Types of Statute | Law of Interpretation of Statutes

1) What is Statute -

A Statue means any Law, Act, Enactment. The Parliament is given authority of Lawmaking. According to Blacks Dictionary, "A Statute is a
formal written enactment of Legislative authority that governs a country, state, city or county. In Simple words, it is the Law, Enactment, Act.

According to Gray, The process by which a Judge (or indeed any person, lawyer or layman who has occasion to search for the meaning of
a statute) constructs from the words of Statute book a meaning which he either believes to be that of a legislature or which he proposes to
attribute to it, is called interpretation.

According to Subba Rao J. "Interpretation is the method by which the true sense or the meaning of the word is understood." (The State
of Jammu and Kashmir V. Thakur Ganga Singh, 1960 2SCR 346)

2) What are Types of Statutes

There are Several Types of Statutes, Such as Temporary Statute, Perpetual Statute, Consolidating Statute, Codifying Status, Fiscal Statute,
Remedial Statute, Penal Statute, Declaratory Statute. Generally, Statute can be classified with reference to its duration, Method, Object, and
extent of Application.

3) Classification Of Statute/Types of Statutes are as follows -

Statutes can be classified by object, by method, by reference to duration -

1) Classification by object -

a) Declaratory Statutes -

Declaratory Statute may be defined as an Act to remove doubts existing as to the common law, or the meaning or effect of any Statute
such Acts are held to be retrospective. This may happen for, instance, where the courts have been interpreting a particular expression as
connoting a specific meaning which in the opinion of the legislature is a wrong notion of the expression. In such case, the legislature may pass
a declaratory statute declaring the correct meaning of that expression thereby setting aside the controversy regarding the correct meaning of
the expression.meaning of the expression.meaning of the expression.

b) Codifying and consolidating Statutes -

i) Codifying Statutes -

A Codifying Statute is a Statute which presents a detail authoritative statement of the rules of law on a given subject. The object is not
merely to declare the law upon some particular subject but to declare it in the form of code.

Example - Civil Procedure Code 1908, The Hindu Marriage Act 195 The Hindu Succession act 19556.

ii) Consolidating Statutes -

Consolidating Statute it is a Statute which presents the whole body of statutory law on the subject in complete form repealing the former
Statute. It is a Statute which consolidated laws on a particular subject at one place. The main purpose of the consolidating statute is to present
the whole body of statutory law on a subject in complete form repealing the former statute.

Example -

Arbitration and conciliation act 1996,

c) Remedial statute -

Remedial Statutes are those statutes which provide the remedy for a wrongful act in the form of damages or compensation to the
aggrieved party but do not make a wrongdoer liable for any penalty. This types of Statute are beneficial to the weaker section of the society.
They are directed towards extending a certain benefit to the particular class of society... Therefore they are also called as welfare legislation,
for example, industrial dispute act 1947 workmen compensation act 1923, Consumer Protection Act 1986.

Examples -

Workmen's Compensation Act 1923, Maternity Benefit Act 1961 Consumer Protection Act 1986, Industrial Dispute Act 1947.

d) Enabling statute -

Enabling statute is a Statute Which enables something to be done. It basically gives the power to do something.

According to Craies, "many statutes have been passed to enable something to be done which was previously forbidden by law, with or
without prescribing the way it is to be done.

e) Amending Statute -

As we all know, Amendment means a change in the existing law. A law is amended when it is in whole or in part permitted to remain
and something is added to or taken away from it or it is some way changed or altered to make it more complete or perfect or make it suitable
to accomplish the purpose for which it was made.

f) Repealing Statute -

Repealing Statute is a Statute which repeals Statute which already exists.

Example - The Code of Criminal Procedure,1973 repealed and reenacted Criminal Procedure Code 1898.

g) Taxing Statute -

A tax is imposed for the public purpose for raising general revenue of the state. A taxing statute is to be strictly construed.

