Pile Exercises

NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF
CAJAMARCA
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING
PROFESSIONAL ACADEMIC SCHOOL OF
GEOLOGICAL ENGINEERING
GEOTECHNICS II
DESARROLLO DE EJERCICIOS DE
Ejercicios propuestos en capítulo 11 del Libro “Principios de Ingeniería de Cim
EQUIPMENT:
BAZÁN SANTA CRUZ, Orlando
MERINO CROSS, Erika
FALCONI REYES, Alejandro
HERRERA VENTURA , Albert
SPELUCÍN ESTELA, Jhennyfer
TORRES CABRERA, Daniel
TUESTA RABANAL, July
TEACHER:
Eng. ROBERTO GONZALES LLANA
1
Cajamarca, May 2013
INTRODUCTION
This document is a resolution of the problems raised in chapter 11 of the Book

“Principles of Foundation Engineering” 5th Edition – Braja M. Das, in order to
reinforce the knowledge obtained in class regarding the topic of deep foundations and
foundations with a piling system. This will lead to the understanding of the importance
of these topics in the professional training of a geological engineer with a view to job
performance as a geotechnician.
2
CONTENT
INTRODUCTION.............................................................................................................2
CONTENT........................................................................................................................3
EXERCISE 11.1................................................................................................................5
EXERCISE 11.2..............................................................................................................12
EXERCISE 11.3..............................................................................................................14
EXERCISE 11.4..............................................................................................................16
EXERCISE 11.5..............................................................................................................17
EXERCISE 11.6..............................................................................................................17
EXERCISE 11.7..............................................................................................................20
EXERCISE 11.8..............................................................................................................21
EXERCISE 11.9..............................................................................................................34
EXERCISE 11.10............................................................................................................39
EXERCISE 11.11............................................................................................................43
EXERCISE 11.12............................................................................................................51
EXERCISE 11.13............................................................................................................53
EXERCISE 11.14............................................................................................................57
EXERCISE 11.15............................................................................................................61
EXERCISE 11.16............................................................................................................63
EXERCISE 11.17............................................................................................................65
EXERCISE 11.18............................................................................................................67
EXERCISE 11.19............................................................................................................68
EXERCISE 11.20............................................................................................................70
EXERCISE 11.21............................................................................................................70
EXERCISE 11.22............................................................................................................72
EXERCISE 11.23............................................................................................................74
EXERCISE 11.24............................................................................................................75
EXERCISE 11.25............................................................................................................76
EXERCISE 11.26............................................................................................................77
EXERCISE 11.27............................................................................................................79
EXERCISE 11.28............................................................................................................83
3
4
EXERCISE 11.1
A 25m long concrete pile has a cross section of 305mm x 305mm. The pile is
completely embedded with sand for which ɣ= 17.5 KN/m 3 and Φ'= 35°.
Calculate:
a) The ultimate tip load Qp with the Meyerhof method.
b) The total friction resistance, Where: K=1.3; δ= 0.8 ø'
Before solving the exercise you have to define:
 Ultimate Qp tip load:
Determining the ultimate load capacity of a pile, Qu, is complex; however, it can be
practically represented as the sum of the load capacity taken by the pile tip Qp, plus the
load capacity taken by the stress resistance. shear (soil – pile) through the surface of the
pile shaft Qs.
Qu = Qs + Qp
The ultimate load capacity of a pile is composed of the friction resistance and the toe
resistance. In granular soils the toe resistance is generally greater than the lateral friction
resistance.
The lateral friction fa at depth z is given by:
f = Ks pd tg δ
Where:
Ks = lateral earth coefficient, the ratio of lateral to vertical pressure on the sides of the
pile.
pd = vertical effective stress at depth z.
δ = friction angle between the pile and the ground.
For a pile surrounded by granular soil between depths z1 and z2, the lateral friction
resistance is
Qs = ½ Ks γ (z1 + z2) tg δ As
Where As is the embedded area from z1 to z2. If the pile is partially submerged,
contributions above and below the water table must be calculated separately.
5
The values of Ks and δ presented by Broms (1966) are presented in tables. These values
are valid up to a lateral friction value f of 110 KN/m2, which is the maximum value that
can be used for constant section piles.
In the calculation of toe resistance, the third term of the Meyerhof equation (related to
base friction) is relatively small for long, slender piles, so it is usually ignored. Then the
resistance at the base is:
Qb = pb (Nq - 1) Ab
Where:
pb = effective overload stress at the base of the pile.
Ab = area of the pile base.
The φ values are obtained from the results of the standard penetration test (without
applying corrections for depth, water table or silt content).
Meyerhof's Nq values tend to be extremely high for pile foundations, when compared to
real failures, so the values obtained by Berezantsev (1961) are more appropriate. The
maximum resistance value per tip to be used is 1,100 KN/m².
 Ultimate Load Capacity of a Pile in Granular Soil.
The load capacity of a tip pile has a form similar to the formula for shallow foundations,
expressed as effort can be represented:
Considering that the diameter of the pile D is relatively small, the first term of the
equation can be eliminated without considerable affectation of the determination of the
load capacity, leaving the equation:
Where:
c = cohesion of the soil supporting the pile tip
q' = effective vertical stress at the tip of the pile
Nq' ∗ Nc ∗ = load capacity factors for deep foundations
The load capacity of a tip pile, expressed as force, is determined by multiplying the
stress by the cross-sectional area of the pile Ap, and can be represented as:
6
DEVELOPMENT OF THE PROBLEM
PART A: ultimate load of the Qp tip with the Meyerhof method
1. We use the general formula for the ultimate load of the pile
Where:
qp = unit tip resistance.
Ap = cross-sectional area of the pile.
c = cohesion of the soil that supports the tip of the pile.
what = effective vertical stress at the tip of the pile.
Nq' ∗ Nc ∗ = load capacity factors for deep foundations.
The variation Nq* with the ground friction angle Φ' can be found using the following
graph:
7
140
2. Because the problem tells us that the soil is composed of sand, and the sand has
a cohesion value = 0, it is like this
' ¿
Qp= Ap . q p= Ap . q . N q
However, it must be met that Qp must not exceed the limit value of Ap. q l
' ¿
Ap .q . N q ≤ Ap. q p
3. We determine the tip resistance using the following equation:

¿
q l=0.5 Pa N q Tg ø '
Where:
Da = atmospheric pressure (100KN/m 2 or 2000 lb/ft 2 )
Using the data from the problem in the equation we have:
(
q l=0.5 100
KN
m2 )
140 Tg35 °
q l=4901.45 KN/ m2
8
Now we multiply by the area in m 2
4901.45 KN 2
q l= x (0.305 m)
m2
q l=455.96 KN
4. We determine the ultimate tip load with the first condition

' ¿
Q p= Ap . q N p
Using the data from the problem we have:
2
(
Q p=(0.305 m) . 25 m x
17.5 KN
m
3 ). 140
Q p=5697.78 KN
As we see in the condition:

' ¿
Ap .q . N q ≤ Ap. q p
5697.78 KN ≤ 455.96 KN
This condition is not met, so we choose that the ultimate tip load is 455.96 KN
PART B: calculate the total friction resistance (k= 1.3 and δ= 0.8 ø')
Before developing we must know the following:
 The friction resistance Qs is expressed as:
Qs=∑ (p. ∆L .f)
Where
∆L = thickness of the soil layer.
The unit friction resistance f is difficult to estimate. When calculating f, several

important factors must be taken into account, such as:
The nature of the pile installation. For those driven in sand, the vibration caused during
the driving of the pile helps to densify the soil around it.
9
Based on observations, it has been determined that the nature of the variation in the field
is approximately as shown in the figure. The unitary skin friction increases with depth
more or less linearly up to a depth of L' and then remains constant. The magnitude of
the critical depth L' is between 15 and 20 pile diameters. A conservative estimate would
be:
L'=15 D
At similar depths, the unit skin friction in loose sand is greater for a high-displacement
pile than for a low-displacement pile.
At similar depths, piles drilled or partially driven with a high-pressure water jet will
have a lower unit surface friction than in the case of driven piles.
Considering the above factors, an approximate relationship is given for f.

