Groups of cells that are similar in structure and function

Epithelial Tissue
 Cover and line body surfaces
 Often form sheets with one free surface (apical surface) and an anchored surface (basement membrane)
Hallmarks
 Avascular (no blood supply)
 Regenerates easily if well nourished
Locations Body coverings, Body linings and Glandular tissue

Functions Protection, Absorption, Filtration and Secretion

Number of cell layers Shape of cells

Simple Stratified Squamous Cuboidal Columnar
One layer (no protection) Multiple sheets Flattened Cube shaped, like dice Shaped like columns.
Classification:
Tissues can be classified based on

Simple Epithelial Tissue Stratified Epithelial Tissue

Very thin (not suitable for protection). Function in absorption, secretion and filtration Consist of two or more cell layers, function primarily in protection
Single layer of flat cells  Most common stratified epithelium in the body.
Locations:  Consists of many cell layers
 Lines air sacs of the lungs  Named for cells present at the free (apical) surface, which are squamous.
 Forms walls of capillaries Whereas cells close to the basement membrane are cuboidal or columnar.
 Forms serous membranes that line Functions: protective covering where friction is common
and cover Locations:
Squamous Function in filtration or diffusion Lining of : 1. Skin (outer portion) - keratinized stratified squamous epithelium ,
2. Mouth and esophagus – Non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

Single layer of cube-like cells

Two layers of cuboidal cells, rare in human body
Locations:
Location:
 Common in glands & their ducts
Cuboidal  Ducts of sweat glands
 Forms walls of kidney tubules
 Mammary glands
 Covers the surface of ovaries
 Salivary glands
Single layer of tall cells Surface cells are columnar, and cells underneath vary in size and shape, rare in human body
- Goblet cells secrete mucus
Locations: Location: part of male urethra
 Lining of the digestive tract from stomach to anus
Columnar
 Epithelial membranes→mucous membranes (mucosae)
line body cavities opening to the body exterior.

Pseudo-stratified Columnar Epithelium Glandular Epithelia Transitional Epithelium

 All cells rest on a basement membrane  A gland: consists of one or more cells that make and secrete a particular product (secretion)  Composed of modified stratified squamous epithelium
 Single layer, but some cells are shorter than others and their nuclei appear at different heights by exocytosis.  Cells of the basal layer are cuboidal or columnar while those at the free surface vary in appearance.
above the basement membrane. As a result, this epithelium gives a false (pseudo) impression  Secretions contain protein molecules in an aqueous (water-based) fluid.  Shape of cells depends upon the amount of stretching.
that it is stratified (hence its name).  When the organ is not stretched: many layers, and superficial cells are rounded and domelike.
Location:  When the organ distended with urine: membrane stretched. The surface cells flattened and become
respiratory tract, where it is ciliated and known as pseudostratified ciliated columnar Two major gland types: squamous like. Number of layers become less due to the ability of the transitional cells to slide past one
epithelium. Goblet cells produce mucus that catch/trap dust and debris, and cilia propel the another and change their shape.
mucus upward and away from the lungs. 1. Endocrine glands This allows:
- Ductless; secretions (hormones) diffuse into blood vessels.  the ureter wall to stretch as greater volume of urine flows through it.
- Examples include thyroid, adrenals, and pituitary.  The bladder to store more urine without increasing pressure in it.
Function: stretching and the ability to return to normal shape.
2. Exocrine glands Location: lining of urinary system organs (Urinary bladder, ureters and part of the urethra)
- Secretions empty through ducts to the epithelial
- surface
- Examples: sweat and oil glands
- Liver, and pancreas are both internal and
- external types of glands

Done By Marwa Abdulaal 2023

 Connective Tissue
Found everywhere in the body to connect body parts, Includes the most abundant and widely distributed tissues.
Functions Protection, Supporting, Cushioning and Insulating
Variations in blood supply:
 Many connective tissues are well vascularized
There are exceptions:
 Tendons and ligaments have a poor blood supply.
 Cartilages are avascular
Extracellular matrix:
 Connective tissues are made of different types of cells plus varying amounts of nonliving material surrounding the cells called extracellular matrix
Characteristics
There are two main elements of the extracellular matrix:

1. Ground Substance: 2. Fibers

Collagen Elastic Reticular
mostly water, along with adhesion proteins (serve as glue) and polysaccharide molecules (trap water) → cause the matrix to vary from
(White) Fibers with high tensile (yellow) fibers which can stretch fibers are fine collagen that form internal skeleton of soft organs
fluid to gel-like to firm in its consistency.
strength and recoil such as spleen
Types of connective tissue from the most rigid to the softeast or most fluid

Composed of:
 Osteocytes (bone cells) sitting in lacunae (cavities)
Bone
 Hard matrix of calcium salts
(Osseous Tissue)
 Large numbers of collagen fibers
Function to protect and support the body.