According to Lord Halsbury and Lord Simonds stated, "The subject is not to be taxed without clear words for that purpose; and also that
every Act of Parliament must be read according to the natural construction of its words."

h) Penal Statute -

A penal statute is one which Punishes certain acts or wrong. Such Statute may be in the form of a comprehensive criminal code or
large number of sections providing punishment for different wrongs for example - Criminal Procedure Code, Indian Penal Code etc. The penalty
for disobedience may be in the form of fine, forfeiture of property, imprisonment, death sentence etc.

2) Classification by method -

a) Mandatory or Directory Statute -

i) Mandatory Statute -

A Mandatory statute may be defined as one whose provisions or requirements, if not complied with, will render the proceedings to
which it relates illegal and void.

ii) Directory Statute -

A directory statute is one where noncompliance will not invalidate the proceedings to which it relates.

3) Classification by reference to duration -

a) Temporary and Permanent/Perpetual Statute -

i) Temporary Statute -

This type of statutes are Statutes which are in existence for a known Period such Statutes are called Temporary Statute. Life period of
Statute is Fixed. In simple words this type of Statute, the period of operation is fixed by the statute itself the statute is temporary in nature.

ii) Permanent/ Perpetual Statute -

When no time period is fixed the statute is permanent in nature. The dictionary meaning of the term 'perpetual' is forever. Therefore
perpetual Statutes are those which remain in force forever.

These Statutes comes to an end only when they are abolished by the legislature itself by way of enacting another Statute.
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[4A. Application of certain definitions to Indian Laws.—(1) The definitions in section 3 of the
expressions “British India”, “Central Act”, “Central Government”, “Chief Controlling Revenue
Authority”, “Chief Revenue Authority”, “Constitution”, “Gazette”, “Government”, “Government
securities”, “High Court”, “India”, “Indian Law”, “Indian State”, “merged territories”, “Official Gazette”,
“Part A State”, “Part B State”, “Part C State”, Provincial Government”, “State” and “State Government”
shall apply, unless there is anything repugnant in the subject or context, to all Indian laws.
(2) In any Indian law, references, by whatever form of words, to revenues of the Central Government
or of any State Government shall, on and from the first day of April, 1950, be construed as references to
the Consolidated Fund of India or the Consolidated Fund of the State, as the case may be.]
GENERAL RULES OF CONSTRUCTION
5. Coming into operation of enactments.—2[(1) Where any Central Act is not expressed to come
into operation on a particular day, then it shall come into operation on the day on which it receives the
assent,—
(a) in the case of a Central Act made before the commencement of the Constitution, of the
Governor-General, and
(b) in the case of an Act of Parliament, of the President.]
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* * * * *
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(3) Unless the contrary is expressed, a [Central Act] or Regulation shall be construed as coming into
operation immediately on the expiration of the day preceding its commencement.
5A. [Coming into operation of Governor-General’s Act.] Rep. by the A.O. 1947. Earlier it was
inserted by A.O. 1937.
6. Effect of repeal.—Where this Act, or any 4[Central Act] or Regulation made after the
commencement of this Act, repeals any enactment hitherto made or hereafter to be made, then, unless a
different intention appears, the repeal shall not--
(a) revive anything not in force or existing at the time at which the repeal takes effect; or
(b) affect the previous operation of any enactment so repealed or anything duly done or suffered
thereunder; or
(c) affect any right, privilege, obligation or liability acquired, accrued or incurred under any
enactment so repealed; or
(d) affect any penalty, forfeiture or punishment incurred in respect of any offence committed
against any enactment so repealed; or
(e) affect any investigation, legal proceeding or remedy in respect of any such right, privilege,
obligation, liability, penalty, forfeiture or punishment as aforesaid;
and any such investigation, legal proceeding or remedy may be instituted, continued or enforced, and any
such penalty, forfeiture or punishment may be imposed as if the repealing Act or Regulation had not been
passed.
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[6A. Repeal of Act making textual amendment in Act or Regulation.—Where any 4[Central Act]
or Regulation made after the commencement of this Act repeals any enactment by which the text of any
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[Central Act] or Regulation was amended by the express omission, insertion or substitution of any
matter, then, unless a different intention appears, the repeal shall not affect the continuance of any such
amendment made by the enactment so repealed and in operation at the time of such repeal.]