'
f =K . σ 0 .Tg δ
Where
K = effective earth pressure coefficient
σ'o = effective vertical stress at depth
δ = angle of friction between soil and pile
Development of the exercise:
1. We find the critical depth:
L ' ≈ 15∗( 0.305 m )

'
L ≈ 4.575 m
2. We find the effective vertical stress at depth
10
'
σ 0=ɣ . L'
' KN 2
σ 0=17.5 3
x 4.575 m=80.0625 KN /m
m
3. This is how we determine:

'
f =K σ 0 Tg δ
(
f =( 1.3 ) 80.0625
KN
m
2 )
Tg(0.8∗35 °)
2
f =55.34 KN /m
4. This is how we apply the formula to find Qs:
Qs= ( fz=0+ fz(4.575)

2 ) p L + f ( 4.575 ) . P ( L−L )
' '
( )
55.34 KN
0+
m2 55.34 KN
Qs= ( 4∗0.305 m )( 4.575 m) + . ( 4∗0.305 m )( 25 m−4.575 m)
2 m2
Qs=1533.43 KN
11
EXERCISE 11.2
Solve exercise 11.1. using the Coyle and Castello method.
DEVELOPMENT
' ¿
Qp= Ap . q . N q
Where:
what = Effective vertical stress at the level of the pile tip.
N*q = Load capacity factor.

¿
The following figure shows the variation of N q with L/D and the ground friction angle
ø'.
80
90
12
Because the ratio between L and D is 81.96, a projection was made on the graph having
a result of the load capacity factor: N*q= 18.
Thus using the Coyle and Castello formula.

' ¿
Qp= Ap . q . N q
2
(
Q p=(0.305 m) . 25 m x
17.5 KN
m
3 ). 18
Q p=732.57 KN
13
EXERCISE 11.3
Solve problem 11.1, using Vesic's method. Consider Ir= Irr = 50
1. Before developing the problem we must know the following:
Vesic proposed a method to estimate the tip load capacity of a pile based on cavity
expansion theory. According to this theory, based on effective stress parameters, it can
be written:
Where:
'
σ 0=¿Average normal effective stress of the ground at the level of the pile toe
1+ 2 k o
q'
3
K 0=coeficiente de presion de tierra en reposo=1−sen ø '

¿ ¿
K c ; K ɣ =factores de capacidad de carga
According to Vesic's theory:

¿
N σ =f ( Irr )
Where:
Irr = reduced stiffness index for the soil
DEVELOPMENT OF THE PROBLEM
1. We use the formula of the previous equations and with C=0
' ¿ 1+ 2 k o ' ¿
Qp= Ap . σ 0 . N q= Ap. q . Nq
3
'
1+2(1−sen ø ) ' ¿
Qp= Ap . q .Nq
3
Qp=(0.305 m) .21+2(1−sen 35 ' )

3
KN
(
17.5 3 ∗25 m . N ¿q
m )
¿
Because the value of N q is obtained through tables, depending on the ø ' and Irr. But for
the value of an Irr=50, it does not exist in the table, we proceed to take an average
between Irr=40 and an Irr=60
14
¿
We have an average value of N q =83.565
( )
°
21+2(1−sen 35 ) KN
Qp=(0.305 m) . 17.5 3 ∗25 m .83 .565
3 m
Qp=2100.48 KN
15
EXERCISE 11.4
Solve problem 11.1. Using Janbu's method, Consider n' = 90°
1. Before developing the following problem, the following must be known:
Qp= Ap ¿)
The load capacity relationships are as follows:

2
N q =( tan ø + √ 1+ tan ø ) (e
' '
¿ ' ❑ 2 2 n tan ø
)
The angle of n' varies between 60° in soft clays to about 105° in dense sandy soils. For
practical use it is recommended:
60 ≤ n ' ≤ 90
Development of the exercise
 Because the soil is sandy, C=0 is taken

¿
Qp= Ap . q ' . N q
¿
For a value of ø' = 35° and n' = 90°, the value of N q is equal to: 38
(
So: Qp=( 0.305 m x 0.305 m ) 25 m x 17.5
KN
m
3 )
( 38 )
Qp=1546.54 KN
16
EXERCISE 11.5
Use the results of Problems 11.1 to estimate an allowable value for the tip load.
Consider FS = 4.
Qs+Qp 1533.43+ 455.96 KN

Qadm= = =497.35 kN
FS 4
EXERCISE 11.6
Solve problem 11.1 to = 18.5 kN/m 3 and𝜙 ' = 40°
A.
' ¿
Q P= A P q P= A P q N q
2
A p =( 305 mm ×305 mm ) =0.093025 m
L=25 m
' kN kN
q =γx L=18.5 3
x 25 m=462.5 2
m m
∅ '=40 °
¿
N q =360
17
We replace:
' ¿ kN
Q P= A P q N q=0.093025 x 462.5 2
x 360=15488.66 kN
m
Qp must not exceed the limit valueQ P ql ; that is to say
Q P ≤ A P ql
The limiting tip resistance is:
¿ ' kN kN
q l=0.5 pa N q tan ∅ =0.5 x 100 2
x 360 x tan 40 °=15103.79 2
m m
Where:
Da = atmospheric pressure (100KN/m 2 or 2000 lb/ft 2 )
If you do not comply:
2 kN
A P ql=0.093025 m x 15103.79 2
=1404.65 kN
m
Q P ≤ A P ql
15488.66 kN ≤ 1404.65 kN
Q P=1404.65 kN
B. Qs = ∑PΔLF
L=15 D 15 ( 0.35 m )
L=4.575 m
Data:
- K = 1.3
-  = 0.8𝜙
-  = 32
 Equation:
'
f =K σ 0 Tg δ for z = 0 to L' z = 0 σ '0=0 f =0
f =fz=L ' for z = L' to L
18
L = 4.575m
' kN kN
σ 0=x L=18.5 3
× 4.575 m=84.64 3
m m
'
(
f =K σ 0 Tg δ=( 1.3 ) × 84.64
kN
m
2 ) kN
( tan 32° )=68.76 2
m
- We replace
Qs= ( fz=0+ fz(6.15

2
m)
) p L +f ( 6.15 m ) . P ( L−L )
' '
( )
68.76 KN
0+
m2 68.75 KN
Qs= ( 4∗0.305 m )( 4.575 m) + . ( 4∗0.305 m ) ( 25 m−4.575 m )
2 m2
Qs=1905.29 K.N.
19
EXERCISE 11.7
Solve problem 11.6. Part a) by the Coyle and Castello method
- The final charge of Qp tip
 Data
- L=25m
- Ap = 305mm = 0.305mx 0.305m
- P = (3 x 0.305m)
-  = 18.5 kn/m 3
- 𝜙 = 40°
- D = 0.305
' ¿
Q p=q × N q × A p
 Ratio: L/D
25 m
=81.97
0.305 m
¿
N q =10
- We replace
Q p= (18.5 x 25 ) × ( 30 ) ×(0.305 x 0.305)
Q p=1290.72 1290 kN
20
EXERCISE 11.8
A closed-end driven pile with a circular cross section is shown in the figure.
Calculate
a) An ultimate tip load, using the Meyerhof procedure.
b) The ultimate tip load, using the Vesic procedure. Consider Ir = Irr = 550
c) An approximate ultimate tip load, based on parts (a) and (b).
d) The ultimate resistance due to friction Qg. Consider k = 1.4 and = 0.6𝜙 '
e) Calculate the allowable load of the pile with FS = 4
3,048 m
3,048 m
15.24m
0.381 m
DEVELOPMENT
a) An ultimate tip load, using the Meyerhof procedure.
STRATUM 1
' ¿
π 2 π 2 2
A p = D = (0.381) =0.114 m
4 4
21
3
lb 0.45 kg 9.81 N 1 pie N 1 kg kN
γ =100 3
= x x 3
=15589.66 3 x =15.56 3
pie 1lb 1 kg (0.3048 m) m 1000 N m
L=3.048 m
' kN kN
q =γx L=15.56 3
x 3.048 m=47. 43 2
m m
∅ =32 °
¿
N q =74
We replace:
' ¿ 2 kN
Q P= A P q N q=0.114 m x 47. 43 2
x 74=400.12 kN
m
Q P ≤ A P ql
¿ ' kN kN
q l=0.5 pa N q tan ∅ =0.5 x 100 2
x 74 x tan 32 °=2314.017 2
m m
22
2 kN
A P ql=0.114 m x 2314.017 2
=263.78 kN
m
Q P ≤ A P ql
400 kN ≤263.78 kN
Q P=263.78 kN
STRATUM 2
Q P= A P ( c ' N ¿c +q ' N ¿q )
π 2 π 2 2
A p = D = (0.381) =0.114 m
4 4
3
lb 0.45 kg 9.81 N 1 pie N 1 kg kN
γ sat =116 3
= x x 3
=18 084 3 x =18.08 3
pie 1 lb 1 kg (0.3048 m) m 1000 N m
L=3.048 m
' kN kN
q =γx L=18.08 3
x 3.048 m=55.11 2
m m
∅ =32 °
¿
N q =74
We replace:
23
' ¿ 2 kN
Q P= A P q N q=0.114 m x 55.11 2
x 74=464.91 kN
m
Q P ≤ A P ql
¿ ' kN kN
q l=0.5 pa N q tan ∅ =0.5 x 100 2
x 74 x tan 32 °=2314.017 2
m m
2 kN
A P ql=0.114 m x 2314.017 2
=263.78 kN
m
Q P ≤ A P ql
464.91 kN ≤ 263.78 kN
Q P=263.78 kN
STRATUM 3
' ¿
π 2 π 2 2
A p = D = (0.381) =0.114 m
4 4
3
lb 0.45 kg 9.81 N 1 pie N 1 kg kN
γ =122.4 3
x x x 3
=19081.74 3 x =19.08 3
pie 1lb 1 kg ( 0.3048 m) m 1000 N m
L=15.24 m
' kN kN
q =γx L=19.08 3
x 15.24 m=290.78 2
m m
∅ =40 °
24
¿
N q =338.46
We replace:
' ¿ 2 kN
Q P= A P q N q=0.114 m x 290.78 2
x 338.46=11219. 58 kN
m
Q P ≤ A P ql
¿ ' kN kN
q l=0.5 pa N q tan ∅ =0.5 x 100 2
x 338. 46 x tan 40° =14 200.08 2
m m
2 kN
A P ql=0.114m x 14 200. 08 2
=1 618.81 kN
m
Q P ≤ A P ql
11219. 58 kN ≤1 618.81 kN
Q P=1 618.81 kN
25
b) The ultimate tip load, using the Vesic procedure. Consider Ir = Irr = 550
STRATUM 1
' ¿ ' ¿
Q P= A P q p =A P (c N C +σ O N σ )
Where:
'

