................................................................................................7

4.3.2 Convert Listing to Data matrix....................................................................................................................................9

4.3.3 Convert data matrix to file.c2....................................................................................................................................13

V. CHANGE THE MODEL UNIT................................................................................................................................. 18
VI. INTERACTION BETWEEN CAESAR II AND OTHER DEPARTMENT...........................................................................19
VII. PIPING INPUT..................................................................................................................................................... 19

7.1 Bend........................................................................................................................................................................... 23

7.2 Rigid........................................................................................................................................................................... 24

7.3 Restraints................................................................................................................................................................... 25
VIII. MODELING OF PUMP (SAME THING FOR A TANK ).............................................................................................. 29
IX. HOW TO CORRECT BENDS IN PIPELINES.............................................................................................................. 30
X. OVERVIEW OF “PIPING EXPANSION LOOP” ON THE PIPING SYSTEM...................................................................41

10.1 Types of Piping Expansion Loops.............................................................................................................................41

10.2 Requirements of Multiple Expansion Loops.............................................................................................................42

10.3 Method for Sizing Pipeway Expansion Loops..........................................................................................................43

XI. UNDERGROUND PIPE MODELER......................................................................................................................... 44
XII. STATIC ANALYSIS............................................................................................................................................... 46

12.1 Run Check................................................................................................................................................................. 46

12.2 Load Case Editor.......................................................................................................................................................47

12.2.1 Notations Used for Load Cases in Caesar II....................................................................................................48

12.2.2 Basic Load Cases for Caesar II Pipe Stress Analysis:.....................................................................................48

12.2.3 Better Engineering Practices for Stress Analysis.............................................................................................52

12.3 Output Processor.......................................................................................................................................................53

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I. INTRODUCTION
1.1. Introduction to Pipe Stress Analysis
In order to properly design a piping system, the technician must understand both a system behavior under potential
loading as well as the regulatory requirements imposed upon it by governing codes.
System behavior can be quantified through the aggregate values of numerous physical parameter like acceleration,
velocities, displacements, internal forces and moments, stress, and external reaction developed, under applied
loads.
Allowable values for each of them are set after review of appropriate failure criteria for the system.
1.2. Introduction to Pipe Stress Analysis
The objective of a piping stress analysis is to obtain a safe and economical piping layout whilst ensuring that the
following areas have been considered:
- In order to keep stress in the Pipe & Fittings within code allowable levels
- In order to keep nozzles loading on attached equipment within allowable of manufactures or recognized
standard (NEMA SM 223, API 610, API 617).
- In order to calculate design loads for sizing supports and restraints
- In order to determinate piping displacement for interference checks.
- In order to help optimize piping design

1.3. Introduction to CAESAR II

CAESAR II is the industry standard for pipe stress analysis, that helps build, assess and report on piping systems of
any size or complexity in accordance with more than 35 international piping code standards and many
environmental and equipment guidelines.

II. SCOPE
This manual provides simple instructions for designers to perform only stress analysis level 2 using CAESAR II
software
III. FLEXIBILITY CHECKING LEVEL DEFINITION
Piping systems stress can be analyzed by approximate, simplified, or detailed calculation methods according to the
following Flexibility Check Levels definition:

Level 1 Visual inspection Inherently flexible pipe work not connected to equipment and
not subjected to severe process conditions or high deflections
Level 2 Simplified analysis Analysis based on a short-cut, simplified calculation
performed by using a computer program: Caesar II.
Level 3 (*) Detailed Analysis Analysis based on a detailed calculation performed by using a
computer program: Caesar II.