- Less hard and more flexible than bone - Found in only a few places in the body - Chondrocyte (cartilage cell) is the major cell type.
Hyaline Cartilage Elastic cartilage Fibrocartilage
 Most widespread type of cartilage  Provides elasticity  Highly compressible
 Abundant collagen fibers hidden by a glassy, Location: supports the external ear Location: forms cushion-like discs between vertebrae of the spinal column
rubbery matrix
Cartilage Locations:
 Trachea
 Attaches ribs to the breastbone
 Covers ends of long bones
 Entire fetal skeleton prior to birth
 Epiphyseal (growth) plates in long bones
Dense regular fibrous tissue Dense Irregular fibrous tissue
 Main matrix element is collagen fiber  Dermis – lower layer of the skin
 Contains rows of fibroblasts (cells that make fibers)
Dense Connective Tissue Locations:
 Tendons – attach skeletal muscle to bone
 Ligaments – attach bone to bone at joints and are more elastic (contains more elastic fibers) than tendons

Softer, have more cells and fewer fibers than other connective tissues (except blood: soluble fibers)
Areolar Reticular Adipose
 Most widely distributed connective tissue  Delicate network of interwoven fibers with reticular cells.
 Soft, pliable (flexible) tissue like “cobwebs” Locations:  An areolar tissue in which adipose (fat) cells dominate
 Functions as a universal packing tissue and “glue” It forms stroma (internal framework) of organs which can support Functions:
to hold organs together and in them in their places. free blood cells (largely lymphocytes) in lymphoid organs such  Insulates the body
Cushions and protects the body organs it wraps. as: Lymph nodes, Spleen & Bone marrow  Protects some organs such as heart and kidneys
Loose connective Tissue  A soft layer of areolar tissue is called lamina propria  Serves as a site of fuel storage
that underlies all mucous membranes (fat under the skin)
 When viewed through microscope, most of the matrix appears to be empty spaces,
which explains its name (Areola = small open space) Locations:
 All fiber types form a loose network
 Subcutaneous tissue beneath the skin
 In inflammation, this tissue can soak up excess fluid (causes edema)
 Fat pads around kidneys and heart
 Fat “depots” /storage where fat is stored and available for fuel in needed: hips,
breasts, and belly
 Blood cells surrounded by fluid matrix known as blood plasma
 It contains soluble fibrs which are visible only during blood clotting
Functions:
As the transport vehicle for the cardiovascular system, carrying: Nutrients, Wastes & Respiratory Gases
Blood

Done By Marwa Abdulaal 2023

 Muscle Tissue
 Muscle tissue contracts, or shortens, to produce movement
 Muscle tissue is irritable (able to respond to stimuli)
Skeletal Muscle Tissue Cardiac Muscle Tissue Smooth (Visceral) Muscle Tissue
 Packaged by connective tissue sheets into organs known as skeletal muscles, which are  Involuntarily controlled  Involuntarily controlled
attached to the skeleton.  Found only in the heart  Found in walls of hollow organs such as stomach, uterus, and blood vessels
 When the skeletal muscles contract, they pull on bones or skin  Pumps blood through blood vessels  Peristalsis, a wavelike motion, is a typical activity
 Voluntarily (consciously) controlled
 Produces gross body movements or facial expressions Characteristics of skeletal muscle cells: Characteristics of skeletal muscle cells:

Characteristics of skeletal muscle cells:  Striations  No visible striations (non-striated cells)

 One nucleus per cell  One nucleus per cell
 Striations (stripes)  Short, branching cells  Spindle-shaped cells
 Multinucleate (more than one nucleus)  Intercalated discs contain gap junctions that allows ions to pass freely from cell to
 Long, cylindrical shaped cells cell→rapid conduction of the electrical signals to contact across the heart.

Nerve Tissue

 Function is to receive and conduct electrochemical impulses to and from body parts

Characteristics:
 Irritability (respond to stimuli)
 Conductivity (transmit impulses)

Location: brain and spinal cord

 Composed of neurons (nerve cells) and nerve support cells called neuroglia that insulate, protect, and support neurons)

Tissue Repair (wound healing)

Tissue Repair (wound healing) occurs in two ways:

1. Regeneration 2. Fibrosis

Replacement of destroyed tissue by the same kind of cells Repair by dense (fibrous) connective tissue → scar tissue
The type of tissue repair (regeneration or fibrosis) depends on:

1. Type of the tissue damaged

2. Severity of the injury

 Clean cuts (incisions) heal more successfully than ragged tears of the tissue.

The ability of the different tissues to regenerate varies widely:

 Tissues that regenerate easily:
 Epithelial tissue such as skin epidermis and mucous membranes
 Fibrous connective tissues and bone
 Tissues that regenerate poorly:
 Skeletal muscle
 Tissues that are replaced largely with scar tissue:
 Cardiac muscle
 Nervous tissue within the brain and spinal cord

Note: if wounds are deep or very large, damaged tissues may be completely replaced by scar tissue

Done By Marwa Abdulaal 2023