¿ ¿
π 2 π 2 2
A p = D = (0.381) =0.114 m
4 4
'
c =0 ∅ =32 °
3
lb 0.45 kg 9.81 N 1 pie N 1 kg kN
γ =100 3
= x x 3
=15589.66 3 x =15.56 3
pie 1lb 1 kg (0.3048 m) m 1000 N m
L=3.048 m
' kN kN
q =γx L=15.56 3
x 3.048 m=47. 43 2
m m
K 0=1−sen ø '
K 0=1−sen 32°=0.47
' 1+ 2 k o
σ 0= q'
3
σ 0=
' 1+ 2(0.47)
3 ( kN kN
47. 43 2 =30.67 2
m m )
¿
N σ =f ( Irr )
Where:

¿
26
¿
¿
¿ 3 N q 3(83.565)
N =
σ = =170.55
1+ K o 1+ 0.47
We replace:
' ¿ ' ¿
Q P= A P (c N C + σ O N σ )
2
Qp=0.114 m 0+30.67
( kN
m
2 )
x 170.55 =596.31 kN
STRATUM 2
' ¿ ' ¿
Where:
'

¿ ¿
π 2 π 2 2
A p = D = (0.381) =0.114 m
4 4
'
c =0 ∅ =32 °
3
lb 0.45 kg 9.81 N 1 pie N 1 kg kN
γ sat =116 3
= x x 3
=18 084 3 x =18.08 3
pie 1 lb 1 kg (0.3048 m) m 1000 N m
' kN kN
q =γx L=18.08 3
x 3.048 m=55.11 2
m m
K 0=1−sen ø '
K 0=1−sen 32°=0.47
27
' 1+ 2 k o
σ 0= q'
3
'
σ 0=
1+ 2(0.47)
3 (
kN kN
55.11 2 =35.64 2
m m )
¿
N σ =f ( Irr )
Where:

¿
¿
¿
¿ 3 N q 3(83.565)
N =
σ = =170.55
1+ K o 1+ 0.47
We replace:
' ¿ ' ¿
2 kN
Qp=0.114 m (0+35.64 2
x 170.55)=692.94 kN
m
STRATUM 3
' ¿ ' ¿
Where:
'
28
¿ ¿
π 2 π 2 2
A p = D = (0.381) =0.114 m
4 4
'
c =0 ∅ =40 °
3
lb 0.45 kg 9.81 N 1 pie N 1 kg kN
γ =122.4 3
x x x 3
=19081.74 3 x =19.08 3
pie 1l b 1 kg ( 0.3048 m) m 1000 N m
' kN kN
q =γx L=19.08 3
x 15.24 m=290.78 2
m m
K 0=1−sen ø '
K 0=1−sen 40 °=0.36
' 1+ 2 k o
σ 0= q'
3
σ 0=
' 1+ 2(0.36)
3 ( kN kN
290.78 2 =166.71 2
m m )
¿
N σ =f ( Irr )
Where:

¿
29
¿
¿
3 N q 3(109.915)
N ¿σ = = =242.46
1+ K o 1+ 0.36
We replace:
' ¿ ' ¿
2 kN
Qp=0.114 m (0+166.71 2
x 242.46)=4607.94 kN
m
30
c) An approximate ultimate tip load, based on parts (a) and (b).
Meyerhof method
STRATUM 1
Q P=263.78 kN
STRATUM 2
Q P=263.78 kN
STRATUM 3
Q P=1 618.81 kN
Average
263.78 kN +263.78 kN +1618.81 kN
Q P= =715.46 kN
3
Vesic method
STRATUM 1
Qp=596.31 kN
STRATUM 2
Qp=692.94 kN
STRATUM 3
Qp=4607.94 kN
Average
596.31 kN +692.94 kN +4607.94 kN
Q P= =1965.73 kN
3
Approximate ultimate tip load of the pile:

715.46 kN +1965.73 kN
Q P= =1340.6 kN
2
d) The ultimate resistance due to friction Qg. Consider k = 1.4 and = 0.6𝜙 '
31
Data:
- K = 1.4
-  = 0.6𝜙
- L=21.336
 Equation:
'
f =K σ 0 Tg δ
For z = 0 to 3,048 z = 0 σ '0=0 f =0
f =fz=L '
L = 3,048 m
' kN kN
σ 0=x L=15.56 3
×3.048 m=47.43 3
m m
'
(
f =K σ 0 Tg δ=( 1.4 ) × 47.43
kN
m
2 ) kN
( tan 32 ° )=41.5 2
m
- We replace
Qs= ( fz=0+ fz2( 3.048 m ) ) p L + f ( 3.048 m ) . P ( L−L )

' '
Qs=¿
Qs=984.13 kN
For z = 3.048 to 6.094
L = 3,048 m
' kN kN
σ 0=x L=18.08 3
×3.048=55.11 3
m m
'
(
f =K σ 0 Tg δ=( 1.4 ) × 55.11
kN
m
2 ) kN
( tan 32° ) =48. 21 2
m
- We replace
32
Qs= ( fz=0+ fz ( 3.048 m )+ fz ( 6.094 m)
2 )
p L' + f ( 3.048 m ) . P ( L−L' )
( )
kN kN
0+ 41.5 2
+ 48.21 2
m m kN
Qs= ( π∗0.381 m )( 3.048 m ) + 48.21 2 . ( πx 0.381 m ) (21.336 m−3.048 m )
2 m
Qs=1164 kN
For z= 6.094 to 21.336
L = 15.24 m
' kN kN
σ 0=x L=19.08 3
×15.24=290.78 3
m m
'
(
f =K σ 0 Tg δ=( 1.4 ) × 290.78
kN
m
2 ) kN
( tan 40 ° )=341.6 2
m
- We replace
Qs= ( fz=0+ fz ( 3.048 m )+ fz (26.094 m) + fz ( 21.336 m ) ) p L +f ( 3.048 m ) . P ( L−L )

