g]kfnefiff

slj hutk|sfzof Do]o\

k|tfk dNn
+ ;xk|f= t'n;Lnfn l;+x *
k[i7e"ld
Do]Rjld hutk|sfz dNnof hGd g];+ vo\t !@$ Dx Hjg . y'lk+dWo] aGbLvfgfo\ %)
&%( sflt{s s[i0f cf}z+ Lv'g' h"u' vM . hutk|sfz Dx xn . 9fn !% kfM, t'kmM %) k' o]F kIf+
Vjkof h'h' g/]z dNnof sfo\ j ;dsfnLg nfsfsfn .!
slj h'hl' k+ k|tfk dNnl;a]+ !^ bF Sjsfln j Vjk j o]oF f :jfk" af+dnfMu' d"Vo sf/0f
>Llgjf;l;a]+ !@ bF Sjsfln . Yj slj hGd Vjkof pQ/–k"j{ e"efu rfFu,' ;Sj, kfFrvfn
h"ano\ on j Vjko\ k|tfk dNnof huhuL cflb yf}+sGxo\of l;Gw'kfNrf]s, sfe|], bf]nvf
h'ofRj+u' vM . Vjk b]oo\ f, vf;ofgfM, o]lF n;] :jfk" lhNnfo\ nfMu' 5'+ e"efu lgu" b]z+ g+ bfaL ofgfh"ul' n+
af+dnfM . vM . y'sy+ hutk|sfz dNn da"lgano\ x] Vjk
8]gdfs{, sf]kgx]ugof /f]on nfOa|/] L, j o]oF f :jfk" tgfjk"0f{ h'ofRj+u' vM .
jfg{/–hfsA;g ;+ux| –NofM !#% ; zflGt :jl:t g];+ &^( ; Vjko\ g/]z dNn+ zf;g
;km'n ;+ux| h'ofRj+u' b' . y'lsof kmf]6f]slk cfzf ofgfRj+ano\ k|tfk dNn+ cfqmd0f ofgfM Vjkof
;k"ms'yL b' . ;+u|x h'ofRj+u' 5u" Yof;k'mnL 5'+ lsNnf Wj:t ofgfAo"u' j 5'+ e"efu sAhf
b'ltgftMu' 5u" 36gf y'sy+ GXoAjoftMu' b'— g];+ ofgfsfMu' vM . hutk|sfz dNnof zf;gsfno\
&%& Ho]i7 z'Sn rfFuo' f slt{ wfMu' yf;o\-<_ o]oF f g+ g]=;+= &&* of bFo\ Vjkof e"efu gfnfo\ cfqmd0f
bn -kmf}h_ jgfM Sjfy 5thfM bg . jof GofGx'lnkf ofgfM Vjkoft a]OHhtLk"js { k/flht ofMu'ln+
bzdL d+unjf/v'g' Vjko\t j lyldt xtfM jofM Vjkof t+ bofRjg . ljz]if ofgfM Vjkof onln;]
-cfqmd0f ofMjofM_ z+s/ dNn /fhs'df/ j :jof+ o]gF fk t+ bofRjg . y'sy+ Vjk+ oFl] n;] abnf
kfFrvfnof g/l;+xb]jlk+;+ -o]F kIfoflk+;_+ Vjko\t sfo\t tfso\ ofgfRjg .
!)@ Dx, lyldt ^% Dx, Vjkof k+lngfM NjfMjMlk+
* g]kfnefiff s]Gb|Lo ljefuof k|dv'
!
;Djt\ &%& Ho]i6 z'Sn k+rdL s'Gx' ru'of slQ{; b/ jf]ªf, Sj7 5t hfj bª xof, bzdL c+ujf/ s'Gx' vKjhklg
y]ldhklg Yj yfgf; xtf/ sofj >L ;+vn dNn s'Dxnh' jfª' lr/+ k+rvf/of g/l;+xb]j k|dv ' g, >l5j g]Dxj !)@
/fs vKjh .. y]ldh Dx+ ^% /fs .. v; Dx+ !@$ /fs .. a+lwvfgf xof Dx+ %), ;l/ª kft !%, t'ks y' %) /fs h'/f]+ ..
