REVIEWER IN RICE MACHINERY OPERATION (FOR ASSESSMENT)

1. BASIC COMPETENCIES
1. Participate in workplace communication
2. Work in a team environment
3. Practice career professionalism
4. Practice occupational health and safety procedures

2. COMMON COMPETENCIES
1. Apply safety measures in farm operation
2. Use farm tools and equipment
3. Perform estimation and calculations

3. CORE COMPETENCIES
1. Operate Riceland preparation, machinery and equipment
2. Operate rice crop establishment machinery and equipment
3. Operate rice crop care machinery and equipment
4. Operate rice harvesting and tracing machinery and equipment
5. Operate rice drying machinery and equipment
6. Operate rice mill machinery and equipment

4. REQUIREMENTS IN PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENTS (PPE

- Boots for lowland1 - Earmuff
- Dusk mask - Googles
- Gloves - Coverall
- Long sleeve shirt - Protective cup

5. OPERATION of RICE LAND PREPARATION MACHINERY AND EQUIPMENT

What is tillage?

TILLAGE – any soil which changes the structure of the soil, kills weeds and rearranges dead plant
materials
 The basic purpose of tillage is to provide a favorable soil environment for the germination and
growth of a particular crop.
 The two major operations in tillage are plowing and harrowing
 The types of tillage implement are plows and harrows

The field is ready for plowing if it has cleaned and with sufficient water.

PPE REQUIRED FOR LAND PREPARATION

 Dust mask
 Goggles
 Earmuff
 fitted clothing’s
 rubber boots
How would you know that the machine performance in plowing and harrowing is at par?
Plowing is at par if there is no presence of unplowed soil while in harrowing is at par if the soil is
100% plowed. Proper adjustment of the implements is the remedy for the unplowed condition in the
field during plowing.
The different field operational plowing patterns are
a. Continuous pattern turn strips each end
b. Circuitous pattern rounded corner
c. Circuitous pattern turn strips corner diagonals
d. Headline pattern form boundaries
e. Overlapping alterations pattern
f. Circuitous pattern square corners

If the engine emit heavy black smoke during operation may be overloading of engine or lessen
the load.
To clean tractors and implements use mild pressurized washer

TRACTOR - the most common source of mechanical power for farm operations.
 Mechanical device powered by an engine ranging from 3hp power to over 100 hp
 Equipped with a transmission system that produces high torque on its wheels for pulling
various implements in the farm
 Equipped with a hydraulic system for lifting and operating various implements in the farm

Two wheel tractor- self- propelled machine having a single designed to pull and propel agricultural
implements and machinery.
Requires 3-15 Hp, walking tractor, pedestrian tractor or power tiller
Used for land preparation, planting, cultivating, harvesting and transport.

BEFORE CONDUCTING PRE- OCCUPATIONAL CHECKS

Check the engine, fuel, water and oil,
Rotating machine must be grease
If the tractor is difficult to maneuver you should check the front wheel for tires, check the
implements and check for loose joints

SAFETY ASPECTS TO OBSERVE IN OPERATING TRACTORS 4WHEEL TRACTOR

1. Start the engine from the operator’s sheet
2. Never start the tractor by shorting across starter terminals
3. Operate the tractor only when all guards are fitted in their correct position.
4. Ensure adequate visibility
5. Do not attempt to turn the tractor when the differential lock is engaged
6. Always stop the engine of the tractor and lower the implements to the grounds before
dismounting.

BASIC ROUTINES IN CONDUCTING POST-OPERATION

Cleaning and storing of the tractor and implement

4 WHEELTRACTOR- Double axel machine powered by an engine ranging from15hp to over 100hp
 Power is delivered as draft at the drawbar, rotary at the PTO and lifting at the hydraulic
system
 Implements are mounted on the tractor using the hydraulic three points hitch system
 Slow moving vehicle up to 30 kph with torque on the driving wheels
  It comes with multiple speed transmission including reverse to accommodate various field
speed
 The operator is provided with a seat from where the tractor is controlled
 The tractor is provided with various controls for its operation, throttle lever, clutch pedal,
brake pedals gear shift lever, steering wheel, hydraulic main control lever. PTO control lever,
differential lock pedal and others.