Note (*):
Line criticality level should be established by the stress engineer
Level 3 analysis must be done by the stress engineer
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IV. CAESAR II INTERFACE – MAIN MENU

IV.1 Main Menu

Start by double-
clicking on icon

IV.2 File Menu

File menu is used

to : start a new
job, open a file of
specific job, and
exit

IV.2.1 File – New

Enter the name of New Job :

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IV.2.2 File – Open

To select a job file name

IV.3 Interaction Between Caesar II and External interfaces (PDMS, CAD works, CADPIPE,
LIQT.)
External interfaces allow data transfer between CAESAR II and other software applications. In most cases, data
transfer is from a drawing or analysis package to CAESAR II. However:
- CAD interfaces (CADPIPE, Intergraph Smart 3D PCF, Intergraph PDS, and PCF) are intended to transfer
piping geometry into CAESAR II. The resulting CAESAR II input must be thoroughly checked, with
loads, restraints, and other specifics added.
- CAESAR II Neutral File from PDMS transfers both to and from CAESAR II.
- Intergraph CAD Works Plant is the Intergraph CAS piping design and drafting software for the AutoCAD
environment. It provides a seamless, bi-directional interface between CAD Works and CAESAR II without
a translation procedure. Data may be completely and seamlessly transferred between CAESAR II and
Intergraph CAD Works Plant, without creating any neutral files or going through any intermediate steps.
- The CAESAR II Neutral File and the Intergraph CAD Works Plant interfaces are capable of transferring
100% of the data that comprises the _A (input) file.
- The interfaces typically prompt you for a file name, transfer the data, and then prompt for another file
name. This cycle continues either until a blank file name is encountered or you cancel the process.
- Before beginning an interface to CAESAR II, follow the requirements of the CAESAR II Neutral File
interface. This enables all of the spreadsheet data to be transferred.
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IV.3.1 Conversion File .Cii to File .C2

Step 1:

Step 2:

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Step 3 :

Step 4 :

Step 5 :

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Step 6 :

IV.3.2 Convert Listing to Data matrix

Step 1 :

Open the listing

File then Select
and copy all the
coordinates

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Step 2: Open the DATAMATRIX Converter

1-Specifiy the diameter of the

pipeline
2-Specifiy the thickness of the
pipeline
Step 3:
3-Go to sheet 2

Paste all the

coordinates here

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Step 4:

Step 5:
Replace all , by .

1)Note the index of the last line

2)Go back to “GENERAL INPUTS”

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Step 6:

1)Enter the index of the last line

1)Go to sheet 1

Step 7:
2) Click on “ Create Data Matrix Input to
Import in to CAESAR II

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1)Clear all the table
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Follow this path to find

the generated file

IV.3.3 Convert data matrix to file.c2

Step 1 : Open CAESAR then go to interfaces and click on CAESAR II Data
Matrix

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Step 2 :

Change the value from 1

to 10

1
2
3

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Step 3 : Go to home and open the file

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Step 4 :

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2 Check the units must be

in inch if not repeat
from step 1

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V. CHANGE THE MODEL UNIT

Step 1 :

Step 2 :

VI. INTERACTION BETWEEN CAESAR II AND OTHER DEPARTMENT

Select EPPM.FIL
Designer:
Process department: - 3D model
-Process Equipment list
1
-File .cii , File.C2 , File.PCF…
-Process Line List
2
Mechanical department: 3
-Piping Specification

-Thermal Insulation Specification

4
-Equipment Data Sheet

- Critical Line List

Input Converter to .C2

(Ø ,Td,Pd,P,material,corrosion,
thickness, density, code …)

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Output (Design modification, Supports,…)

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VII. PIPING INPUT

In this section, after the generation of the file.C2 (from neutral file or from listing file), We will start to prepare or
to check the model, to visualize click on Piping input

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Enter or verify the pipe diameter and wall thickness, along with the densities and corrosion allowance.

then we shall fill the pipe properties. We need to know the material properties to carry out the analysis. Select the
material from the list of materials.
Selecting the material will fill in the Elastic modulus and Poisson Ratio and various material allowable under the
allowable strss area, depending on the design code selected.
To define a restraint you must specifiy a minimum of the node that the restraint will be attched to, plus the type of
restraint. Press F1 for more information on the different restraint types.
To apply a displacement, double click the Displacements check box to apply a displacement

Leave the remaining rows empty-do not specify 0. Specifying 0 fixes the node in the specified direction.
Entering 0 in each row, would be the same as an anchor. Leaving the values blank leaves the remaining
directions free.