-kq $ v– %s_
1
g]kfnefiff
g];+ &*) kf]xn] f+ o]oF f e"efuo\ nfMu'
rfFuo' f Sjo\ ktef]S+ jfyo\ Vjkof kmf}h+ ld tofM
Wj:t oft . Sjfyo\ b'g] Rj+lk+ RofDxo\l;of 5Ø+
Wogflan . gL5Dxo\l;t lrgfM o+sn . ;v{g' ' y'lk+
o]oF f Sjfyldto\t Vjk b]ol\ 5 rfx'OsfM yfo\yf;o\
DjfMDjfs+ :ofgfM BMlkGt ef]u lan . yy] Vjk+
o]oF ft r'gf}tL laofRj+u' Ono\ j x] bFo\ k|tfk
dNn+ tTsfno\ Vjko\ k|Tofqmd0f ofgfM af]b] Tofs"u'
vM . df3 dlxgfo\ af]b] TonfsofM lemnflnkf
&*! ; xfsg+ Vjkof rf]/k'/L j rkfsf]Sjfy g+
TofsfsfMu' vM . g];+ &*@ ; gsb]z Tofsfsfn .
cg n"6kft oft . d]u' nf -dlxgf_ df3 ;'lb
bzdL cflbTojf/v'Gx' lyld Tofsfsfn . y'sy+
Vjkof e"efuo\ k|tfk dNn tMsMdl5 cfqmd0f
ofgfM cfkfn+ yfo\afo\ Tofsfsfn . y'lk+ Njfk'O
onof Ujfxfln sofM k|tfk dNn GXoRo"u' vg]b' .
g];+ &*$ kfv] Vjk j onof :jfk" af+nft .
j x] bFo\ hutk|sfzoft tMlhs n;s'; ofgfM
ono\ b'sfn . g];+ &*% hutk|sfzof ;kl/jf/
AjgfM a'u+ BMof hfqf :jsn . y'sy+ o]–F on–Vjkof
tMsMdl5 Njfk' g+ h'n, ldno\ g+ h'n . g];+ &(!
; hutk|sfz, lhtfldq j pu|dNnlk+ onln;]
ldno\ h'ofRj+u' vM . Sjo\ GXoAjofu' Do] ;DejtM
Yj x] Ono\ RjMu' h'O .
Do]of kf7
cflbz ef/k] b]j u0fklt yj
gsTjf/; af; Ogfo v] hj .. ! ..
dfs/ dsl/lg d';] rf]ªf uF; "
ofFof /fhf kflk sfFtuF' 5Øfs y"; .. @ ..
af; dbtf] cfj uf]/F f] u/ a]o
dvtf] yj yfo afz ugf n]o .. # ..
hutrGbof dlGq ef]6Øf bfh' /f;]
jfudlt y-j of_;] Sjfy bfªf vfF;] .. $ ..
2
afFnfFaª' 5Øftf] cfj jg] yj yfo
Kofvg x';] jg] sfFy u' /fo .. % ..
nftf af]/f ;f]o w'gf] Djfªfg v] uFg"
kf/ kf/ aa' sfo h'o a'nx' g"F .. ^..
uf]n
F f]F uNof dfs/klg hf]/f] la/f] sfFª
af; db' vfF;] vf];] ldvf clt dfª .. & ..
k'?a ;f]l+ ;Fdf k'mtf] ugf ofo af;
y/y/ g'/f] hLj ugf rf]g] yf; .. * ..
uf]-F /f]_of afg/klg tj b'v tfof
ofFof /fhf kflk h';] Ïmn nf;] sfof .. ( ..
Olt kln km-n]_===jlkof ;]gsfj
‰]m‰]m;]g b'v ;]of kflkg ofªfj .. !) ..
OGb|flb b]j lzj a/ laj 5]g
x/vg ;sf] zj Dx]t] lrt h]g ..
ho lhtfldq k|e' pu| dNn b]j
hutk|sfz cfj w/d; x]j .. !! ..