UTILIZATION OF FOUR-WHEEL TRACTOR IN THE AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION SYSTEM

-Land preparation -planting
-weeding/cultivation -Crop care
-harvesting -transport

OPERATION OF THE FOUR-WHEEL TRACTOR FOR LAND PREPARATION OPERATION

1. Start the engine using the ignition starter
2. Make sure that the gear shift lever is in neutral position all others levers should be neutral
position
3. Attach the implement using the hydraulic controls and the hitch links
4. IN hitching drive the tractor with an S pattern for easier alignment
5. Leveling the implement
6. Travelling the field
7. Before actual operation in the field Inspect the condition of the field free from any
obstructions
8. During the operation set the working speed using the hand throttle
9. Cleaning the tractor before parking and storage.

PLANTING EQUIPMENT
CLASSIFICATION

RICE SEEDER – is for sowing pre- germinated seeds

- used for generative reproduction of crops
TRANSPLANTER- is for planting of rice seedlings to the properly prepared field.
- used for vegetables reproduction of crops

TYPES OF SEEDER/TRANSPLANTERS
 drum seeder (manual and motorized)
 seed broadcaster
 mechanical rice transplanter
 manual transplanter

MECHANICAL FUNCTIONS OF A PLANTER

FUNCTIONS PART
1. Make a furrow Furrow Opener
2. Meter the seed Metering device
3. Deposit the seeds Seed tube
4. Cover the seeds Furrow closer

THE PPE REQUIRED IN CROP CARE ESTABLISHMENT OPERATION

Rubber boots, smoke mask, long sleeve shirts and pants
BASIC PRE- OPERATIONAL CHECKS TO BE CON DUCTED BEFORE OPERATION
 Check for loose bolts and nuts, seeds left from previous operation, and the seeds and
seedlings to be used
 The crop care establishment machinery generates optimum performance if there are only few
or even no miss hills.
 We can increase seeding rate in the rice seeder by increasing the holes of the drum for drum
seeder, adjusting the rpm of the metering device for the other seeders.
 Malfunction of rice seeder is cause by the metering device and planting fork
 The most important part of rice crop establishment machinery are metering device/planting
fork mechanism.
 When operating rice crop establishment machinery you should wear complete and proper
PPEs.
 The ideal age of seedling for transplanting is 15-20 days.

THE VARIETY OF SEEDS PLANTED/TRANSPLANTED PARTLY EFFECTS THE YIELD OF THE CROPS MAY
BE DUE TO DENSITY SEEDS/SEEDLINGS PLANTED

OPERATING A WALK- BEHIND TRANSPLANTER

 load the planting material on the planting tray
 Check engine
 Set levers to neutral or off
 Set planting depth
 Set bundling amount
 Start engine
 Make sure to make the planter if on dry land by setting the hydraulic lift lever
 Set the gear to low speed
 Lower the planter by adjusting the hydraulic liftblever
 Enable the fork mechanic by setting the planting lever to on position
 Reload planting material as needed
 Turn off the engine

BASIC MAINTENANCE FOR CROP ESTABLISHMENT

1. Check all the outside moving parts and do necessary adjustments, putting of oil or grease,
minor repairs if needed
2. Observe the noise of the machine.
3. Check air cleaner and clean if necessary
4. If using diesel engine, check the water level to the radiator.

WATER PUMP- water pump is a machine used to increase the pressure of water in order to move it
from one point to another.
- a pump for raising or circulating water.
- The two most common types of pumps are centrifugal pumps and positive
displacement pumps
WATER PUMPING EQUIPMENT-
- Mechanical device used for transferring fluids from one place to another.
-The source of fluid is usually of lower elevation than the point of delivery.
-Source of water is usually wells, rivers, lakes, reservoirs and canals
-Essential for good health and sustained agricultural production.
- Either hand operated (poso) for domestic water supply
- Power operated (deepwell) for both domestic and irrigation purposes.
BENEFITS OF WATER pump in the farm for irrigation
- Increased cultivated area
- improve crop yield over rained
- allow greater cropping intensity
- improve economic security for the farmer
- reduce drought risk
- allow introduction of more valuable crops

A CENTRIFUGAL PUMP - is a mechanical device designed to move a fluid by means of the transfer of
rotational energy from one or more driven rotors, called impellers. Fluid enters the rapidly rotating
impeller along its axis and is cast out by centrifugal force along its circumference through the
impeller's vane tips.