' '
( )
kN kN kN
0+ 41.5 2
+ 48.21 2 + 341.6 2
m m m 341.6 KN
Qs= ( π∗0.381 m )( 15.24 m ) + . ( πx 0.381 m )( 21.336 m−15.24 m
2 m2
Qs=6426.38 kN
AVERAGE
984.13 kN +1164 kN +6426.38 kN
Qs= =2858.17 kN
3
e) Calculate the allowable load of the pile with FS = 4

Qs+Qp 2858.17 kN +1340.6 kN
Q adm = = =1049.69 kN
FS 4
33
EXERCISE 11.9
A 20 m long concrete pile with a cross section of 381 mm x 381 mm is completely

embedded in a saturated clay layer for whichγ sat =18.5 kN /m3 ,ϕ=0 and
2
c u=70 kN /m . Assume that the water table is below the pile toe. Determine the
allowable load that the pile can take. (Consider FS=3). Use the method∝ to
estimate surface friction.
DEVELOPMENT
They ask us to find the admissible load:
Qu
Qadm=
FS
Where:
 Qadm = Allowable load capacity
 Qu = Ultimate load
 FS = Safety factor
Therefore, first we must calculate Qu
Qu=Q p+Q s
Where:
 Q p= Load taken at the tip of the pile
 Qs = Load taken by surface friction
LOAD TAKEN AT THE PILE TIP (Q p )
It is determined by the Meyerhof Method for clays (conditionϕ=0 )
Q p=9 c u A P
Where:
 c u= Soil cohesion
 A P = Pile cross-sectional area
Q p=9 c u A P
34
kN
Q p=9(70 2
)(381 mm∗381 mm)
m
Q p=91.45 kN
LOAD TAKEN BY SURFACE FRICTION (Qs )
The method is used∝ to estimate surface friction

❑
Qs =∑ fp ∆ L
❑
Where:
 f = Unit friction resistance
 p = Perimeter of the pile cross section
 ∆ L = incremental length of pile over which f and p They are considered constant.
1st, the unit friction resistance is calculated ( f )
f =∝ cu
Where:
 ∝= Empirical adhesion factor
The approximate variation in the value of∝ It is calculated using the following graph:
35
For which the vertical effective stress is determined σ '°
'
σ °=σ °−u
Where:
 σ °= Effective effort
 u = Pore water pressure
σ °=γ sat h
σ °=18.5
( kNm )∗20 m
3
kN
σ °=370 3
m
AND
u=γ w h
kN
u=9.81 3
∗20 m
m
kN
u=196.2 2
m
Therefore:
'
σ °=σ °−u
' kN kN
σ °=370 3
−196.2 2
m m
' kN
σ °=173.8 2
m
cu
With this data, the relationship is calculated ' to determine the value of ∝
σ°
kN
70 ()
cu m
2
'
= =0.4
σ ° 173.8 kN
m2
36
With which a value is obtained for ∝=0.76
f =∝ cu
kN
f =0.76∗70( 2
)
m
kN
f =53.2( 2
)
m
2nd the perimeter is calculated p
p=4∗381 mm
p=1524 mm
p=1.524 m
3° The incremental length of the pile is calculated ∆ L
∆ L=L
∆ L=20 m
❑
With these three data, we calculate Qs Qs =∑ fp ∆ L
❑
Qs =53.2
( kNm )∗1.524 m∗20 m
2
Qs =1621.536 kN
37
LAST LOAD (Qu )
Qu=Q p+Q s
Qu=91.45 kN +1621.536 kN
Qu=1712.986 kN
ALLOWABLE LOAD (Qadm )
Qu
Q adm =
FS
1712.986 kN
Q adm =
3
Qadm=571 kN
38
EXERCISE 11.10
A 20 m long concrete pile with a cross section of 381 mm x 381 mm is completely

embedded in a saturated clay layer for whichγ sat =18.5 kN /m3 ,ϕ=0 and
2
c u=70 kN /m . Assume that the water table is below the pile toe. Determine the
allowable load that the pile can take. (Consider FS=3). Use the method λ to estimate
surface friction.
DEVELOPMENT
They ask us to find the admissible load:
Qu
Qadm=
FS
Where:
 Qadm = Allowable load capacity
 Qu = Ultimate load
 FS = Safety factor
Therefore, first we must calculate Qu
Qu=Q p+Q s
Where:
 Q p= Load taken at the tip of the pile
 Qs = Load taken by surface friction
LOAD TAKEN AT THE PILE TIP (Q p )
It is determined by the Meyerhof Method for clays (conditionϕ=0 )
Q p=9 c u A P
Where:
 c u= Soil cohesion
 A P = Pile cross-sectional area
Q p=9 c u A P
39
kN
Q p=9(70 2
)(381 mm∗381 mm)
m
Q p=91.45 kN
LOAD TAKEN BY SURFACE FRICTION (Qs )
The method is used λ to estimate surface friction
Qs =pL f prom
Where:
 f prom= Average surface unit resistance
 L = Pile length
1° the average surface unit resistance is calculated ( f prom )

'
f prom=λ (σ ° + 2c u )
Where:
 λ = Empirical adhesion factor
Then the value of λ using the following table
With which a value is obtained for λ=0.18
40
'
σ °=σ °−u
Where:
σ °=γ sat h
σ °=18.5
( kNm )∗20 m
3
kN
σ °=370 3
m
AND
u=γ w h
kN
u=9.81 3
∗20 m
m
kN
u=196.2 2
m
Therefore:
'
σ °=σ °−u
' kN kN
σ °=370 3
−196.2 2
m m
' kN
σ °=173.8 2
m
'
kN kN
f prom=0.18 (173.8 2
+2∗70 2 )
m m
kN
f prom=56.484 2
m
41
p=4∗381 mm
p=1524 mm
p=1.524 m
With these three data, we calculate Qs Qs =pL f prom
kN
Q s =( 1.524 m )∗( 20 m )∗(56.484 2
)
m
Qs =1721.63 kN
LAST LOAD (Qu )
Qu=Q p+Q s
Qu=91.45 kN +1721.63 kN
Qu=1830.1 kN
ALLOWABLE LOAD (Qadm )
Qu
Q adm =
FS
1830.1 kN
Q adm =
3
Qadm=604.36 kN
42
EXERCISE 11.11
A concrete pile with cross section of 405 mm x 405 mm is shown in the following
figure. Calculate the ultimate surface resistance using:
a) The method α
b) The method λ
DEVELOPMENT
METHOD α
❑
Qs =∑ fp ∆ L
❑
Where:
 f = Unit friction resistance
 ∆ L = incremental length of pile over which f and p They are considered constant.
1st, the unit friction resistance is calculated ( f )

43
f =∝ cu
Where:
 ∝= Empirical adhesion factor
The approximate variation in the value of∝ It is calculated using the following graph:

'
σ °=σ °−u
Where:
σ ° 1=γ sat h
σ ° 1=17.8
( )
kN
m
3
∗10 m
kN
σ ° 1=178 2
m
σ ° 2=σ ° 1+ γ sat h
σ ° 2=178
kN
m
2
kN
m ( )
+19.6 3 ∗15 m
44
kN
σ ° 2=472 3
m
AND
u 1=γ w h
u 1=0
u 2=γ w h
kN
u 2=9.81 3
∗15 m
m
kN
u 2=147.15 2
m
Therefore:
'
σ ° 1=σ ° 1−u 1
' kN
σ ° 1=178 2
−0
m
' kN
σ ° 1=178 2
m
'
σ ° 2=σ ° 2−u 2
' kN kN
σ ° 2=472 3
−147.15 2
m m
' kN
σ ° 2=324.8 2
m
cu
With this data, the relationship is calculated ' to determine the value of ∝
σ°
kN kN
32 ( ) 80( 2 )
cu 1 m
2
cu 2 m
'
= =0.01 ' = =0.25
σ ° 1 178 kN σ ° 2 324.8 kN
m2 m2
45
With which a value is obtained for∝1=1.0 and ∝2=0.93
f 1=∝1 c u 1
kN
f 1=1.0∗70 ( 2
)
m
kN
f 1=70( 2
)
m
f 2=∝2 c u 2
kN
f 2=0.93∗70( 2
)
m
kN
f 2=65.1( 2
)
m
p=4∗405 mm
p=1620 mm
p=1.620 m
3° The incremental length of the pile is calculated ∆ L
∆ L 1=10
∆ L 2=15
46
With these three data, we calculate Qs
❑
Qs =∑ fp ∆ L
❑
Qs =( f 1 p ∆ L1 ) +(f 2 p ∆ L2)
[
Qs = 70
( kNm )∗1.620 m∗10 m]+[ 65.1( kNm )∗1.620 m∗15 m ]
2 2
Qs =1134 kN +1581.93 kN
Qs =2715.93 kN
THE METHOD λ
The method is used λ to estimate surface friction
Qs =pL f prom
Where:
 f prom= Average surface unit resistance
 L = Pile length
1° the average surface unit resistance is calculated ( f prom )