1. Subs. by the A.O. 1950, for section 4A which was earlier inserted by the A.O. 1937.
2. Subs. by the A.O. 1950, for sub-section (1).
3. Sub-section (2) omitted, ibid.
4. Subs. by the A.O. 1937, for “Act of the Governor-General in Council”.
5. Ins. by Act 19 of 1936, s. 2.

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 7. Revival of repealed enactments.—(1) In any 1[Central Act] or Regulation made after the
commencement of this Act, it shall be necessary, for the purpose of reviving, either wholly or partially,
any enactment wholly or partially repealed, expressly to state that purpose.
(2) This section applies also to all 2[Central Acts] made after the third day of January, 1868, and to all
Regulations made on or after the fourteenth day of January, 1887.
8. Construction of references to repealed enactments.—3[(1)] Where this Act, or any 1[Central
Act] or Regulation made after the commencement of this Act, repeals and re-enacts, with or without
modification, any provision of a former enactment, then references in any other enactment or in any
instrument to the provision so repealed shall, unless a different intention appears, be construed as
references to the provision so re-enacted.
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[(2) 5[Where before the fifteenth day of August, 1947, any Act of Parliament of the United Kingdom
repealed and re-enacted], with or without modification, any provision of a former enactment, then
reference in any 1[Central Act] or in any Regulation or instrument to the provision so repealed shall,
unless a different intention appears, be construed as references to the provision so re-enacted.]
9. Commencement and termination of time.—(1) In any 1[Central Act] or Regulation made after
the commencement of this Act, it shall be sufficient, for the purpose of excluding the first in a series of
days or any other period of time, to use the word “from”, and, for the purpose of including the last in a
series of days or any other period of time, to use the word “to”.
(2) This section applies also to all 2[Central Acts] made after the third day of January, 1868, and to all
Regulations made on or after the fourteenth day of January, 1887.
10. Computation of time.—(1) Where, by any 1[Central Act] or Regulation made after the
commencement of this Act, any act or proceeding is directed or allowed to be done or taken in any Court
or office on a certain day or within a prescribed period, then, if the Court or office is closed on that day or
the last day of the prescribed period, the act or proceeding shall be considered as done or taken in due
time if it is done or taken on the next day afterwards on which the Court or office is open:
Provided that nothing in this section shall apply to any act or proceeding to which the 6Indian
Limitation Act, 1877 (15 of 1877), applies.
(2) This section applies also to all 2[Central Acts] and Regulations made on or after the fourteenth day
of January, 1887.
11. Measurement of distances.—In the measurement of any distance, for the purposes of any
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[Central Act] or Regulation made after the commencement of this Act, that distance shall, unless a
different intention appears, be measured in a straight line on a horizontal plane.
12. Duty to be taken pro rata in enactments.—Where, by any enactment now in force or hereafter
to be in force, any duty of customs or excise, or in the nature thereof, is leviable on any given quantity, by
weight, measure or value of any goods or merchandise, then a like duty is leviable according to the same
rate on any greater or less quantity.
13. Gender and number.—In all 2[Central Acts] and Regulations, unless there is anything repugnant
in the subject or context,—
(1) words importing the masculine gender shall be taken to include females; and
(2) words in the singular shall include the plural, and vice versa.
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13A. [References to the Sovereign.] Rep. by the A.O. 1950.

1. Subs. by the A.O. 1937, for “Acts of the Governor-General in Council”.

2. Subs., ibid., for “Acts of the Governor-General in Council”.
3. Section 8 renumbered as sub-section (1) thereof by Act 18 of 1919, s. 2 and the First Schedule.
4. Ins. by s. 2 and the First Schedule, ibid.
5. Subs. by the A.O. 1950, for “Where any Act of Parliament repeals and re-enacts”.
6. See now the Limitation Act, 1963 (36 of 1963).

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