WE USE centrifugal pump on the limit of 8 meters, the pump should be lowered close to the water
source.

How we should know if the engine and pump does not match.
The pump and engine is not matched if the engine is emitting heavy black smoke while the pump is
pumping less water

The different ways by which an irrigation pump can be primed are using sel-priming pump, using
auxiliary pitcher pump and by filling the pump with water from any source.

A POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT (PD) PUMP- moves a fluid by repeatedly enclosing a fixed volume and
moving it mechanically through the system. The pumping action is cyclic and can be driven by
pistons, screws, gears, rollers, diaphragms or vanes.

IF NO WATER IS BEING PUMP BY IRRIGATION PUMP CHECK THE FOLLOWING:

- Priming, leaks, clogging, height of the pump from the water source, direction of rotation

KNAPSACK - type of sprayer that disperses liquid through hand held nozzle that is attached to a
pressurized carried on the operator’s back
- used to spray a liquid where sprayers are commonly used for controlling weeds and crop
maintenance

BASIC PARTS OF KNAPSACK ARE

 Tank
 Pump
 Pressure Chamber
 Lance
 Cut-off valve
 nozzle.

EXTERNAL PART OF KNAPSACK

- knapsack sprayer tank - Carry handle -blackstrap holder
- back strap - operating lever -spill guard
- hose to lance - hose to lance - operating trigger
- operating trigger - nozzle - single cone
- Double cone
METERING DEVICE- part of fertilizer applicator which regulates the amount of fertilizer to be
discharged
HOLLOWCONE –the proper nozzle to use when spraying pesticides.
If the fertilizer applicator discharges less or more adjust and calibrate the metering device.

The sprayer should be cleaned with mild water removing every trace of chemicals and the waste of
pesticide should be buried,

The best sprayer to be used in Riceland is the continuous type knapsack sprayer.
Smoking is not allowed while spraying for safety reasons.
HARVESTING - refers to the gathering in of matured rice panicles
- Grain moisture is between 20 and 25%
- harvesting should be done when 80 to 85% are straw colored
- 130-136 days late maturing
- 113-125 for medium duration
-110 days for early maturing

REAPING - cutting the mature panicles and straw above grounds

THRESHING - refers to the process of separating the grain or seed from the panicles.

METHODS OF HARVESTING AND THRESHING

1. Manual Harvesting and manual threshing
2. Manual harvesting and mechanical threshing
3. Mechanical harvesting and mechanical threshing
4. Combine harvesting
5. Stripping

DIFFERENT TYPES OF HARVESTING/THRESHING MACHINE EQUIPMENT

HARVESTING EQUIPMENT ARE:
 Hand tools
 Reapers
 Reaper windrowers
 Reaper binder
THESHING EQUIPMENT ARE
 Manual threshing
 Animal drawn threshing equipment
 Mechanical threshing equipment

USES OF CUTTING HEIGHT ADJUSTMENT ON REAPER AND THE BLOWER SIDE COVER ON
THRESHING MACHINERY
Reaper harvester- use to cut and gather rice plant with matured grain
Combine harvester- use to cut, gather abd threshed rice plant
Thresher- use to separate grains from panicle
Stripper- refers to gathering of grains from the panicle.
The field is ready for harvesting and threshing if 75-80 % of grains in the panicle are ripe

PPE required for harvesting and threshing machinery operation

 Dust mask
 Goggles
 Earmuff
 fitted clothing
 safety shoes
RICE COMBINE HARVESTER- smaller rice combine harvester wherein the engine is integral with in
the machine and is operated solely by one operator.
Basic engine checks before operation
Machine check-loose bolts and nuts
Check for different parts
Grease the part needed

THE REMEDY FOR UNCLEANED GRAIN DURING THRESHING adjust blower inlet to increase the air
velocity and engine speed
chaff and straws or by using mild air compressor
 The engine emit heavy black smoke during operation if the engine is not matched with the
thresher/ harvester which will overloading when more plants is being harvested for harvester
and feeding increases for thresher
 Harvester and thresher can be cleaned by manually removing chaff and straws by using mild
air.
 If the thresher won’t perform well stop the operation and check some critical parts like cutter
blade for the harvester and threshing cylinder and blower for the thresher.
 Some safety aspects to observe in operating harvester and thresher is by providing safety
cover to all rotating and moving parts. Don’t wear loose outfit

Cutter blade the important part of rice reaper.