Finally, to complete the analysis we must specify or check the design temperature and pressure.

Displays the selected input data, such as for Allowable, Bends, and Elements, in a grid. You can edit, delete, or
modify data in the lists. The list dialog boxes display as a row of tabs at the bottom of the piping input. These tabs
specify the list options that you can access.

When you select a tab, a grid of input data displays. You can access all input data through the various list dialog
boxes.

The following shows an example of an Elements list dialog box.

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If you edit input data on a list dialog box, the software also updates values in the Classic Piping Input dialog box.
The software indicates values that carry forward on the Classic Piping Input dialog box by displaying the value in
red if there is a change to the data value. In the example shown above, the PIPE OD value changes from 8.6250
inch to 6.6250 inch on the element From Node 30 to To Node 50. The software displays the first element in the list
with the new value in red. Elements 2 through 3 inherit the value of element 1 automatically. The value of PIPE
OD does not change until you enter a new value for element 4. All elements below element 4 inherit that value
unless a new value is entered.

VII.1 Bend

Double-click Bend if the active element ends in a bend, elbow or mitered joint. This displays the auxiliary panel on
the right side of the screen. CAESAR II usually assigns three nodes to a bend to define the near, mid, and far nodes
on the bend.

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VII.2 Rigid

Double-click Rigid if the active element is much stiffer than the connecting pipe, such as a flange or valve. This
displays the auxiliary panel to collect the component weight. For more information, see Rigid.
For rigid elements, CAESAR II follows these rules:
When the rigid element weight is defined as a value other than zero, CAESAR II computes any extra weight due to
insulation and contained fluid. The software then adds that value to the defined weight value.
The weight of fluid added to a non-zero weight rigid element is equal to the same weight that would be computed
for an equivalent straight pipe. The weight of insulation added is equal to the same weight that would be computed
for an equivalent straight pipe multiplied by 1.75.
If the weight of a rigid element is zero or blank, CAESAR II assumes that the element is an artificial construction
element rather than an actual piping element. In this case, the software does not calculate an insulation or fluid
weight for that element.
The stiffness of the rigid element is relative to the diameter wall thickness. Make sure that the diameter on a rigid
element indicates the rigid stiffness to generate.

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VII.3 Restraints

Related commands:

Right-click menu: Restraint > Delete Restraint

Right-click menu: Restraint > Edit Restraint

Indicates that you are specifying restraint data. Select or clear this option by double-clicking the Restraints check
box on the Classic Piping Input.

The Restraints tab of the auxiliary panel controls data for up to six restraints for each element. Node number and
restraint types are required. All other information is optional. If you omit the stiffness, the software defaults the
support to a rigid component. Enter a support tag name in the Tag field. You can also import support tag and a
Support GUID using keywords in the PCF restraint mapping file. CAESAR II adds the support tag after you import
the PCF file.

You can specify as many as six restraints for an element. If you need to specify more than six restraints on one
element, you can place the additional restraints on any other element.

Restraint Type Description Example

ANC Anchor
Modifiers:

 Stiffness
 Gap
 Mu

The anchor is at the center of the pipe for a rigid

stanchion. Otherwise, the anchor is at the base of
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the stanchion.

X, Y, or Z Translational Double Acting X support

Modifiers:

 Stiffness
 Gap
 Mu

+X, -X, +Y, -Y, Translational Directional +Y support with slide plates
+Z, -Z Modifiers: Allows movement in the positive Y direction and
restrains movement in the negative Y direction.
 Stiffness
 Gap
 Mu

The plus or minus sign (+/-) on the

restraint specifies the direction of free
movement.

