School of Engineering and Digital Sciences

Electronic Instrumentation and Measurement ELCE 310 Laboratory

LAB 5B (LABORATORY EXPERIMENTS): ANALOG SIGNAL CONDITIONING II

Amina Bekbayeva - 201871443

Yerassyl Amangeldi - 201813151

Aidana Bissen - 201747869

OBJECTIVES:

● To study the use of bridge current amplifier in photo-resistor measurements

● To study the operation of non-inverting gain amplifier in a temperature alarm system

REQUIRED EQUIPMENT AND COMPONENTS:

○ 1 ME3200 Electronic Instrumentation Kit

○ 1 Digital Multimeter (DMM)
○ 1 Dual-trace oscilloscope (TDS 2002C)
○ 1 Function Generator (GX 310)
○ Dual Output (+/- 12V, 0.5A) DC Power Supply (EL302RT)
○ 4 x Power supply cable with banana-to-grabber clips
○ 1 x BNC(m)-to-grabber clips coaxial cable
○ 5 x Jumper cable with grabber clips
○ 1 x Antistatic wrist strap
PART I: PHOTO-RESISTOR MEASUREMENT USING BRIDGE CURRENT
AMPLIFIER

Figure 1. Voltage Measurement of Photo-Resistor (LDR1) through the Bridge Current Amplifier
at OUT8

In Step 4, we measured the value for the output voltage at out8 which is needed to be
around 0 V. Also, we need to consider that the possible reason behind different results might be
in the internal circuitry which cannot be seen from the outside. This may influence the resistance
in parallel to the photoresistor, thus making it smaller than the resistance seen from the opamp's
output.

Table I

Step Parameter Value/Comments

4 0.523 V
Voltage at OUT8

9 Vout calc = -0.58186

VOUT Comparison The calculated value of output voltage is similar to
the experimental value. However, the sign is
different which could be explained by the phase
 shift.

11 We haven’t obtained the specific trend due to the

Comment on measurement measurement inaccuracy facilitated by equipment.
accuracy However, generally with the increasing voltage the
value of the Vout gets closer to 10 V.

Calculations and measurements:

Step 9.
𝑅5 𝑅13 6.224𝑘Ω 10 𝑘Ω
𝑉0 = 𝑅5+𝑅11
𝑉𝐵 − 𝑅13+𝑅12
𝑉𝐵 = 6.224𝑘Ω + 10𝑘Ω * 5𝑉 - 10𝑘Ω+10𝑘Ω * 5𝑉 = 1.91814 - 2.5 =
-0.58186

Condition 1:

6. 224 𝑘Ω = 10 𝑘Ω(1 + δ)

δ = - 0.3776

δ 𝑅𝐹 −0.3776 100𝑘Ω
𝑉𝑂𝑈𝑇 = 𝑉𝑅𝐸𝐹( 2 )( 𝑅
) = 5𝑉( 2
)( 10𝑘Ω
) = 9. 44 𝑉

Step 10.

Condition 2:

6. 105 𝑘Ω = 10 𝑘Ω(1 + δ)

δ = - 0.3895

δ 𝑅𝐹 −0.3895 100𝑘Ω
𝑉𝑂𝑈𝑇 = 𝑉𝑅𝐸𝐹( 2 )( 𝑅
) = 5𝑉( 2
)( 10𝑘Ω
) = 9. 7375 𝑉
Condition 3:

6. 07 𝑘Ω = 10 𝑘Ω(1 + δ)

δ = - 0.393

δ 𝑅𝐹 −0.393 100𝑘Ω
𝑉𝑂𝑈𝑇 = 𝑉𝑅𝐸𝐹( 2 )( 𝑅
) = 5𝑉( 2
)( 10𝑘Ω
) = − 9. 825𝑉

Condition 4:

6. 27 𝑘Ω = 10 𝑘Ω(1 + δ)

δ = - 0.373

δ 𝑅𝐹 −0.373 100𝑘Ω
𝑉𝑂𝑈𝑇 = 𝑉𝑅𝐸𝐹( 2 )( 𝑅
) = 5𝑉( 2
)( 10𝑘Ω
) =− 9. 325 𝑉

Condition 5:

6. 13 𝑘Ω = 10 𝑘Ω(1 + δ)

δ = - 0.387

δ 𝑅𝐹 −0.387 100𝑘Ω
𝑉𝑂𝑈𝑇 = 𝑉𝑅𝐸𝐹( 2 )( 𝑅
) = 5𝑉( 2
)( 10𝑘Ω
) =− 9. 675 𝑉

Condition 6:

6. 01 𝑘Ω = 10 𝑘Ω(1 + δ)