Conveyor, star wheel and spring holder makes the cut plant to convey on right side.
Circuitous the correct harvesting pattern
RICE TRANSPLANTING - it is specialized machine used to transplant rice seedlings in the field
EQUIPMENT - Power tool machine use in farming
FARM IMPLEMENT - Accessories pulled by animals or mounted to machineries to make the work
easier
HAND TOOLS - objects that are usually light and are used without the help of animals and machines
PRE- OPERATIONAL CHECK-UP TO BE CONDUCTED BEFORE OPERATION
Basic engine checks (fuel, oil, water)
Loose bolts and nuts
Check the greasing part

DRYING- the process of removing moisture from the grain to a safe moisture level
employs high temperature for rapid drying
- process is terminated when the desired final moisture content is reached.
PURPOSES OF DRYING
- for safe storage
-for milling

METHODS OF DRYING
- sun drying
-mechanical drying

DIFFERENT TYPES OF DRYING MACHINERY

1. Flat bed
2. Columnar
3. CONTINOUS FLOW DRYER

During drying, two processes are occurring at the same time.

HEAT TRANSFER- from the heated air to the solid to provide heat for evaporation of moisture
MASS TRANSFER- of moisture liquid or vapor form from within the solid to surface, and water vapor
from the surface to the drying medium.

PPE needed when operating drying machine

Hand gloves, dust mask, rubber boots and googles

SAFETY ASPECTS TO OBSERVE IN OPERATING DRYER

Check for fuel leaks so as to prevent fire, check for loose and exposed electrical wiring

THE BASIC PRE- OPERATIONAL CHECKS TO BE CONDUCTED BEFORE OPERATING A DRYER

Check the fuel, oil, water, wiring, switches and blower.

In continuous flow dryer, it is necessary to remove grain impurities because it might clog the
elevator
The drying machine generates optimum performance if the required settings are met like
temperature setting, air flow setting and rpm.

TEMPERATURE OF THE HEATED AIR Flatbed method 43.0˚C, Circulating batch dryer and
Continuous flow dryer 55˚C

Important part of dryer is Burner and Blower

The correct moisture content of the grain should be 14%

If the grain is dried above 14% spoilage may occur during storage and if milled the quality of rice is
not good
Below 14% the milled is more on breakage

Batch dryer dried grain on per batch basis, while the continuous flow dried grain continuously

MILLING
RICE MILLING is the process of transforming paddy into white rice.

There are two types of rice mill the HULLER and the WHITENER
HULLING and WHITENING are the operation involved in rice milling
Types of hulling machine
 Rubber Roll Huller
 Stone Disc Huller
 Centrifugal Huller
Types of whitening machine
 Cone Type
 Friction Type
 Abrasive
Types of polishing machine
 Abrasive
 Mist polisher

PPE required in rice milling operation

 Hand Gloves
  Hard Hat
 Dusk Mask
 Googles
 Boots

Before the operation of rice milling

 Check the different components for operation greasing if needed, wiring, and belt alignment

Single Pass Rice Mill pass the paddy to its components just once, while the multi pass rice mill
passes to some of its components more than once and it consists of many components.

The rice milling machine generates maximum performance if all the components operates at The
required settings and the system is balance.
The remedy to increase efficiency in hulling is to check the huller for worn out materials like rubber
roll, and check the input paddy for quality and purity.

To increase the whiteness of the milled rice adjust of whitener, the basic is to increase the retention
tie of the grain inside the whitening chamber.

HULLER AND WHITENER THE important part of rice mill

14% the moisture content of grain before milling

OBJECTIVES of rice milling

1. To remove the husk and the bran layers from paddy rice.
2. To produce whole white rice kernels that is sufficiently milled and free from impurities.
3. With high head rice recovery; contain a minimum number of broken-grains.

COMPOSITION - most rice varieties are composed of:

 20% rice hull or husk
 80% brown rice
 8-10% bran layers
 70-72% starchy endosperm; also called as the total milled rice

IDEAL MILLING RECOVERY:

 20% Husk
 8-12% Bran depending on the milling degree
 68-72% milled rice or white rice depending on the variety