;|ft] M g]kfnefiff uLt
Do]of cg'jfb
bsno\ Gxfkf+ u0fklt BM yMDx efMk],
gsTjfno\ hjo\ RjgfRj+Dx ljgfos oft ..!..
dfsM j dfsMgLt u'FO d'gfRjg .
o]oF f h'h' kfkL h'ofM sltu'F kfnf5\jn ..@..
af; db'lk+ dfsMt Ujn+ ug la:o'j+ gL <
yMu' yfo\ x] af; dvo\sfM d]u' af; ug Noo\ < ..#..
hutrGbof dGqL ef]6Øf bfh'+ afudtL yMu'
ofgfM Sjfy b+u' vg ..$..
afFnfFaª' ag kfnf5\jMu'ln+ yMu' yf;o\ jg .
Kofv+xn ' fM sfFyu'OF Rjg]t jg ..%..
DjfgfRjgfu' u'0f+ nftf–a'/f g+ :jo\ w ' g .
kfM kfM ofgf ca'–sfo\ a'nx' 'F a'/f h'Ou' :jo\wg' ..^..

Ujno\ Rj+lk+ dfsMto\ ljhf]u-<_ h'n .
af; db'u' vgfM VjMu'ln+ ldvf g+ dgfjn ..&..
+ ' n, ug jgfM af; ofo\u' <
Gxfkf b'u' ;f]l;Fdf dbo\ws
Dx x] y'y/{' vfo\ws +' n ug yf;o\ Rj+jg]u' < ..*..
Ujno\ Rjlk+ dfsMto\;+ t:;s+ b'Mv tfo\sn .
o]oF f h'h' kfkL h"uo' f kmn Old;+ nfgfsfn ..(..
lxlt, kf}, kmNrf, a'uF fM === :o+sfM kfkL+ ofgfM emL
b'Mvl;of ..!)..
OGb|lb b]j, lzj, l5+ j/bfg laoflb;F .
lhu' lrQ+ ;M;My]+ no\tfofM lDxt] .
lhtfldq, pu|dNn j hutk|sfz wd{o\ ofgfM
kljq h'n ..!!..
ljj]rgf
hutk|sfz dNn j rGb|zv ] / lgDx hfgfM
RjoftMu' cfkfn+ Do] 5yf;+ d'gfM g]kfnefiff uLt
gf+ laofM y'lk+ Do] g];+ &(@ ; NXoo\ l;wo\su" '
vM . Yj ;+ux| o\ %)) k'+ dofs Do] d'gftMu' b' .
cfkfn+ Do] o \ kf} / fl0fs kfqto\ u ' gf+ ; d] t
b'YofgfRj+u'ln+ yLyL Kofv+ bo\s]u' Nofv+ Do]
lrgftMu' vg]b' . cfkfn+ Do]o\ 5Dx x] sljy]+
vg]bo\s sljof gf+ hutrGb laoftMu' b' . Yj
hutk|sfz dNn j jof dGqL rGb|zv ] /of ;+oS' t
gf+ vM . rGb|zv] /oft ug+–ug+ clen]vo\ rfFbz]v/
gf+ g+ RjoftMu' b' . Yj dGqL+ vf;ofgfM sljtf,
Do] Rjo\u' Hofo\ hutrGb|oft Ujfxfln ofgfRj+u'
vg]b' . g]kfnefiff uLt gf+of Yj Do];k"m NXoMDx
JolSt wfM;f cgGt l;+x vM .
g]kfnefiff uLt ;k'mnL y'u' Do] …ednf–
Do]Ú zLif{so\ b'YofsftMu' b' . …ednf–Do]Ú k'rno\
…dfs/ ednfÚ, …kfs/ ednfÚ j …rf}/f–kfos
ednfÚ Do] b' . …dfs/Ú wOu' …dfsMÚ, …kfs/Ú wOu'
…kfsMÚ j …rf}/f–kfosÚ wOu' …v'F j l;kfxLÚ wfMu'
vM . y'lk+ Do] Jo+UofTds z}nL+ RjoftMu' xf:o
g]kfnefiff
/;of vg]b' . …ednfÚ vFUjM lxGbLof …e|dgfÚ jf
…edgfÚkfv]+ jMu' vg]b,' u'lsof cy{ …e'mld+ o+Dx y]+
h'Ou'Ú jf …drfo\s pv]y+ v ' +] h'Ou'Ú vM .