δ = - 0.399

δ 𝑅𝐹 −0.399 100𝑘Ω
𝑉𝑂𝑈𝑇 = 𝑉𝑅𝐸𝐹( 2 )( 𝑅
) = 5𝑉( 2
)( 10𝑘Ω
) =− 9. 975 𝑉
Table II

Conditions Resistance δ δ/2 VOUT

Measured (Ω)

6.224k -0.3776 -0.1888 - 9.44 V

OUT8 = 0.5V

6.105k -0.3895 -0.19475 - 9.7375 V

OUT8 = 1.0V

6.07k -0.393 -0.1965 -9.825 V

OUT8 = 1.5V

6.27k -0.373 -0.1865 -9.325 V

OUT8 = 2.0V

6.13k -0.387 -0.1935 -9.675 V

OUT8 = 2.5V

6.01k -0.399 -0.1995 -9.975 V

OUT8 = 3.0V
PART II: NON-INVERTING GAIN AMPLIFIER IN A DIGITAL TEMPERATURE
SENSOR

In this part of the lab, we need to amplify the readings of analog temperature sensors and
observe the changes in temperature using the given setup with an ADC converter.

First of all, we turn off both the fan and heater to prepare the amplifying part of the setup
by setting the needed bias point and gain (of 5).

Then, as the setup is ready, we enable the heater to produce the signal to process. The
temperature value can be seen from the output of the ADC converter which is outputted in the
way of 8 diodes which represent the 8-bit number (from 0 to 255). As temperature rises, the
value of output also increases and saturates at the value of “10101111” (175 in decimal). We
apply the gain of the amplifier to identify the amplified signal and using it we find the original
analog signal produced by the sensor. From the original signal, we can easily calculate the
temperature, because each voltage difference of 10mV from zero corresponds to one degree per
Celsius.

As we identify the maximum temperature of the heater without a fan, we turn it on and
see how our binary number decreases in magnitude. The steady-state readings are “10100111”
(167 in decimal). We repeat the procedure described previously and obtain the temperature with
the fan being turned on. The obtained results of the second laboratory part are collected in Table
III respectively.

Table III: Results of Part II

Step Parameter Value/Comments

7 Voltage at OUT9 1.012 V

8 Resistance of VR2 38.30 KΩ

D0
17 LSB LED

D7
17 MSB LED
 18a Decimal equivalent of analog output 175

18b Amplified analog voltage equivalent of digital 3.43 V

output

18c Actual analog voltage equivalent of digital 0.68 V

output

18d Maximum temperature measured 68 Deg C

167
20a Decimal equivalent of analog output

20b Amplified analog voltage equivalent of digital 3.2 V

output

20c Actual analog voltage equivalent of digital 0.654

output

20d Maximum temperature measured 65.4 deg C

21 Temperature difference 2.6 deg C

Thus, as can be seen from Table III, the maximum steady state temperature of the heater
without fan is about 68 degrees and with fan is approximately 65.4 degrees. The obtained
temperature readings cannot be confirmed experimentally (due to absence of termometer),
however, descriptive observations reveal that the heater's temperature was significantly greater
than human body temperature with and without a fan. Therefore, we can conclude that obtained
results are at least not contradictory to basic observations.
Conclusion

Based on the objectives of the laboratory, it can be concluded that the laboratory focused
on two main areas: the use of bridge current amplifiers in photo-resistor measurements and the
operation of a non-inverting gain amplifier in a temperature alarm system.

In Part I the use of bridge current amplifiers in photo-resistor measurements involved

understanding how to use the amplifier to accurately measure the resistance of a photo-resistor.
The experiment likely involved constructing a circuit that incorporated the bridge current
amplifier and measuring the output to determine the resistance of the photo-resistor. From Table
I, we can conclude that the measured value of output voltage -0.58 V is slightly different from
the theoretical value 0.52 V, but there is the phase shift in results. In Table II we can observe
different outcomes due to some internal errors of the circuit, which are not externally shown. In
detail, it might have an impact on the resistance running in parallel with the photoresistor,
leading it to appear smaller than the resistance observed from the output of the op-amp.

In Part II the operation of a non-inverting gain amplifier in a temperature alarm system

involved understanding how the amplifier can be used to amplify the output of a temperature
sensor and trigger an alarm if the temperature exceeds a certain threshold. This experiment likely
involved constructing a circuit that incorporated the non-inverting gain amplifier and a
temperature sensor and testing the circuit to ensure that the alarm was triggered at the correct
temperature. According to Table III, the heater's maximum temperature without a fan is around
68 degrees and with a fan, it is 65.4 degrees. Thus, the observations show that the heater's
temperature was much higher than the human body temperature, both with and without the fan.

Overall, the laboratory was focused on introducing the concepts of amplification and
measurement techniques using specific circuits and components. The skills learned in this
laboratory can be applied to various fields, such as electronics, instrumentation, and control
systems.