How to use AI to do practical stuff: A new guide

People often ask me how to use AI. Here's an overview with lots of links.

Ethan Mollick
361 26
Mar 29

We live in an era of practical AI, but many people haven’t yet experienced it, or, if they have, they
might have wondered what the big deal is. Thus, this guide. It is a modified version of one I put
out for my students earlier in the year, but a lot has changed. It is an overview of ways to get AI
to do practical things.

Why people keep missing what AI can do.

Large Language Models like ChatGPT are extremely powerful, but are built in a way that
encourages people to use them in the wrong way. When I talk to people who tried ChatGPT but
didn’t find it useful, I tend to hear a similar story.

The first thing people try to do with AI is what it is worst at; using it like Google: tell me about
my company, look up my name, and so on. These answers are terrible. Many of the models are
not connected to the internet, and even the ones that are make up facts. AI is not Google. So
people leave disappointed.

Second, they may try something speculative, using it like Alexa, and asking a question, often
about the AI itself. Will AI take my job? What do you like to eat? These answers are also
terrible. With one exception, most of the AI systems have no personality, are not programmed to
be fun like Alexa, and are not an oracle for the future. So people leave disappointed.

If people still stick around, they start to ask more interesting questions, either for fun or based
on half-remembered college essay prompts: Write an article on why ducks are the best bird.
Why is Catcher in the Rye a good novel? These are better. As a result, people see blocks of text
on a topic they don’t care about very much, and it is fine. Or the see text on something they are
an expert in, and notice gaps. But it not that useful, or incredibly well-written. They usually quit
around now, convinced that everyone is going to use this to cheat at school, but not much else.

All of these uses are not what AI is actually good at, and how it can be helpful. They can blind
you to the real power of these tools. I want to try to show you some of why AI is powerful, in
ways both exciting and anxiety-producing.

The Six Large Language Models

To start, lets introduce the six Large Language Models available right now, all for somewhere
between free and $20 a month.
The first four (including Bing) are all OpenAI systems. There are basically two major OpenAI
AIs today: 3.5 and 4. The 3.5 model kicked off the current AI craze in November, the 4 model just
premiered and is much more powerful. A new variation uses plugins to connect to the internet
and other apps, but it is only in early testing. If you have never paid for OpenAI, you have only
used 3.5. Aside from the plugins variation, none of these models are connected to the internet.

Microsoft’s Bing uses a mix of 4 and 3.5. It is connected to the internet. Bing is a bit weird to use,
but powerful. Here is my guide to using it. In addition, Google has released a disappointing AI
called Bard (though they may show us more impressive models soon) and Anthropic has released
Claude, though it is more focused at business users. So what can you do with these things?

Write stuff
Open Source Option: None yet (but stay tuned)
Best free option: Bing and ChatGPT 3.5
Paid option: ChatGPT 4.0/ChatGPT with plugins

For right now, no other general AI tool comes even close to GPT-4, which you can access at Bing
for free or by purchasing a $20/month subscription to ChatGPT. GPT-3.5 is also good at writing
and is much faster. I have experimented a lot on how to use AI to help with written material, so
here is a list of way you might find it useful:

Writing anything. Blog posts, essays, promotional material, speeches, lectures, chose-you-
own adventures, scripts, short stories - you name it, it does it. But you can’t just give it basic
prompts. Basic prompts result in boring writing. Getting good writing out of ChatGPT
takes some practice, and here is a guide to doing that. ChatGPT-4 is much better at writing.
Bing can be incredible at writing, but needs some convincing.
 Make your writing better. Paste your text into ChatGPT. Ask it to improve the content or for
suggestions about how to make it better for a particular audience. Ask it to create 10 drafts
in radically different styles. Ask it to make things more vivid, or add examples. (though note
it only “remembers” a couple thousand words of text)

Help you with tasks. AI can write emails, create sales templates, give you next steps in a
business plan, and a lot more. Here is what I could accomplish with it in 30 minutes.