'
Where:
 λ = Empirical adhesion factor
Then the value of λ using the following table
47
With which a value is obtained for λ=0.16
In addition, the vertical effective stress is determined σ '°

'
σ °=σ °−u
Where:
σ ° 1=γ sat h
σ ° 1=17.8
( kNm )∗10 m
3
kN
σ ° 1=178 3
m
σ ° 2=σ ° 1+ γ sat h
σ ° 2=178
kN
m
3
kN
m ( )
+19.6 3 ∗15 m
kN
σ ° 2=472 3
m
48
AND
u 1=γ w h
u 1=0
u 2=γ w h
kN
u 2=9.81 3
∗15 m
m
kN
u 2=147.15 2
m
Therefore:
'
σ ° 1=σ ° 1−u 1
' kN
σ ° 1=178 2
−0
m
' kN
σ ° 1=178 2
m
'
σ ° 2=σ ° 2−u 2
' kN kN
σ ° 2=472 3
−147.15 2
m m
' kN
σ ° 2=324.8 2
m
Obtaining:
'
f prom=λ (σ ° 2+2 c u)
kN kN
f prom=0.16 (324.8 2
+2∗48 2 )
m m
kN
f prom=67.328 2
m
49
p=4∗405 mm
p=1620 mm
p=1.620 m
With these three data, we calculate Qs
Qs =pL f prom
kN
Qs =( 1.620 m )∗( 25 m )∗(67.328 2
)
m
Qs =2726.784 kN
50
EXERCISE 11.12
A steel pile (H section, HP 12 x 84) is driven into a sandstone layer. The length of
the pile is 70 feet. The unconfined compressive strength of sandstone is q u(lab)
=15000 lb/in 2 and the friction angle is 34°. Use a safety factor FS=3 and estimate
the allowable tip load that the pile can take. Let q u(design) = q u(lab) /6.
DEVELOPMENT:
Using the formula of Goodman, 1980)
q p=q u ( N ∅ +1 )
Where,
q p= ultimate unitary tip resistance in rock
q u= unconfined compressive strength of the rock
N ∅ = so 2 (45+∅ ' /2)
∅ ' = drained friction angle
We calculate q u (diseño )
qu ( lab )
q u (diseño )=
6
2
15000lb / pulg
q u (diseño )=
6
2
q u (diseño )=2500 lb / pulg
We calculate N ∅
N ∅ =tan2 45+ ( ∅'

2 )
2
N ∅ =tan 45+ ( 34
2 )
N ∅ =3.54
Hence
q p=q u(diseño ) ( N ∅ +1 )
2
q p=2500 lb / pulg ∗(3.54+ 1)
51
2
q p=11350 lb/ pulg
Multiplying by the area of the pile section
Q p=q p∗A p
To calculate the area we use
2
A p =24.6 pulg
So
2 2
Q p=11350 lb / pulg ∗24.6 pulg
Q p=279210lb=279.21klb
Using the FS we determine Qadm
Qp
Q p ( adm )=
FS
279.21klb
Q p ( adm )=
3
Q p ( adm)=93 klb
52
EXERCISE 11.13
The working load on a 21m long prestressed concrete pile driven in sand is 502kN.
The pile is octagonal with D= 356mm. The surface resistance takes 350kN of
allowable load and the tip load the rest. Use E p = 21 x 10 6 kN/m 2 E s = 25 x 10 3
kN/m 2 , µ s = 0.35 and ξ=0.62, Determine the Elastic settlement of the Pile.
DEVELOPMENT
 To determine the Elastic settlement of a Pile under a vertical Pile load, the
following formula is used:
Se =S e(1) + S e(2)+ S e(3)
Where:
- Se(1) = Elastic Settlement of the pile
- Se(2) = Pile settlement caused by loading on the pile toe
- Se(3) = Pile settlement caused by load transmitted along the pile shaft
 So to solve this exercise we have to find S e (1), S e (2) and S e (3).
 Data:
- Q ws = 350kN
- Q wp = 502-305 = 152kN
- ξ = 0.62
- µ = 0.35
- E p = 21 x 10 6 kN/m 2
- E s = 25 x 10 3 kN/m 2
- L = 21m
- D=356mm
1. Calculation of Se (1):
( Q℘ +ξ Q ws ) L
Se(1 )=
ApEp
53
Where:
- Q℘ = Load on pile tip under working load condition
- Qws = Frictional resistance loading under working load condition
- A p = Pile cross-sectional area
- L = Pile length
- E p = Modulus of elasticity of the pile material.
 Now we need to replace the data in the Formula, for that we have to find Ap
(cross section area) having the diameter of the pile and this being octagonal. For this we
have the following table:
- So like this we have Ap= 1045cm 2
 Having already got the area of the cross section, we proceed to replace it in the
formula, thus we have:
[152 kN + ( 0.62 ×350 kN ) ](21 m)

Se ( 1 )=
( 0.1045 m2 ) (21 ×106 kN /m2)
Se ( 1 )=0.00353 m=3.35 mm
54
2. Calculation of Se(2):
q℘ D
Se(2) = (1−µ 2s )(I ℘)
Es
Where:
- D = Width or diameter of the pile
- q ℘= Point load per unit area at the tip of the pile = Qwp/Ap
- E s = Modulus of elasticity of the soil at or under the tip of the pile
- µs = Poisson's ratio of the soil
- I ℘ = Pile influence factor
 We find that wp:
152
q ℘= =1454.55 kN /m2
0.1045
 Now we replace in the Formula
kN
[1454.55 × 0.356 m]
m2
Se ( 2 )= 3
× ( 1−0.352 ) (0.85)
(25 ×10 kN /m 2)
Se ( 2 )=0.0155 m=15.5 mm
3. Calculation of Se(3):
Se(3) =( QpL ) ED (1−µ )I

ws
s
2
s ws
Where:
- P = pile perimeter
- L = pile penetration length
- I ws= Soil influence factor
I ws , It has a simple empirical relationship given by Vesic, 1977:
55
I ws =2+ 0.35 ❑
√ L
D
 We find I ws :
√
I ws =2+ 0.35 ❑
21
0.356
I ws =4.69
 Before we can replace in the formula we have to find P which is the perimeter of
the pile, for this we use the following table
P = 1168mm
 We replace in the Formula
[ 350 kN ×0.356 m ]
Se ( 3 )= (1−0.352 )(4.69)
[ (
( 1.168 m ×21 m ) × 25 ×10 3
kN
m2 )]
Se ( 3 )=0.00084=0.84 mm
 So to Find the Elastic Settlement of a Pile under a vertical load we add the
results:
Reply:
56
Se=3.35+15.5+0.84=19.69 mm
57
EXERCISE 11.14
A concrete pile is 50 feet long and has a cross section of 16 in. x 16 in. The pile is
embedded in sand with =117lb/ft 3 and𝜙 =37°. The working load is 180klb. If 110
klb is taken for the surface resistance and 70 klb is taken for the tip load,
determine the elastic settlement of the pile. Consider E p = 3 x 10 6 lb/in 2 E s = 5 x
10 3 lb/in 2 , µ s = 0.38 and ξ=0.57
DEVELOPMENT
 Data:
- Q ws = 110klb
- Q wp = 70klb
- ξ = 0.57
- µ = 0.38
- E p = 3 x 10 6 lb/in 2
- E s = 5 x 10 3 lb/in 2
- L = 50 feet = 600 inches
- Ap = 16 in x 16 in = 256 in 2 =
 To determine the Elastic settlement of a Pile under a vertical Pile load, the
following formula is used:
Se =S e(1) + S e(2)+ S e(3)
Where:
- Se(1) = Elastic Settlement of the pile
- Se(2) = Pile settlement caused by loading on the pile toe
- Se(3) = Pile settlement caused by load transmitted along the pile shaft
 So to solve this exercise we have to find S e (1), S e (2) and S e (3).
 Calculation of Se (1):
( Q℘ +ξ Q ws ) L
Se(1 )=
ApEp
58
Where:
- Q℘ = Load on pile tip under working load condition
- Qws = Frictional resistance loading under working load condition
- A p = Pile cross-sectional area
- L = Pile length
- E p = Modulus of elasticity of the pile material.
 We replace in the Formula:
[70 klb+ ( 0.57 ×110 klb ) ](50 pies)