RX, RY, or RZ Rotational Double Acting 1) RZ, X, and Y

Modifiers:

 Stiffness
 Gap

2) RX, RY, X, and Y. Hinged-end rod free to rotate

about the Z-axis. Restrains all except RZ.

+RX, -RX, +RY, Rotational Directional +RZ, X, and Y

-RY, +RZ, -RZ Modifiers:

 Stiffness
 Gap

The plus or minus sign (+/-) on the

restraint specifies the direction of free
movement.

GUIDE Guide, Double Acting Guide (or X) and Y

Modifiers:

 Stiffness
 Gap
 Mu

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GUIDE only restricts the pipe’s lateral

movement in the horizontal plane and
does not contain a vertical component or
a pipe axial component.

This can also be X instead of GUIDE.

LIM Double Acting Limit Stop LIM with gap (or X with gap) and +Y
Modifiers:
Gap between support and each limit stop
 Stiffness
 Gap
 Mu

A limit stop is axial to the pipe but may

not align with a global axis when
elements are non-orthogonal.

This can also be X with gap instead of LIM with

gap.
+LIM, -LIM Directional Limit Stop +LIM with gap in the direction of the From node to
Modifiers: the To node
(also +Y)
 Stiffness Gap between support and the limit stop
 Gap
 Mu

A limit stop is axial to the pipe but may

not align with a global axis when
elements are non-orthogonal.

This can also be +X with gap instead of +LIM with

gap.

XROD, YROD, Large Rotation Rod YROD or +YROD

ZROD Modifiers:

+XROD,  Stiffness
+YROD,  Length
+ZROD,  Fi

All rods are directional. If there is no

sign it is assumed to be positive.

This can also be +YROD instead of YROD.

-XROD, -YROD, Large Directional Rotation Rod -YROD

-ZROD Modifiers:

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 Stiffness
 Length
 Fi

X2, Y2, Z2 Translational Double Acting Bilinear X2 soil stiffness with a load limit
Modifiers:

 K1
 K2
 Fy

+X2, -X2, +Y2, - Translational Directional Bilinear The directional restraint allows movement in the
Y2, +Z2, -Z2 Modifiers: specified direction.

 K1
 K2
 Fy

RX2, RY2, RZ2 Rotational Double Acting Bilinear RX2, RY2

Modifiers:

 K1
 K2
 Fy

+RX2, -RX2, Rotational Directional Bilinear The directional restraint allows rotation in the
+RY2, -RY2, Modifiers: specified direction about the specified axis.
+RZ2, -RZ2
 K1
 K2
 Fy

XSPR, YSPR, Bottom Out Spring YSPR

ZSPR Modifiers:

 Stiffness
 x

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 F

XSNB, YSNB, Translational Double Acting Snubber YSNB

ZSNB Modifier:

 Stiffness

+XSNB, -XSNB, Directional Snubber The directional restraint allows movement in the
+YSNB, -YSNB, specified direction.
+ZSNB, -ZSNB

VIII. MODELING OF PUMP (SAME THING FOR A TANK)

Pump pipe nozzle is modeled by 2 anchor restraints in suction and discharge

Follow the steps below to model the pump discharge nozzle for example by inserting a restraint type ANC in the
corresponding node

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2 3
1

IX. HOW TO CORRECT BENDS IN PIPELINES

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To change the graphics as
Step 1 : below

Step 2 :

2
3

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Enter a new value for

4 example 21

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Step 3 : Copy this node value

1
2

Change the value of this node

with a new value for example
31

4
Paste the copied node here in
our case it will be 30

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Step 4 :

2 4
1 3

These values need to be saved

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Step 5 :

The saved values will be

2 added her +dy +dy +dz if
there is a negative value use
+- to add

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Step 6 :

Repeat the step 3 to verify that the 2 new elements are

connected

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Step 7 :

2 1

Step 8 :

Add the selected element length

to the previous one

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Step 9 :

Add the selected element length

to the after one

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The 2 added elements need to be removed after

Step 10 : adding their length to the previous and the after
elements

1
2

Step 11 :
To be changed to
30 in our case To show nodes

1
3

2
Must be the same
node number

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Step 12 :

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X. OVERVIEW OF “PIPING EXPANSION LOOP” ON THE PIPING SYSTEM

Whenever thermal displacements are more than a certain value these expansion loops are added to absorb the
displacement inside the expansion loop. These are mainly required in any piping system design to

 Reduce system stress

 Limit thermal displacements and loads

Fig below shows typical loops used in the piping system.