Unblock yourself. It is very easy to get distracted from a task by one difficult challenge. AI
provides a way of giving yourself momentum.

Some things to worry about: In a bid to respond to your answers, it is very easy for the AI to
“hallucinate” and generate plausible facts. It can generate entirely false content that is utterly
convincing. Let me emphasize that: AI lies continuously and well. Every fact or piece of
information it tells you may be incorrect. You will need to check it all. Particularly dangerous is
asking it for math, references, quotes, citations, and information for the internet (for the models
that are not connected to the internet). Bing and ChatGPT-4 are better at this. Here is a guide to
avoiding hallucinations.

The AI also doesn’t explain itself, it only makes you think it does. If you ask it to explain why it
wrote something, it will give you a plausible answer that is completely made up. It is not
interrogating its own actions, it is just generating text that sounds like it is doing so. This makes
understanding biases in the system very challenging, even though those biases almost certainly
exist.

It also can be used unethically to manipulate or cheat. You are responsible for the output of these
tools.
Make images
Open Source Option: Download Stable Diffusion
Best free option that requires sign-up: Bing or Bing Image Creator (which uses DALL-E),
Playgound (which lets you use multiple models)
Best option: Midjourney

There are three big image generators out there:

1. Stable Diffusion, which is open source and you can run from any high-end computer. It
takes effort to get started, since you have to learn to craft prompts properly, but once you do
it can produce great results. It is especially good for combining AI with images from other
sources. Here is a nice guide to Stable Diffusion if you go that route (be sure to read both
parts 1 and part 2).

2. DALL-E, from OpenAI, which is incorporated into Bing (you have to use creative mode) and
Bing image creator. This system is very good, but a little less powerful, for now, than…

3. Midjourney, which is the best system in early 2023. The reason I would suggest MidJourney
is that it has the lowest learning-curve of any system: just type in "thing-you-want-to-see --v
5" (the --v 5 at the end is important, it uses the latest model) and you get a great result.
Midjourney requires Discord. Here is a guide to using Discord.

Some uses:

Illustrate presentations or reports

Create stock photographs of your product in use

Create mockups of designs

Create mockups of apps or websites

Create logos

Fun
 Van Gogh inspired sneakers, from Midjourney. More in this thread.

Some things to worry about: These systems are built around models that have built-in biases due to
their training on Internet data (if you ask it to create a picture of an entrepreneur, for example,
you will likely see more pictures featuring men than women, unless you specify “female
entrepreneur”), you can use this explorer to see these biases at work.
These systems are also trained on existing art on the internet in ways that are not transparent
and potentially legally and ethically questionable. Though technically you own copyright of the
images created, legal rules are still hazy.

Also, right now, they don’t create text, just a bunch of stuff that looks like text. But they are
getting better at hands.

Come up with ideas

Open Source Option: Nothing very good
Best free option: Bing and ChatGPT 3.5
Paid option: ChatGPT 4.0/ChatGPT with plugins

Despite of (or in fact, because of) all its constraints and weirdness, AI is perfect for idea
generation. You often need to have a lot of ideas to have good ideas. Not everyone is good at
generating lots of ideas, but AI is very good at volume. Will all these ideas be good or even sane?
Of course not. But they can spark further thinking on your part.

How do you do it? Just ask for ideas, and it will provide them. But there are also more advanced
techniques. Here is a guide to them.
Make videos
Best animation tool: D-iD
Best voice cloning: ElevenLabs

It is now trivial to generate a video with a completely AI generated character (you can use the
images generated using the techniques in the guide), reading a completely AI-written script,
talking in an AI-made voice, animated by AI.

It can also deepfake people, as you can see in this link where I deepfaked myself. Instructions
and more information here. Use with caution, but this can be great for explainer videos and
introductions. And within a few months you are likely to be able to generate videos from text
prompts, so stay tuned.
Some things to worry about: Deep fakes are a huge concern, and these systems need to be used
ethically.