Do] RjMu' Ono\ hutk|sfzof >Llgjf;ln;]
3lgi7tf b'u' j k|tfk dNnln;] zq'tfk"0f{ Jojxf/
h'ofRj+u' vg]b' . Yj Do]o\ k|tfk dNnk|lt 3[0ff
of;]+ Jo+UofTds z}nL+ RjoftMu' b' . ug+–ug+ Vjkof
jL/tfof aofg ofgfM jL/ /; g+ lgjf{x h'ofRj+u'
b' .
Do]o\ 5l;+sy+ yy] efj JoSt ofgftMu' b'—
dfsMt d'gfM RjgfRj+u' Ujn -kz'klt_ of u'F o]oF f
h'h'+ -k|tfk dNn+_ sAhf ofgfM cgof l;df
kfnflan . cg Rj+lk+ dfsMt ug la:o'j+ g], ug
la:o+j' g] h'n . yhfMu' Ono\ hutk|sfzof dGqL
ef]6Øf+ UjnlnSs GXofgfRj+u' jfudtL sAhf
ofgfM cg Sjfy bo\sn . j vgfM afFnfFaF' j
sfFyu'F Vjkofu' cwLgo\ h'ofM Ujno\ af; db'lk+
dfsMt Vjkof pu' yf;o\ no\tftf+, Kofv+xx' +' cg
Rj+jn . Yjof Gxfkf o]oF f h'h' …kfkLÚ h'ofM Ujn
sAhf ofgfM, cg Rj+u' ;f]lF ;df kfnfM dfsMto\u'
af; dbo\sfAo"u' vM . y'lk+ dfsMt af; dbofM
VjVj+ ldvf g+ dgfjn . ug af; ofo\ wsfM dtL
tofM y/y/ vfgfh'n . o]oF f h'h+' lxlt, kf} -a'OF
Rj+u' kmn]_, kmn], a'uF fM cflb :o+sfM dg"to\t g+
b'Mv laofh'n . Do]of efjfy{ y'ln x] .
Do]of bsl;ao\ Rjo\ hutk|sfzof d]du] '
Do]o\ y]+ gsTjfno\ Rj+Dx u0f]zoft gd:s/0f
ofgftMu' b' . cy] x] bsl;ao\ Sjo\ OGb|flb b]jofs]
j/ ˆjgftMu' j hutk|sfz ln;]+ jof sfo\lk+
lhtfldq dNn j pu| dNnlklgu' gf+ GXoygftMu'
b' .
Yj Do]o\ hutk|sfzof dGqL ef]6Øfof
jL/tfof aofg ofgftMu' b' . g];+ &(@ Vjk j
on hfgfM …dohufdÚ o\ cfqmd0f ofMj+ano\ Vjkof
3
g]kfnefiff
rf}tf/f ef]6Øf efh'+ cg Rj+lk+ zq'to\u' 5Ø+
kfnflan . sf]kgx]ug, /f]on nfOa|/] Lof Yof;k'mtL
Yj 36gf y'sy+ GXoAjoftMu' b'— ;Djt\ &(@
Ho]i7 s[i0f k|ltkbf zlgZr/jf/v'g' dohufdof
Sjfyo\ on j Vjkof bn jofM 3]/o\ ofMjn .
dohuf+of hgtfoft lkg] lksofM Vjkof rf}tf/f
ef]6Øf efh', hoxl/ hf]zL cflbl;g+ v'do\l;of
5Ø+ Wogfxn .