Se ( 1 )=
( 256 pulg 2 ) (3 ×106 lb / pulg 2)
Se ( 1 )=0.00864 pies=0.1 pulg
 Calculation of Se(2):
q℘ D
Se(2) = (1−µ 2s )(I ℘)
Es
Where:
- D = Width or diameter of the pile
- q ℘= Point load per unit area at the tip of the pile = Qwp/Ap
- E s = Modulus of elasticity of the soil at or under the tip of the pile
- µs = Poisson's ratio of the soil
- I ℘ = Pile influence factor
 We find that wp:
70 klb
q ℘= =0.273 =273 lb/ pulg2
256 pulg 2
 Now we replace in the Formula
273 lb
[ ×16 pulg ]
pulg 2
Se ( 2 )= 3
× ( 1−0.382 ) (0.85)
(5× 10 lb / pulg 2)
59
Se ( 2 )=0.64 pulg
 Calculation of Se(3):
( QpL ) ED (1−µ )I
Se(3) =
ws
s
2
s ws
Where:
- P = pile perimeter
- L = pile penetration length
- I ws= Soil influence factor
I ws , It has a simple empirical relationship given by Vesic, 1977:
I ws =2+ 0.35 ❑
√ L
D
 We find I ws :
I ws =2+ 0.35 ❑
√ 600 pulg
16 pulg
I ws =4.14
 Before we can replace in the formula we have to find p which is the perimeter of
the pile, for this we use the following table
60
P = 64in
 We replace in the Formula
[ 110 klb ×16 pulg ]

Se ( 3 )= (1−( 0.382 ))(4.14)
[ (
( 64 pulg ×600 pulg ) × 5 ×103
lb
pulg 2 )]
Se ( 3 )=0.032 pulg
 So to Find the Elastic Settlement of a Pile under a vertical load we add the
results:
Reply:
Se=0.1+ 0.64+ 0.032=0.772 pulg
61
EXERCISE 11.15
A concrete pile 30m long and with a cross section of 305mm x 305mm is completely
embedded in a sand deposit. Yeahn h=9200 kN /m2 and I p=0.0007 ,the moment at
ground level, M g =0 , the allowable displacement of the pile head = 12mm,
6 2 2
E p =21× 10 kN /m and F y( pilote) =21000 kN /m . Calculate the allowable lateral load
Q g at ground level. Use the elastic method of solution.
DEVELOPMENT
 Elastic Solution Method: To calculate Qg at ground level we use the

following formulas:
- Soil reaction at any depth [p'z(z)]
' Qg Mg
p z ( z)=A p ' +B p ' 2
T T
Where:
- T = characteristic length of the soil-pile system
T=
√5 EpIp
nh
 Data:
- L: 30m
- St: 305mm x 305mm

2
- n h=9200 kN /m
- M g =0
- Xz: 12mm
6 2
- E p =21× 10 kN /m
2
- F y( pilote) =21000 kN /m
- I p=0.0007
 The first step will be to calculate T:

62
T=
√
5 ( 21× 106 ) (0.0007)
9200
=1.098
L 25
Here we have. Yeah, = >5 , So it is a long pile. And how M g =0 We choose to
T 1.098
take the equation:
X z (z) E p I p
Q g=
Ax T 3
 Before replacing in the formula we have to find Ax, for this we use the
following table:
- For a height (Z) equal to 0 we have:
 We replace the data in the Formula:
Ax= 2.435, Xz= 0.012m,

6
0.012× 21× 10 × 0.0007
Q g= =54.7 kN
2.435 ×1.098
63
EXERCISE 11.16
Solve Problem 11.15 with Broms' method. Assume that the pile is flexible and free
at its head. They are given: specific weight of the soil, γ = 16kN/m3 soil friction
angle, Φ = 30° and pile material influence stress, F y =21 MN /m2 .
SOLUTION
 We use the bending failure mechanism, where:
Ip
M y =F Y
d
2
 We replace in the formula to find My (We use data from the previous exercise):
( )
0.0007
M y =( 21 000 ) =96.39 kN−m
0.305
2
 We replace in the following formula:
My
4
D γ Kp
96.39
=232
4 Φ 2
(0.305) ×16 × tan ( 45+ )
2
 We find Qug
Qu( g)
K p D3 γ
 We replace in the previous formula:
Qug =50 ¿
 We use the pile head defection:
ŋ=
√
5 ŋh
Ep I p
 Replacing in the formula:
Ƞ=❑
√ 9200
6
(21× 10 )×(0.0007)
=0.91 m−1
64
Ƞ L=0.91× 30=27.3
 How do we get that result then:
x 0 ¿¿
 Clearing:
Q g=x 0 ¿ ¿
 Replacing:
3 2
( 0.008 ) [ ( 207 ×10 ) × ( 123 × 10 ) ] (12000) 5
6 6 5
Qug = =40.2 kN
( 0.15)×(25)
65
EXERCISE 11.17
A steel H pile (HP section 13 x 100) is driven by a hammer. The maximum rated
energy of the hammer is 36 klb-ft, the weight of the hammer is 14 klb, and the
length of the pile is 80 ft. There is, furthermore,
Coefficient of restitution = 0.35
Pile cap weight = 1.2 klb
Hammer efficiency = 0.85
Number of strokes for the last inch of penetration = 10
Ep = 30 x 10 6 lb/in 2
Estimate the capacity of the pile, consider FS = 6
DEVELOPMENT
Using the equation:
E HE
Q u=
S+C
Where:
Qu= Ultimate load =?
E = Hammer efficiency = 0.85
H E= Rated hammer energy = 36 klb-ft = 36 x 12 klb-in
S= Penetration of the pile due to hammer blow = 1/10 = 0.1 in
C = Constant = 0.1 in
Hence:
0.85∗((36∗12) klb− pulg)

Q u=
0.1 pulg+0.1 pulg
0.85∗(432 klb− pulg)

Q u=
0.2 pulg
367.2 klb− pulg

Q u=
0.2 pulg
66
Qu=1836 klb
So:
Qu 1836 klb
Q adm = =
FS 6
Qadm=306 klb
67
EXERCISE 11.18
Solve Problem 11.17 using the modified EN formula. Consider FS = 4.
DEVELOPMENT
Modified EN ( Engineering News Record ) formula:

2
E W R h W R +n W P
Q u=
S +C W R +W P
Where:

S= Penetration of the pile due to hammer blow = 0.1 in
C = Constant = 0.1 in
h= Hammer drop height = 12 in
W R= Hammer weight = 14 klb
W P= Pile weight =?
n= Coefficient of restitution between the hammer and the pile protection cap = 0.35
W P= peso de ( pilote+ cabezal )
(100 lb / pie)∗80 pies

W P= +1.2 klb
1000
W P=9.2klb
Therefore:
2
0.85∗14 klb∗12 pulg 14 klb+0.35 ∗9.2 klb
Q u=
0.1 pulg+ 0.1 pulg 14 klb+9.2 klb
Q u= ( 142.80.2klb−
pulg )( 23.2 klb )
pulg 15.127 klb
Qu=714 klb∗0.65
Qu=464.1 klb
So
Qu 464. 1 klb
Qadm= =
FS 4
Qadm=116 klb
68
EXERCISE 11.19
Solve Problem 11.17 using the Danish formula. Consider FS = 3
DEVELOPMENT
Danish Formula ( Olson and Flaate, 1967 ):
E HE
Q u=
S+
√
❑ E HEL
2 A P EP
Where:
H E= Rated hammer energy = 432 klb-in
S= Penetration of the pile due to hammer blow = 0.1 in
L= Pile length = 80 ft = 960 in
E P= modulus of elasticity of the pile material = 30 x 10 3 klb/in 2
A P= Pile cross-sectional area =?
Therefore:
0.85∗432 klb− pulg