X.1 Types of Piping Expansion Loops

Piping Expansion loops are categorized in different styles:

a) Symmetric loop and Nonsymmetric loop :

Ideally, loops shall be located centered between anchors with equal legs on either side of the anchor. Symmetrical
loops are advantageous to absorb an equal amount of expansion from both directions.

When this isn’t practical make legs on either side of the anchor as equal as possible.

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Friction Forces are determined by the number of pipes supports a line crosser. By making these legs equal, the
forces at the anchor should remain nearly balanced.

b) 2-D and 3-D Expansion Loops

Loops may be 2-D or 3-D types. Normally for steam lines, flare lines, condensate lines, etc 2-D loops are preferred.
Otherwise, the 3-D loop can be provided.

X.2 Requirements of Multiple Expansion Loops

More than one loop may be required when:

1. It is impossible to make branch connections flexible enough.

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2. Spacing between branches and neighboring lines or steel is limited.

3. When the loop becomes too large to support or fit into space available.

4. Anchor forces become too unbalanced and steel cannot be economically braced.

5. More than one loop may be required when, the forces required to bend the loop are too great, and the anchors
cannot be economically reinforced.

X.3 Method for Sizing Pipeway Expansion Loops

1. Anchor lines near their center to determine which lines require loops by checking the allowable expansion at
each end of the run. If each end will absorb the resulting expansion, no loop is required, usually. If the line
spacing cannot be adjusted to take the movement, a loop is required.

2. Determine which of the lines requiring loops need the largest loop, second largest, etc., by the following:

 Multiply the total expansion of each line between its proposed anchors by the pipe’s moment of inertia (E).
(The stiffness of a line is measured by its “Moment of inertia.”)

 The line with the largest of these calculated numbers will require the largest loop, the next smaller number, the
next smaller loop, etc.

 The above rule does not check stress. This is checked after the loops are roughly dimensioned.

3. Fit the loops between two pipes supports using the minimum spacing plus allowance for line expansion and
bowing. Make the loops as wide as possible, but keep the height to a minimum. If stress or force is extremely
high, check with stress engineer for the height of the loop.

4. Send finished pipe way to stress for accurate calculation of anchor forces for transmittal to Structural and
accurate evaluation of stresses in the piping.

5. The height of the expansion loop is normally twice the width. The exception to this rule occurs when
more than one line runs parallel in a common trench. The dimensions of the loops for the additional line
must be increased to allow nesting of the loops.
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Step 1 :

XI. UNDERGROUND PIPE MODELER

Step 2 :

1)To create Soil modeler (step 1+)

3) Convert

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Step 1+ :

2
3
4
5
6

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XII. STATIC ANALYSIS

XII.1 Run Check
Before analysis the input must be error checked in order to identify any issues which may prevent
the analysis running (such as specifying both an anchor and an applied displacement at the same
point), or anything which may provide incorrect results (such as Stress Intensification factors not
present at a geometric intersection).
Run the error checker to check the model.

You should see only one note in the error checker report - the Center of Gravity. This can be useful for
identifying problems such as incorrect densities applied - giving an incorrect weight for example.

If you receive anything other than this Center of Gravity, review the model for any issues. A common error on
this exercise is the following:

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This indicates that the displacement and the anchor have been specified at the same location. Check
that the Anchor is specified at Node 10 and the displacement is specified at Node 20.
XII.2 Load Case Editor
Once the error check is successful, we can create load cases to analyze the system. Access the load
case editor. This button is only available after a successful error check.