;Djt\ &(@ Ho]i6 s[i0f k|ltkbf zlgZr/jf/,
Yjs'Gx' dohufd Sjf7; o/h vkf]hg b/sg
k'g jj, dohufd; hg lkkf/fcf] vKjof rf}tf/f
ef]Tof efh', hoxl/ hf]l; cflbg Dx+ v' 5]/ w]ªfj
xj === .. dfs/ ednf Do]o\ yhfMDx b]zeSt jL/
rf}tf/f ef]6Øfoft hutrGbof dlGq ef]6Øf bfh'
/f;], jfudlt y-j of_;] Sjfy bfªf vfF;] wsfM
jL/tfof k|z; + f ofgftMu' b' . ef]6Øf efh'+ rf}tf/f
h'ofM Vjk b]oo\ f lglt+ yMu' jL/tf SogfRj+u'
Ono\ g];+ &(# dfu{lz/ s[i0fano\ hutk|sfzof
#$ bFof cNkpd]/o\ d[To' h'n . pano\ on j
Vjk hfgfM o]gF fk NjfgfRj+u' O{ vM .
Rjo\ GXoygfu' Do] hutk|sfz+ ;dsfnLg
cj:yfoft sofM RjoftMu' vM . zfob
hutk|sfzof zf;gsfno\ k|tfk dNn+ tMsMdl5
xdnf ofgfM Vjkb]o\of e"efu TofsfsofRj+u'
Ono\ jf GXofan]+ k/fho hs h'ofM ckdfg
;xofgfRjg]dfMu' Ono\ ef]6Øf+ u'u' jL/tf Sog
psL hutk|sfzof k|efj nfMu' vg]b,' Yj Do]o\ .
slj hutk|sfz+ ef]6Øfoft bfh' wsfM ;Daf]wg
ofgftMu' g+ cy{k0" f{ h" . 5fo\wfM;f, g]jfMto\ bfh'
vFUjM yMl;a]+ ysflnDxo\l;t jf xg]dfMDxo\l;t
xgfagf ofgfM 5ØnLu' zAb vM . xfg+ h'h+' yM x]
rf}tf/foft …bfh'Ú wsfM ;Daf]wg ofMu'of g+ ljz]if
cy{k"0f{ h" . ef]6Øf efh' hutk|sfzof gftf+
bfh' nfMDx y]+ g+ vg]db' .
Rjo\ GXoygfu' Do], Ujn yfo\ k|tfk dNn+
sAhf ofgfM sfo\ws +' fM ef]6Øf+ UjnlnSs nfMu'
4
jfudtL Sjfy bgfM jL/tf So+u' ljifooft dfsM
kfq bo\sfM o]Fof h'h' k|tfk dNnoft Wofr"
gsftMu' vM . cy] x] d]u' 5k' Do] Vjkof e"efuo\
nfMu' jfe' wOu' yfo\ SjTonfsfMu' ljifo bo\sfM
RjoftMu' b' . Yj Do]of efj :jo\ano\ o]F b]z+ Vjkof
…jfe'Ú SjTonfsfMu' vM . Do] yy] RjoftMu' b'—
.. dfn>L .. k| ..
k|yd; ;'d/k] Wjfvfof Ogfo
tjrklnof yf]Dxf ;bfª ;xfo ..
kmj wsfj rf]ªF klg ofo clt x];
dt's s'nl5 alh sfof jFfe' b]z ..
le+ª k/dfg t;] yd b]ªF rf]ªf
Gx]ng drfn] sf/ft dgl;F b]ªf ..
wfku'ln ;loª anf ;+nf x]nf
lv Dx];] a];] jfgf ofo ;]:tf a]nf ..
hutrGbof ult dNn >Llgjf;
tn]hc
' f] 5nkf]n; k'ª v] cf; ..
-g]kfnefiff uLt, Do] k' !^_
efjfy{
Gxfkf+ Wjfvfo\ Rj+ D x u0f] z n' d + s ] .
tjrklnof -trkfn<_ y'Dxl;s] GXofan]+ eN;f
sofRjgf . yMt aNnfM wsfM Rj+lkGt g+ lx:ofo\ .
