UCSP–

s t
1st Summative Test Reviewer
s t
1 Quarter (1 Semester)

TOPIC: WHAT IS PHILOSOPHY - Attended the Academy, prominent student of

Plato
- Disagreed with Plato’s theory of forms
IMPORTANT CONCEPTS - Deductive reasoning

EASTERN PHILOSOPHY
- Emerged from the communities and
PHILOSOPHY civilizations
o From Greek words philos (love) and sophia
- More fluid
(wisdom) = Love of wisdom
- Places greater emphasis on social relations,
o Study or discipline that uses human reason to
family and community
investigate the ultimate causes, reasons, and
principles which governs all things.
WESTERN PHILOSOPHY
- More systematic and specialized in its
PHILOSOPHER:
approach
o Lovers of wisdom
o People who engage in philosophy
WHY IS THERE A NEED TO PHILOSOPHIZE?
o Became pioneers of various fields of knowledge
o Person’s sense of wonder
o Need to make sense of challenging experiences
NOTABLE GREEK PHILOSOPHERS:
o Love for wisdom

1. Pythagoras
HOW DO WE CHARACTERIZE THE STUDY OF
- mathematician & scientist
PHILOSOPHY?
- Pythagorean theorem
- Established a community of leaners who
 A way of analyzing frameworks
were devoted to the study of religion and
philosophy
- FRAMEWORKS: way of thinking about the world
and is composed of the views and beliefs of a
2. Heraclitus
person
- Logos: Everything that exists is based on a
higher order or plan
o INTERNAL QUESTIONS: dealing with
- “No man ever steps in the same river twice.”
our own correctness and values
o EXTERNAL QUESTIONS: seek to
3. Diogenes of Sinope
question the very framework
- Advocate of living a simple and virtuous life
- Emphasized on austerity and simplicity
 A distinct area of knowledge
- Said to have lived like a beggar
- Vocal critic of Plato and Aristotle
THE DIFFERENT BRANCHES:
- Cynicism and Stoicism
1. Aesthetics: beauty
2. Logic: correct reasoning
4. Epicurus
3. Ethics: moral questions and dilemmas
- Believed that philosophy could enable man to
4. Political Philosophy: governments, power, justice,
live a life of happiness
rights and obligations
- Epicureanism: a school of philosophy
5. Metaphysics: reality and existence
6. Philosophy of the Human Person: human person
5. Socrates
from a philosophical perspective
- The foremost philosopher of ancient times
- Made great contributions to ethics
 A reflective and meditative activity
- Believed that philosophy could enable a man
to live a life of virtue - Method of mental activity
- Socratic Method

6. Plato HOLISTIC THINKING

- Student of Socrates o Considers large-scale patterns
- Theory of Forms o Big picture
- Founder of the Academy
PARTIAL THINKING
7. Aristotle o Specific aspects of a situation
o Certain areas

faea2023
UCSP–
s t
1st Summative Test Reviewer
s t
1 Quarter (1 Semester)

o Philosophy utilizes holistic thinking in making o Based on one’s perspective

sense of problems and issues related to the o Full of personal biases and therefore
human experience. cannot be proven with scientific
evidence
REFLECTION
o To examine one’s thoughts, feelings, and actions BIAS WORDS
o Learn more about one’s life and experiences o Some examples: think, probably, guess, believe,
o Helps us understand ourselves and our actions perspective, point of view, best
better
In summary:
PRACTICAL USES OF PHILOSOPHY TRUTH OPINION
o To engage in critical analysis and interpretation of Objective Subjective
concepts, definitions, arguments, and problems. Evidence-based Circumstantial
o Improves problem-solving and decision making Reality-based Emotion-based
o Good communicator
o Wisdom
o Contribute to self-development ARGUMENTS
o Claims of facts
o Phrased in a reasonable way

FALLACIES
TOPIC: METHODS OF PHILOSOPHIZING o Faulty reasoning

IMPORTANT CONCEPTS TYPES OF FALLACIES

o Philosophy is primarily concerned with getting the FALLACY CHARACTERISTICS

truth about things. Ad Hominem Attacking the person
Appeal to force Use of threat of force or
FIVE CRITERIAS OF TRUTH undesirable event
- By Rafael Ferber (Swiss prof) Appeal to emotion Uses emotions such as pity
- Book: Key Concepts in Philosophy or sympathy
Appeal to the popular Presented as acceptable
because a lot of people
1. COHERENCE: accept it
- consistent/consistency Appeal to tradition Acceptable because it has
- non-contradiction with another thing been true for a long time
Begging the question Assuming the thing to be
2. EVIDENT true or proven, circular
o Empirical data argument
o Stating the obvious Cause-and-effect Assuming cause and effect
relationship between two
o Proven through experimentation
unrelated things
o Observable Fallacy of composition Assuming that what is true
of a part is true for the whole
3. CONSENSUS Fallacy of division Assuming that what is true
o Agreement of a group of people for the whole is true for its
o A preposition is true if it can secure the parts
argument of all the participants
BIAS
4. PRAGMATIC o Personal views
o True if a thing/it is useful o Not necessarily an error

5. RESEARCHER’S APPROVAL TYPES OF BIASES

o Ultimate approval of all researchers and
scientific method BIAS CHARACTERISTICS
Correspondence bias or Judges a person’s
OPINION attribution effect personality by his or her
actions disregarding external
o Blaise Pascal: “Opinion is a constructed factors or influences
and seen as collective of feelings, Confirmation bias Look for and readily accept
passions, and beliefs.” information that fits one’s

faea2023
UCSP–
s t
1st Summative Test Reviewer
s t
1 Quarter (1 Semester)

beliefs and rejects ideas or

views that goes against it
Framing Focusing on certain aspect
while ignoring other aspects
Hindsight Tendency to see past events
as predictable
Conflict of Interest A person or group is
connected to or has a
vested interest in the issue
being discussed
Cultural bias Analyzing an event or issue
based on one’s cultural
standards

Goodluck mhie!

faea2023