.

Certificate

.Acknowkedgement

.Introduction

4.Properties of solution
.0bjective
.Expriment-
.Expriment-2
.Expriment-3
.Result 0.Biblography
Index
Introdction
Nhensubstancesarebroughtincontactuitheach other they
intePl Iiz,this pP0pePty iS \n0W‹1aSDÎI\IdO‹l.ThÏS p‹'0pe‹'ty Of diffU3i0n
takesplace veryrapidÿ in caseofgasesandtoa leser exlentincase of
Iiquids,uhereascoIidsdonotshoutffsprocessofdiffusionz/'‹theach
other.Butwhatwecanobserve incaæofælidsisthatthediffusion of
solidsinliquidstakesplacesata verydiourate.
Ifa solidiskeptincontact ”itfanexcessofsolventinz/hichitis
soIubIe,æme portionofthesoIidgetsdixoIved.Ne Lnoz/thatthis
processiskno›vasdixoIutionofasotidiniqvidandthisprocesshas
taken placedueto thediffusion ofsolid particlesinte liquid.
Asolutionieahomogenousmixtureofæbstances ¥/'ithvariabIe
compos‘‹tion.Theaibstancepreæntài themajar proporitioniscalled
the doivent, vhereacthesubstancepresentintheminer proportionis
caIIedthesoIute.ItispossibIetohavesobtion composedofseveral
soIutes.The processofa ælutedixolvinginasolute iscalled
dissolution.
Marié commonmixture(Tkeconcrete)areheterogeneoixthe
componentsand propertiesofxichoizNrearenet ästributed
uniformÿthroughouttheirstructure,ConveræIy,solutionare saidto be
homogeneousbecauæ theyhaveuniformcoxipositionand
properties.Solution areintimate andrandom hcmogeneousmixture of
atomic sizechemicalspecies,ions,ormolecubs.
Properties of Solutions
Pureliquidshavea setofcharacteristicphysicaIproperties:-

Meltingandboilingpoints:- Solutionsexhibithigher bcilingpointsand

lowermeltingpointsthanthe pare«tsoIvent.TheincreaseinboiIing
pointanddecreaseinmekingtziintisd9@ndentM Onthenumber of
Solute particIesinthesoktion.Ihegreaterthenu«iber of solute
particles.(i.e.,the concentration)thegreaterz/iII be thebilingpoint
elevation and melting point depression.

Vapor pressure:-All liquidsexhibita vapor pressure,the magn'‹tudeef

uhichdependsonthetemperature of the liquid.for
ezamaple,uaterboibat100°C,xl?chmeansthat100°Cthevaper
presureofuaterisequaltotheatoosplaricpressure alleging bubbles
ofgaseousuater(steam)toex›apefre«itheIiquid
state.Houever,thevaporpressureofas«lvtian
(at any temperature) islessthanthatofthe
solvent.Thus,boJing atercensestoboiIupantheadd'‹tienofsaIt
because the saksoltionhasaloeer vapevr presurethatpure
Water.The saltsokutien Alevenuallylziiluhenthetemperature of the
solutionincreasebringingaboutanincreaseinvapeurpressure
sufficient to againfrombubbles.
Objective

Todemonstratethatrateof diffusiondependsuponthe following

factors:-

Temperature:-Astemperatureincreases.thekinetic energy of the

particlesincreases.Thus,the q›eedofparticIesaIso increase,y/hichin
turnincreasesthe rate ofdif1TiR0n.

Size ofthepartcIe:-Asthesize ofparticIeincreases.rate of diffusion

decreases.ThisisbecausetheparticIesbeco«ieIessmobiIe inthe
solvent.

Massofthe partcIe:-Astfamassofthepartc1eincreases,therate of
diffusiondecrease:asthe particle becomeslessmobile.
Expriment1)
To studydiffusionwhen coppersulphateisbroughtin contact with
water(liquid):-

Requirements:-
Coppersulphate crystals,100mlbeaker.
Procedure:-
1) Take about 2gofcopper sulphatecrystalsin100mlbeaker.
2) Add about50ml ofwaterandalloz/ittostandforfeuminutes.
3)Note the devlopmentofbbecolour inz/ater.
4)Allow to standkrthertilI”itisobservedthataIIcopper sulphate
disappears.
5) NotethebIue colourchangeinz/ater.

Conclusion :- Nhen ‹zilids such as coppersuIphate,potassiuz

permanganate arebroughtincontact¥/ith tquidsxichas
water,intermizingofsubstance.i.e.diffusiontaLes place.
Expriment2)
Tostudyofthe effectoftemperatureontherateof diffusion ofsolidsin
liquids:-
Requirement:-
Coppersulphatecrystak,200oIbeaker,uatchgbss,wire
gauge,burnner,tripodstand,theroooeterandstopwatch.

Procedure:-
1)Take Sgcfcopper e›Iphateeachinthreebeakers.
2) P»vr100«iIofdistiIleduaterdoulyinone of the beaLers.
3) Coverthisbeakerxithauatchglass
4)Pour 100mlofcoldwater in asecondbeaker stone.
5) Place a thirdbeaker containing 100mI of water on a tripod stand
for heating.
6) RecordthetimetakenforthedissoItuion ofcoppersulphate in all
the three cases.

0bservaticn:-
Sr.No Temperatureof›raterTimeTakeninMinutes
1.25°C 15Hin.
2.10°C 20Hin.
3.70°C 10 Hin.
Conclusion:-

Therate of duffsion of copper sulphate in water is in the order as given

below.

BeaLar3> BeaLer2>BeaLer1
Thus.the rateofdiffusionvaries6rectlywitl temperature.

Ezpriment3
To study the effectcfsizeofparticlesontherateef diffusi«naf z«lidz in
liquids:-

Requirements:-
6raduated100mImeasuringcylin&rs,coppersuIphatecrystaIzof
differentsizestopuatch

1) Procedure:-
2) Add 50olofuater tc eachof the three cylinders.
3) Tate 5g each ofbigsize,r›ediuo SiZe.waIIsiZe crystals of copper
s‹iIphateandaddthemseparatiyinthreecylinders.
é) Allow to standf»r some line.
5)Notethe tirieta\enfor due colour to reach my fixed mark in each of
the cylinders and note the obsrevations.

0bservation:-
Sr.No Crystallize Time Taken in Minutes
1. Big 15Min.
2. Medium 20 Min.
3. Small 10 Hin.

Conclusion:-
The rate of dufhionofcoppersulphatein water isinthe order as given
b9l0w.
Beaker3>Beaker2>Beaker1
Thus,smaIIerparticIesundergodiAsionmorequick\ than bigger
particles.
Result
1) NhensoIidssuchas coppersuIphate,potassium
permanganate are broughtincontact with liquid
such as nater. intermixing of the substances.i.e.
diffusiontakesplace.

2) The rate of dfiusion varies directly

with temperature.

3) Small particles undergo dlfusionmore quickly

than bigger particles.
Biblography
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