The load case editor will be shown.

Piping Stress Analysis is simply creating the load cases required for analysis and study the impact of the same on
the behavior of the critical piping systems. A load case can be defined as a set of loads (Weight, Pressure,
Temperature, External Forces, Displacements, etc) and boundary conditions for defining a particular loading
condition. So Stress Analysis cannot be thought without proper load case creation. Sometimes these load cases are
mentioned in the piping stress analysis design basis. In this article, we will learn the basic load cases that are
required for stress analysis activity.

XII.2.1 Notations Used for Load Cases in Caesar II

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 WW=water filled weight of the piping/pipeline system,

 HP=Hydrotest Pressure,

 W=weight of pipe including content and insulation,

 P1=Internal Design pressure,

 T1=Maximum Design temperature,

 T2=Maximum Operating temperature,

 T3= Minimum Design temperature,

 WIN1, WIN2, WIN3, WIN4: wind loads acting in some specific direction,

 U1, U2, U3, U4: uniform (seismic) loads acting in some specific direction.

XII.2.2 Basic Load Cases for Caesar II Pipe Stress Analysis:

For Stress analysis in Caesar II, Various Load case combinations are used which serves several purposes. While
analysis at a minimum the stress check is required for the below- mentioned cases:

a. Hydrotesting case:

Piping/ Pipeline systems are normally hydro tested (sometimes pneumatic tested) before the actual operation to
ensure the absence of leakage. Water is used as the testing medium. So during this situation pipe will be subjected
to water weight and hydro-test pressure.
Accordingly, our first load case will be as mentioned below

1 WW+HP HYD

b. Operating and ALT Sustained load cases:

When operation starts working fluid will flow through the piping at a temperature and pressure. Alt Sustained cases
are used as Hot Sustained cases which means sustained stress that the system carries during operation. So
accordingly our operating load cases will be as mentioned below:

2 W+T1+P1 OPE For operating temperature case at maximum design temperature

3 W+P1 SUS Alt Sustained case based on operating case 1 (T1)

4 W+T2+P1 OPE For a maximum system operating temperature case

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5 W+P1 SUS Alt Sustained case based on operating case 1 (T2)

6 W+T3+P1 OPE For minimum system temperature case

7 W+P1 SUS Alt Sustained case based on operating case 1 (T3)

c. Sustained Load Case:

Sustained loads will exist throughout the plant operation. Weight and pressure are known as sustained loads. So
our sustained load case will be as follows:

8. W+P1 SUS

d. Occasional Load Cases :

Piping may be subjected to occasional wind and seismic forces. So to check stresses in those situations we have to
build the following load cases:

9 W+T2+P1+WIN1 OPE Considering wind from +X direction

10 W+T2+P1+WIN2 OPE Considering wind from -X direction

11 W+T2+P1+WIN3 OPE Considering wind from +Z direction

12 W+T2+P1+WIN4 OPE Considering wind from -Z direction

13 W+T2+P1+U1 OPE Considering seismic from +X direction

14 W+T2+P1-U1 OPE Considering seismic from -X direction

15 W+T2+P1+U2 OPE Considering seismic from +Z direction

16 W+T2+P1-U2 OPE Considering seismic from -Z direction

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While stress analysis the above load cases form load case 9 to load case 16 is generated only to check loads at node
points. The figure below shows typical load cases that should be generated during stress analysis

To find occasional stresses we need to add pure occasional cases with sustained load and then compare with code
allowable values. The following sets of load cases are built for that purpose.

