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• Objectives of the session

– Understand the principles behind the use of piping classes.
– Awareness of the relevant codes and standards
– To be able to apply the principles of piping classes in the
development of a design
 A Piping Class
A set of standard piping components that under certain
service conditions, and within defined
pressure/temperature limits, can be used together.

The “service conditions” are determined by the meduim

(type of fluid) and it’s properties:
– Corrosivity
– Sweet/Sour service
– HIC resistanc
resistance
e

Every standard component has a unique identifying number,

which describes requirements up to delivery (ordering,
design, manufacture, inspection & certification)
 A Piping Class
A set of standard piping components that under certain
service conditions, and within defined
pressure/temperature limits, can be used together.

The “service conditions” are determined by the meduim

(type of fluid) and it’s properties:
– Corrosivity
– Sweet/Sour service
– HIC resistanc
resistance
e

Every standard component has a unique identifying number,

which describes requirements up to delivery (ordering,
design, manufacture, inspection & certification)
 Design Codes
External Standards:
• ASME Code for Pressure Piping, B31
– ASME B31.1 Power Piping
– ASME B31.3 Process Piping
– ASME B31.4 Liquid Transportation Piping
– ASME B31.8 Gas Transportation Piping
– ASME B31.9 Plumbing and Sanitation Piping

• CEN European Piping Code

• Local Codes Country dependent

• ASME B31.3 Chemical Plant and Petroleum Refinery Piping

This refers to other ASME/ANSI standards
» AS
ASME
ME/A
/ANS
NSII B16
B16.5
.5 (& B1
B16.
6.47
47)) -Pip
-Pipe
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Flang
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ve 24
24”)
”)
 Design Codes (cont.)
• Shell Standards
– DEP 31.38.01.
31.38.01.11-Gen
11-Gen “Piping – general requirements”
requirements”

– DEP 31.38.01.10-Gen “Basis of Design”

– DEP 31.38.01.15-Gen “Piping Classes Exploration and Production”
– DEP 31.38.01.12-Gen “Piping Classes Manufacturing”

MESC – Material and Equipment

Equipment Standards and Code
Code system
system
 Scope of ASME B31.3
Includes
• Materials, Design, Fabrication, Assembly, Testing, Inspection
• Applicable fluid service
– Petroleum products; Chemicals; gas; steam; air and water; fluidised
solids; refrigerants

Excludes
• Non toxic, non-flammable fluids between 0-15psig
• Tubes/Piping internal to heater enclosures
• Pressure Vessels (HEX), pumps, compressors
• Power (31.1), Liquid (31.4) & Gas (31.8) transportation piping/pipelines
• Plumbing/sanitation (31.9)
• Fire protection systems based on recognised standards
 Other relevant Design Codes

Other relevant codes for flanges:

– BS 1560 – equivalent to ASME B16.5 and B16.47
– BS 3293 – follow same ratings as ASME

Pressure Vessel Codes: if not covered by above

– ASME VIII Div 1
– BS 5500

Wellheads:
– API 6A / 6B
 Why do we have Piping Classes?

• Ensure the right material is selected for a particular

service.
• Standardisation:

– Interchangeable
– Economical
– Reduces stock required
– Reduces risk of maintenance error
• Reduces the number of different pipe specs. used in the
facilities
Piping Class Identification
 Pressure /
Temperature
rating

ASME/ANSI
B16.5 &
B16.47
 Piping Class Selection Guide
• Fluid system characteristics
– Hydrocarbon single/multiphase, water,glycol etc.
• Condition
– Sweet, sour, corrosive
• Piping Class
– xxxx
• Material selection
– Carbon steel, alloys, stainless steel, Duplex
• Temperature range limits
– -20/120 deg C
• Corrosion allowance
– 0-3 mm
• Remarks
Further limitations / special conditions
 Some Common Piping Classes

Piping Material Piping Medium Service/remarks

Class
Carbon Steel 1410 Hydrocarbons, Water, “Sweet”
Glycol, Air, Diesel
Carbon Steel 1440 HC’s, Glycol, Seal Oil, “Sour”

316L 3410 Glycol, Hyd. oil, (60°C max if

Chemicals, chlorides)
Firefighting foam
Duplex 3831/2 HC’s 1/2 corrosive
3833/4 3/4
corrosive/sour
Piping Class description
Piping Class information building
Flanges

4”- ASME 600 RF WN Flange, Bore 3.826”

ASME
Flange Loads
Gaskets
 Example of Mechanical coupler
assessment
• 6”Coupler
– Rated Pressure: 400 Barg
– G = 152.4 mm

• Loads
– Internal Pressure: 360 Barg
– External Bending moment: 15 kNm
– Exterval Torsional moment: 10 kNm
– External force: 5 kNm (in compression)

• Assessment:
– Effective Moment: Me = [15 + {152+102}]= 16.5 kNm
– Equivalent pressure: Pe = 1.273 * [4 * Me/G+ 0]/G2 = 1.273 * ( 4*
16500/0.152.4)/(.15242) = 23.5 Barg
– Peq+Pint: 360+23.5 = 383.5 Barg
 Valves

Common Causes of failure:

• Incorrect selection of valve type and/or material
• Poor quality fabrication and/or construction of valve
• Lack of inspection before installation
• Inadequate cleaning of line before installation
• Incorrect installation
• Incorrect operation
• Poor maintenance
• Fouling, polymerisation and solid particles
 Valve Selection considerations

• Service Requirements
• Reliability
• Availability
• Operability and Maintainability

• Size and Weight

• Cost
 Valve type Selection Process
• Info required (from Piping Class):
– Pressure & Temperature (operating and design)
– System characteristics (medium and phase)
– Condition (erosion/corrosion/toxic)
• Info required (from Process Engineer)
– Valve Service:
» open/close; throttling; regulating/control; isolating
– Capacity
– Turndown capability
– Safety requirements:
» Fire safe
» Environmental limitations (leak paths etc.)
» Min/max time constraints to open/close
» Reliability
» Fail-safe position
Classification of Valves
Block Valve characteristics
comparison
Ball Valves vs Gate Valves
 Ball Valves
Advantages/disadvatanges
 Sizing of Valve Actuator
• Valve requirements:
– Establish valve torque plus safety margin
» Temperature
» Medium
» Contamination
» Condition / frequency of operation
• Manual Operator
– Force <350N
– Lever Length <twice valve length
<1m
– Hand-wheel diameter <0.8m
– Hand-wheel turns <100

• Power operator
– Check complete output curve
 Check Valve applications

• Prevent reverse rotation of pumps (seal/driver damage)

• Prevent downstream lines/reservoirs from draining
backwards

Reduced pressure loss

Non Critical Critical
Reduced operating cost

Pump Discharge Parallel Pump system

Compressor recycle

Swing Dual Plate Non-Slam

 Top Tips
for Valve specification/installation
• Use Standard valve types (from Piping Class & MESC)
• Seek advice from a valve specialist for non-standard
valves
• Buy valves from approved (pre-qualified) Vendors
(ISO 9000 certificate)
• If fluid temperature >180°C, use metal-to metal seals
• Inspect valve (particularly intake) on delivery to site
• Clean and inspect lines prior to installation
• Make sure you install it the right way!
 Top Tips for creating PEFs

DO think about/show: Don’t worry too much about:

• Design Pressures • Being right !
• What type of equipment you’ll • Control issues
employ • Primary safeguarding
• Process and Emergency
Shutdown
• Isolation, Relief and Blowdown
• Piping Sizing / Classes
– Spec breaks
– Types/locations of Valves
The End
 Spec Breaks and
Overpressure Protection
Pressure drop across valves