5fo\wfM;f Old;+ lhldu' jfe' TofsfsofM cg
;Mu' cÌ+ s"l5 alh go\t g+ dufM . le+le+lk+
-aaMnfMlk+ _ k| d fg -dGqL_ tofM yM ofpF s
BgfRjgf . GXon+ drfano\ snfM g+ n'dd+sf .
9fn, wg'if, ;n cflb TjMtfM zq' lv Dx'sfM
la:o' + jg . hutk|sfzof lnw+ ;f >Llgjf;,
5nkf]noft tn]h+' j/ aLu' cfzf b' .
Yj Do] g+ g];+ &*$ lnkf RjMu' vg]b' . Yj
Ono\ hutk|sfzof >Llgjf;ln;] :jfk" af+nfgfM
k|tfk dNnln;] wfM;f zq'tfk"0f{ Jojxf/ h'ofRj+u'

vM . cy]ho' fM Do]o\ zq'–b]z jf zq'–h'ho' f gf+
GXoygfdtM;f+ k|tfk dNnln;] ck|ToIf :jfk" b'u'
Do] vM . y'sL g+ yMu' b]zof e"efu TonfsfM;f+
…s"l5 alh go\t dufMu' e"ldÚ wsfM plsoft
jf:tf dofM . cy] x] yMofs] jL/lk+ k|df0flk+ b'
wsfM 9'Ss h'ofRj+ u' b' . a?, onof h'h'
>Llgjf;oft Vjkof tn]ho' f g+ ;'bl[ i6 nfo\df
wsfM sfdgf ofgftMu' b' .
k|tfk dNn+ yMt …sjLGb|Ú wfOu'ln+ 5k'
Do]o\ -g]kfnefiff uLt, Do] k' $*&_ hutk|sfz+
yMt g]kfnefiffof sljdWo] lgk'0fDx, u'0fLlk+dWo]
g+ lz/f]dl0f wsfM y'sy+ Do] lrgftn—
w u x
g]kfnefiff
hutrGb u'l0f u'l0fof lz/f]dl0f efiff sljt lgk"g
>Llgjf; b]lj plt of;] xfg] h] Yju'ln hLj kFn]
d"g ..
efjfy{
hutrGb -hutk| s fz j rGb| z ] v /_
g]kfnefiffof sljtf Rjo\un ' L lgk'0f j u'l0flklg g+
lz/f]dl0f vM . >Llgjf;oft b]jL tn]h' ejfgLoft
y]+ x] xg], y'u' hLjg kn]:jf+xM y]+ d'gfM af+nft ._
y' s y+ , hutrGbof gfd+ RjoftMu'
g]kfnefiff uLt SjyLs cWoog h'n wfM;f o]–F
on–Vjkof tTsfnLg cj:yfo\ :j+u" b]of :jfk"
uy] Rj+ wOu' Wjfy'Os]kmO .

lnw+;f
hutrGb, g];+ &(@, g]kfnefiff uLt -NXoMDx M cgGt l;+x_, /fli6«o clen]vfno, la @**÷@^
j}B, hgsnfn, g];+ !!@@, g]kfnefiffof k|frLg sfJo l;h{gf . o]F M g]kfn /fhsLo k|1f– k|lti7fg .
zflGt–:jl:t–;k"m, lb /f]on nfOa]/| L -sf]kgx]ug_, jfg{/–hfsA;g ;+ux| –NofM !#%
Malla, Kamal P. (ed), 2000, A Dictionary of Classical Newari. Katmandu: Cwasa Pasa.
Regmi, D. R.(ed.), 1966, Medieval Nepal (III). Calcutta: Firma K.L. Mukhopadhyay.

g]jfM hfltof efiff, ;flxTo, ;+:s[ltoft sofM g]kfnefiff s]Gb|Lo ljefuof

n'vf++ lkbgLu' æg]kfnefiffÆ Uo;'nfSs lkbg] kmo\df .

>L nfnLu'/fF; ax'p2]ZoLo ;xsf/L ;+:yf ln=

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