17 L9-L4 OCC Pure wind from +X direction

18 L10-L4 OCC Pure wind from -X direction

19 L11-L4 OCC Pure wind from +Z direction

20 L12-L4 OCC Pure wind from -Z direction

21 L13-L4 OCC Pure seismic from +X direction

22 L14-L4 OCC Pure seismic from -X direction

23 L15-L4 OCC Pure seismic from +Z direction

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24 L16-L4 OCC Pure seismic from -Z direction

25 L17+L8 OCC Pure wind+Sustained

26 L18+L8 OCC Pure wind+Sustained

27 L19+L8 OCC Pure wind+Sustained

28 L20+L8 OCC Pure wind+Sustained

29 L21+L8 OCC Pure seismic+Sustained

30 L22+L8 OCC Pure seismic+Sustained

31 L23+L8 OCC Pure seismic+Sustained

32 L24+L8 OCC Pure seismic+Sustained

Load cases from 25 to 32 will be used for checking occasional stresses with respect to code ASME B 31.3
allowable (=1.33 times Sh value from code). Use scalar combination for load cases 25 to 32 above and algebraic
combination for others as shown in Fig. 2 attached below:

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e. Expansion Cases:
Following load-cases are required for checking expansion stress range as per code

33 L2-L8 EXP

34 L4-L8 EXP

35 L6-L8 EXP

36 L2-L6 EXP

The above load cases (from 33 to 36) are used to check expansion stress range

The above-mentioned load cases are the minimum required load cases to analyze any stress system. Out of the
above load cases, the load cases mentioned in point numbers 1, 3, 5, 7, 8 and 25-36 are used for stress check. And
load cases mentioned in point numbers 1, 2, 4 and 6 to 16 are used for checking restraint forces, displacements, and
nozzle load checking.

Few additional load cases may be required for PSV connected systems, systems having surge or slug forces and
rotary equipment connected systems.

Seismic and Wind analysis may not be required every time. So those load cases can be deleted if the piping system
does not fall under the purview of seismic and wind analysis by project specification. However to perform wind
and seismic analysis proper related data must have to be entered in the Caesar II spreadsheet.

If the stress system involves the use of imposed displacements (D) and forces (F) then those have to be added with
the above load cases in the form of D1, D2 or F1, F2 as applicable.

XII.2.3 Better Engineering Practices for Stress Analysis

It is a better practice to keep:

 Hydro and sustained stresses below 60% of code allowable

 Expansion and occasional stresses below 80% of code allowable

 Sustained and Hydrotest sagging below 10 mm for process lines and below 3 mm for steam, two-phase, flare
lines and free-draining lines.

 Design/Maximum displacement below 75 mm for unit piping and below 200 mm in rack piping .

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XII.3 Output Processor

Back in CAESAR Il, run the analysis by clicking on the "Running Man" icon from within the load case
editor.

Once the analysis is complete, the Output Processor will be shown. We can view various results for
any load case from here, plus general model reports such as the Input Echo. These reports can be
viewed on screen, or output to Word/Excel/Text or straight to a printer.
ln addition Custom report templates can be created, and any available report can be selected and
added to the Output Viewer Wizard, and exported/viewed to create/view a comprehensive report
very quickly.
All displacements are within allowable limits for operating (OPE) and sustained (case) case
For now, we will just check the displacement at node 20.
Select the load case (OPE) W+T1+P1 and the Displacements standard report and click to show on screen:

1 2

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Verify stresses within code allowable for all applicable load cases:
Stress Summary: Reports the highest stresses and the corresponding node in a summary format for all selected
load cases
Stress Extended: Reports stress intensification factors, allowable stresses, and code stresses for each node in the
model. The report displays the code stresses as a percentage when compared to the allowable stress at each node.
Stresses are not computed at nodes on rigid elements or on structural steel elements. The report also displays
mechanical axial stresses, bending stresses, torsional stresses, hoop stresses, and element names. The software
calculates the component stresses using basic engineering principles.

All guide and anchor loads are checked and within acceptable limits for operating case.
All Equipment nozzle loads qualified per the applicable code or vendor’s allowable for operating case.
Local Element Forces Report: Reports forces and moments translated into the CAESAR II local coordinate
system.
Restraints Report: Reports the force and moment reactions for each restraint at a node. The software generates a
separate report for each selected load case

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