Coding
If you know how to code: ChatGPT-3.5
If you don’t: ChatGPT-4

GPT-3.5 is a powerful coding companion. But GPT-4 is next-level. I have been using it to write
programs in Python and Unity (programming languages I literally do not know at all!) by just
telling it what I want in words: "I need to create an Amazon Echo skill that will flash my hue
lights green and blue when I yell party. Can you create it?" It did, and now my lights flash blue
and green. It told me what files to download, what websites to go to, and what to do. When there
were errors, I just pasted them in and it corrected the code and told me how to fix problems. I
didn’t need to know anything. You can code now. Try it.
Learn stuff
Open Source Option: None yet (but stay tuned)
Best free option: Bing and ChatGPT 3.5
Paid option: ChatGPT 4.0/ChatGPT with plugins

AI can be a powerful tool for learning and exploration. I have written about how it can be used
for teaching and to help make teachers lives easier and their lessons more effective, but it can
also work for self-guided learning as well. Some ways to do that in ChatGPT:

Summarize texts. I have pasted in numerous complex academic articles and asked it to
summarize the results, and it does a good job! (though remember the size limits). Even
better, you can then interrogate the material by asking follow-up questions: what is the
evidence for that approach? What do the authors conclude? And so on…

Help with concepts. You can ask the AI to explain concepts. Because we know the AI could
be hallucinating, you would be wise to (carefully!) double-check its results against another
source. This both helps you learn and confirms the AI output looks good. Once you have a
sense that it is right, ask it to explain it in different ways “Like I am 10” or “in a script from
The Office” or “in the context of a medical examination.” Again, this is a start for your
learning journey, since it will often get subtleties wrong.

Explain errors: If you get something wrong, paste in the incorrect text and ask it to explain
the error, or to walk you through it step-by-step. The results can be surprisingly helpful.
Some things to worry about: If you don’t check for hallucinations, it is possible that you could be
taught something inaccurate. Use the AI as a jumping-off point for your own research, not as the
final authority on anything. Also, if it isn’t connected to the internet, it will make stuff up.

And more?
This is just the beginning. AI is improving rapidly, and people are developing new uses all the
time. But remember two key points:

AI is a tool. It is not always the right tool. Consider carefully whether, given its weaknesses,
it is right for the purpose to which you are planning to apply it.

There are many ethical concerns you need to be aware of. AI can be used to infringe on
copyright, or to cheat, or to steal the work of others, or to manipulate. And how a particular
AI model is built and who benefits from its use are often complex issues, and not
particularly clear at this stage. Ultimately, you are responsible for using these tools in an
ethical manner.

We are in the early days of a very rapidly advancing revolution. Are there other uses you want to
share? Let me know in the comments.
This post is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International
License.
 Type your email… Subscribe

26 Comments

Write a comment…

Dov Jacobson Writes Dov’s Substack Mar 29 · edited Mar 29

Excellent and comprehensive -- as always. Thanks, Ethan.

But please consider adding GitHub Copilot as a coding tool for people who can code.

It is GPT 3.5 based (I think), $10/month and uncannily ingenious.

Of course it autocompletes code as you write. Just start a line.

Or I can write a comment - and it will generate the code. That's great.

The comment works like a prompt.

But if I slow down - it figures out what I am up to

and writes the comment itself (self-prompting) before getting down to the code.

All while imitating my own style so closely

that it once took me hours to find somé hallucinatory nonsense that it injected into our program

and killed it bad.

 Yeah, it'll do that too.
LIKE (14) REPLY

Chase Hasbrouck Writes Trusted Mar 29

Hey Ethan, this is a great rundown! For a part 2, you might want to look at some of the add-on tools
people have built around the AI API's and see if they're useful. I've been using Lex as my writing
companion.

(Also, typo in the link to Playground.)

LIKE (8) REPLY

24 more comments…

© 2023 Ethan Mollick ∙ Privacy ∙ Terms ∙ Collection notice

Substack is the home for great writing