Q u=
√
0.1 pulg + ❑
0.85∗(432 klb− pulg)∗960 pulg
2∗( 29.4 pulg )∗30 x 10 klb/ pulg
2 3 2
69
367.2 klb− pulg
Q u=
0.1 pulg +
√
352512 klb− pulg 2
❑
3
1764 x 10 klb
367.2 klb− pulg

Q u=
0.1 pulg + ❑√ 0.1998 pulg 2
367.2 klb− pulg

Q u=
0.1 pulg+0.447 pulg
367.2 klb− pulg

Q u=
0.547 pulg
Qu=671.3 klb
So
Qu 671.3 klb
Q adm = =
FS 3
Qadm=223.8 klb
70
EXERCISE 11.20
11.20 Figure 11.42a shows a pile. Let L = 50 ft, D = 18 in, H f = 11.5 ft,γ f = 112 lb/ft
3
and φ' filling = 28°. Determine the total drag force on the pile. Assume that the fill is
located above the water table and thatδ = 0.6 φ' filling
DEVELOPMENT
Using the formula:

Hf
pK ' γ ' f H 2f tanδ
Qn=∫ ( pK ' γ ' f tanδ ) zdz =
0
2
Where:
Qn= Drag force =?

p= perimeter of the pile section = Dπ = 18π in = 56.55 in = 4.71 ft
K ' = Earth pressure coefficient =Ko=1-sin φ' = 1- sin (28) = 0.53
γ ' f = Specific weight of the filler = 112 lb/ft3
H f = Filling height = 11.5 feet
δ = pile soil friction angle = 0.6 φ' filling = 16.8°
Therefore:
2
4.71 pies∗0.53∗112lb / pie3∗( 11.5 pies ) ∗tan 16.8 °
Q n=
2
11163.47 lb
Q n=
2
11.16 klb
Q n=
2
Qn=5.58 klb
EXERCISE 11.21
71
Solve Problem 11.20, assuming that the water table coincides with the top of the fill
andγ sat (relleno)=124.5 lb/ pie 3 . If other quantities remain the same, what will be
the drag force on the pile? Considerδ=0.6 ϕ ´ arcilla .
DATA:
γ sat (relleno)=124.5 lb/ pie 3
δ=0.6 ϕ ´ arcilla .
L=50 pies ≈15.24 m.
D=18 pulg ≈ 4.572 m
Hf =11.5ulg ≈ 3.505 m
γ f =112 lb/ pie 3
ϕrelleno=28 °
DEVELOPMENT
p=π∗18 lb=1.4363 m
'
K ´=K o=1−sen ϕ=0.574
δ=0.6 ϕ ´ arcilla=16.8 °
' 2
p K γ ' f H f tan δ
Q n=
2
'
1.4363 ( 0.574 ) 56 (3.5052) tan ⁡(0.6∗28 °)
Q n=
2
Qn=13.077 kN /m 3
72
EXERCISE 11.22
In the following figure, let L=19m,

15.2 kN 19.5 kN
γ relleno= , γ sat ( relleno )= , ϕ ´ arcilla=30 ° , H f =3.2 m y D=0.46 m.
m3 m3
The water table coincides with the top of the clay layer. Determine the total drag
force on the pile. Suppose thatδ=0.5 ϕ ´ arcilla .
DATA:
γ sat (arcilla)=19.5 KN /m 3
δ=0.5 ϕ ´ arcilla .
L=19 m .
D=0.46 m
H f =3.2 m
γ f =15.2 KN /m3
ϕarc=30 °
DEVELOPMENT
p=π∗0.46 m=1.445 m
'
K ´=K o=1−sen ϕ=0.5
δ=0.5∗30 °=15 °
73
The depth of the neutral plane is given in the equation:
L1 =
L1 2 ( γ'
−
γ' )
L−H f L−H f γ f ' H f 2 γ f ' H f
+
We replace:
L1 =
L1 2 (
19−3.2 19−3.2 15.2∗3.2
+
19.5−9.81
−
2∗15.2∗3.2
19.5−9.81 )
L1=10.015 m
Then, with reference to the equation for the total drag force we have:
( )
' 2 2 '
p K γ ' f H f tan δ L1 p K γ ' tan δ
Q n= L1 +
1 2
We replace:
Q n= ( 1.445∗0.5∗(15.2∗3.2)0.24
1 ) 10+ 100∗1.445∗0.5∗9.69∗0.24
2
3
Qn=252 KN /m
74
EXERCISE 11.23
CONSIDER A GROUP OF PILES, (see figure below) Ifn1=4 ,

n2 =3 , D pilote =400 mm y separación entre pilotes=900 mm , determine the efficiency of
the pile group. Use the following equation:
2 ( n 1+ n2−2 ) d +4 D
n=
P n1 n2
DATA:
n1=4 m .
n2 =3 m
D=400 mm
d=900 mm
DEVELOPMENT
p=4 D=4 ( 400 )=1600 mm
2 ( n 1+ n2−2 ) d +4 D
n=
P n1 n2
2 ( 5 ) 900+ 4(400)
n=
1600(12)
n=0.55 ≈ 55 %
75
EXERCISE 11.24
Solve Problem 11.23 using the CONCERSE-LABARRE equation.
DEVELOPMENT
The CONCERSE-LABARRE equation:
n=1−
[ ( n1 −1 ) n2+(n 2−1)n1
P n1 n2 ] tan
−1
( Dd )
DATA:
n1=4 m .
n2 =3 m
D=400 mm
d=900 mm
tan−1 ( Dd )=tan ( 9000

−1 400
)=26.625
p=4 D=4 ( 400 )=1600 mm
Replacing:
n=1−
[ 1000 ( 12 ) ]
( 4−1 ) 3+ ( 3−1 ) 4
26.625
n=o .419 ≈ 41.9 %
76
EXERCISE 11.25
In Problem 11.23, if the center-to-center spacing between piles is increased to 1200

mm, what will be the efficiency of the group?
2 ( n 1+ n2−2 ) d +4 D
n=
p n1 n 2
 Data:
n1=4
n2 =3
D=400 mm
d=1200 mm
DEVELOPMENT
2 ( 4 +3−2 ) (1.2)+ 4(0.4)

n=
( 2 π ) ( 0.2 ) ( 4 ) (3)
13.6
n= =0.908 x 100=90.2 %
15.08
77
EXERCISE 11.26
Consider the group of piles described in problem 23. Assume that the piles are in a
homogeneous clay saturated withC u=102 kN /m2 . The length of the piles is 20m.
Find the allowable load capacity of the pile group. Use FS =3. The water table is at
a depth of 25m below the ground surface. Considerγ sat =19 kN /m2 .
 Data:
n1=4
n2 =3
L=20 m
D=400 mm
d=900 mm
FS=3
NF =ubicadoa 25 m de profundidad .
2
γ sat =19 kN /m
2
C u=102 kN /m
SOLUTION:
Of:
Σ Qu=n1 n2 [ 9 A p C u + Σ αp C u Δ L ]
 Donde A p es el área de los pilotes; Assuming that the piles are square then we
have:
2
A p =0.4∗.04=0.16 m
AND p= ( 4∗0.4 )=1.6 m
 The average value of the effective overload pressure is:
σ ' 0=( 202 )( 19−9.8) =92 kN /m 2
Where:
78
σ ' 0 es el esfuerzo vertical efectivo medio para toda lalongitud de penetración .
 YeahC u=102 kN /m2 so, we have:
Cu 102
= =1.1
σ ' 0 92
 From the figure:
α es aproximadamente 0.52 entonces resulta :
Σ Qu=n1 n2 [ 9 A p C u + Σ αp C u Δ L ]
Σ Qu=( 4 ) ( 3 ) [ 9 ( 0.16 ) ( 102 )+ ( 0.52 )( 1.6 )( 102 ) ( 20 ) ] =3459.84 kN
 Previously, the formula for the resulting ultimate load capacity has been defined:
Lg Bg C u( p) N∗¿ c + Σ 2(Lg + B g) C u Δ L ¿
Where:
Lg =( n1−1 ) d+2 ( D2 )=( 4−1) ( 0.9) +2 ( 0.2)=3.1m

79
Bg =( n2−1 ) d +2 ( D2 )=( 3−1 )( 0.9 )+ 2( 0.2) =2.2 m
So, we have:
L 20
= =9.1
B g 2.2
Lg 3.1
= =1.4
B g 2.2
 Using the data already calculated we can use the following figure to find N∗¿c ¿ ;
have:
8.5
 Then the load capacity of the block will be:
( 3.1 ) ( 2.2 )( 102 ) ( 8.5 ) +2 ( 3.1+2.2 ) ( 102 )( 20 )=27536.94 kN
 Therefore:
Q g (u)=3459 kN <27536 kN
Q g ( u) 3459
Q g ( perm)= = ≈ 1159kN
FS 3
80
EXERCISE 11.27
A section of a group of 3 x 4 piles in a stratified saturated clay is shown in the

figure. The piles are square in cross section (14 inches x 14 inches). The center -to-
center spacing of the piles is 35 inches. Determine the allowable load capacity of
the pile group. Use FS=4.
 To calculate the allowable load capacity, the friction resistance must be foundQs
and the load capacity at the tipQ P The sum of both results results in the ultimate loadQu
and this divided by the safety factor is the admissible capacity of the group of piles.
 To findQ p according to Meyerhof in the case of clays we have:
Q p=N∗¿ c Cu A p ¿
Where:
N∗¿c : factor de capacidad de carga . ¿
C u : cohesiónno drenadadel suelo debajode la punta del pilote .
A p :área de la punta del pilote .
 N∗¿c ¿ can be expressed as according to Besic's theory:
4 π
N∗¿c = ( ln I r +1 ) + +1 ¿
3 2
81
Stiffness index values I r , have been achieved in consolidation and triaxial laboratory
tests:
So, we have:
4 π
N∗¿c = ( ln 150+1 ) + +1 ¿
3 2
N∗¿c =9.3 ¿
 So, we have:
π 2
Q p=(9.3)(1775)( ( 2.4 ) )
4
Q p=639 klb
 Now we calculateQs according to Randolph and Murphy (1985):
Qs =Σ α Cu p Δ L
To do this we must calculate and thus find α
Cu 1775
= =0.4
σ ' 0 4425
82
So α ≈ 0.8
 Now replacing:
Qs =(0.8)(1775)(7.5)(60)
Qs =1755.8 klb
 So, we have:
Qu=Q p+Q s=2394.8 klb
 The allowable load would be:
Qu
Qadm = ≈ 598.7 klb
4
83
EXERCISE 11.28
The figure shows a group of piles in clay. Determine the settlement by

consolidation of the group. Use the 2:1 method to estimate the average effective
stress in the clay layers.
 As the lengths of the piles are 21m, the stress distribution starts at a depth of
14m (2/3L) below the top of the pile. The value ofQ g=1335 kN .
 Calculation of the settlement of clay layer 1:
For normally consolidated clays,
∆ S c(1)=
[ C c(1 ) H 1
1+ eO (1) ] [
log
σ ' 0 (1) + ∆ σ ' (1 )
σ ' 0 (1) ]
To do this we must calculateσ ' 0(1) y ∆ σ ' (1 ) :
Qg
∆ σ ' (1) =
(Lg + z 1)(B g + z 1)
84
1335
∆ σ ' (1) =
(2.75+5)(2.75+5)
2
∆ σ ' (1) =22.23 kN /m
2
σ ' (1)=( 3 )( 15.72 ) + ( 3 )( 18.55−9.81 ) +5(19.18−9.81)=120.73 kN /m
So replacing we have:
∆ S c(1)= [ (0.8)(10)
1+ 0.8
log ] [
120.73+22.23
120.73 ]
∆ S c(1)=326.22 mm
∆ S c(2)=
[ C c(2) H 2
1+ eO (2) ] [
log
σ ' 0 (2 )+ ∆ σ ' (2)
σ ' 0 (2 ) ]
To do this we must calculateσ ' 0(2) y ∆ σ ' (2) :
Qg
∆ σ ' (2) =
(Lg + z 2)(B g + z 2)
1335
∆ σ ' (2) =
(2.75+12)(2.75+12)
∆ σ ' (2) =45.25 kN /m2

'
σ ( 2)=( 47.16 ) +(26.22)+ ( 18 ) ( 19.18−9.81 ) +2.5(18.08−9.81)
' 2
σ ( 2)=262.715 kN /m
∆ S c(2)= [ (0.31)(5)
1+1
log ] [
262.715+ 45.25
262.715 ]
∆ S c(2)=53.49 mm
85
∆ S c(3)=
[ C c(3) H 3
1+ eO (3) ] [
log
σ ' 0 (3) +∆ σ ' (3)
σ ' 0(3) ]
To do this we must calculateσ ' 0(3) y ∆ σ ' (2) :
Qg
∆ σ ' (3) =
(Lg + z 3 )(B g + z 3)
1335
∆ σ ' (3) =
(2.75+16)(2.75+16)
2
∆ σ ' (3) =71.2 kN /m
2
σ ' (3)= ( 47.16 ) + ( 26.22 ) + ( 180 )+ ( 41.35 ) +(14.54)=309.27 kN /m
∆ S c(3)= [ (0.26)(3)
1+ 0.7
log ] [
309.27+71.2
309.27 ]
∆ S c(3)=41.29 mm
 Therefore, the total settlement is:
∆ S c(g) =326.22+ 53.49+41.29=421 mm ≈ 0.421 m
86

Pile Exercises

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Pile Exercises

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NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF

Ejercicios propuestos en capítulo 11 del Libro “Principios de Ingeniería de Cim

This document is a resolution of the problems raised in chapter 11 of the Book

a) The ultimate tip load Qp with the Meyerhof method.

b) The total friction resistance, Where: K=1.3; δ= 0.8 ø'

Before solving the exercise you have to define:

 Ultimate Qp tip load:

The lateral friction fa at depth z is given by:

pd = vertical effective stress at depth z.

δ = friction angle between the pile and the ground.

pb = effective overload stress at the base of the pile.

Ab = area of the pile base.

 Ultimate Load Capacity of a Pile in Granular Soil.

c = cohesion of the soil supporting the pile tip

q' = effective vertical stress at the tip of the pile

Nq' ∗ Nc ∗ = load capacity factors for deep foundations

PART A: ultimate load of the Qp tip with the Meyerhof method

qp = unit tip resistance.

Ap = cross-sectional area of the pile.

c = cohesion of the soil that supports the tip of the pile.

what = effective vertical stress at the tip of the pile.

Nq' ∗ Nc ∗ = load capacity factors for deep foundations.

3. We determine the tip resistance using the following equation:

Da = atmospheric pressure (100KN/m 2 or 2000 lb/ft 2 )

Using the data from the problem in the equation we have:

4. We determine the ultimate tip load with the first condition

Using the data from the problem we have:

As we see in the condition:

Before developing we must know the following:

 The friction resistance Qs is expressed as:

Qs=∑ (p. ∆L .f)

∆L = thickness of the soil layer.

The unit friction resistance f is difficult to estimate. When calculating f, several

Considering the above factors, an approximate relationship is given for f.

K = effective earth pressure coefficient

σ'o = effective vertical stress at depth

δ = angle of friction between soil and pile

Development of the exercise:

1. We find the critical depth:

L ' ≈ 15∗( 0.305 m )

2. We find the effective vertical stress at depth

3. This is how we determine:

4. This is how we apply the formula to find Qs:

Qs= ( fz=0+ fz(4.575)

Solve exercise 11.1. using the Coyle and Castello method.

what = Effective vertical stress at the level of the pile tip.

N*q = Load capacity factor.

Thus using the Coyle and Castello formula.

Solve problem 11.1, using Vesic's method. Consider Ir= Irr = 50

1. Before developing the problem we must know the following:

K 0=coeficiente de presion de tierra en reposo=1−sen ø '

According to Vesic's theory:

Irr = reduced stiffness index for the soil

DEVELOPMENT OF THE PROBLEM

1. We use the formula of the previous equations and with C=0

Qp=(0.305 m) .21+2(1−sen 35 ' )

Solve problem 11.1. Using Janbu's method, Consider n' = 90°

1. Before developing the following problem, the following must be known:

The load capacity relationships are as follows:

Development of the exercise

 Because the soil is sandy, C=0 is taken

Qs+Qp 1533.43+ 455.96 KN

Solve problem 11.1 to = 18.5 kN/m 3 and𝜙 ' = 40°