Introduction to Marine Technology

Exercises

Lesson 1-3: Basic Concepts, Marine Technology & Science

1. List at least 5 tasks Marine Engineers may have to solve in their job.

2. Explain the terms “Technology” and “Engineering”. How do they relate to each other?

3. How would you explain the graph below?

4. Should all what is technically possible by engineering also be done? Discuss the responsibility
of an engineer. What other than technical aspects does he have to consider in his work?

5. How would you explain “Science”? How does “Engineering” relate to “Science”

6. What is a “Technical System”?

7. Explain the importance of global merchant shipping. What if it did not exist?

8. Ships are getting bigger and bigger. What are the reasons? Where are the limits for the size
of ships?

9. Major sea trade routes are between Asia and Europe and between Asia and America. In
particular East and South-East Asia play a fast growing role in global shipping. Why?

10. How would you see Indonesia’s position in the global maritime industry today? What are the
strong sides and where are the weaknesses? What branches have the strongest potential for
fast development? (Take all branches into account: various types of shipping, shipbuilding &
repair, port industry, offshore oil & gas, other offshore activities, offshore construction &
repair, ocean fisheries, sea tourism.)
Lesson 4: Ocean Engineering

11. Match the following terms and definitions:

Terms
1. Naval Architecture
2. Marine Engineering
3. Offshore Engineering
4. Ocean Engineering

Definitions = Term No.

a. an engineering discipline dealing with the design, construction,

installation, operation and maintenance of structures and facilities in a
marine environment

b. an engineering discipline dealing with the design, construction,

launching, trials, dry-docking and maintenance of seagoing vessels

c. an integrative engineering discipline which comprises all engineering

activities of the design and operation of man-made systems in the ocean.

d. an engineering discipline dealing with the design, development,

production, operation and maintenance of technical systems and
equipment used at sea and on board seagoing vessels

12. List 5 important technical systems of a ship.

13. Modern container vessels have a speed of 25 knots. The shipping distance Surabaya – Jakarta
can be estimated 500 nautical miles. How many hours does it take for the container vessel?
(1 knot = 1 nautical mile per hour).

A truck going from Surabaya to Jakarta has an average speed of 40 km/h. The street distance
is about 1000km. How long will it take for the truck?

Compare the 2 options. Also consider that ship might be able to take 1000 Containers,
whereas the truck can only take 2 containers. Based on this data, which option would you
prefer? What can be reasons that often trucks are preferred?

14. Why do we find so many different types of ships? What are the main reasons to build
specialized ships?
 15. Give a short definition of following types of ships:
a) General Cargo Ship
b) Container Ship
c) Bulk Carrier
d) Oil Tanker
e) Passenger Ship

16. What types of specialized tankers do you know?

17. What are advantages of a container ship over a general cargo ship? In which situations a
general cargo ship can be the better solution?

Lesson 5: The Ship and the Sea

18. Looking ahead the ship, is “starboard” on the right side or on the left side? How is the other
side called?

19. Match the following shipbuilding terms with the sketch:

1. Bow 9. After peak tank

2. Stern 10. Cargo hold 1
3. Main deck 11. Cargo hold 3
4. Tween deck 12. Double bottom
5. Engine room 13. Chain locker
6. Steering machinery 14. Bulkhead
7. Forecastle 15. Superstructure
8. Fore peak tank
 20. What are tanks used for onboard a ship? Tell 5 examples of tanks others than cargo tanks.

21. Where is the engine room typically located on a ship? Why?

22. What information can we get from a General Arrangement Plan? What information we
cannot take from the GAP?

23. How do we define “Freeboard”? Why does a ship need sufficient freeboard?

24. What factors of the marine environment have to be considered in ship design and in ship
operation?

25. A cylinder from homogenous material has a density of 0,5g/cm3. How deep will the cylinder
submerge into water? (density of water = 1g/cm3) How do you calculate?

26. A ship has been loaded in a river port (fresh water) and leaves the port to the open sea (salt
water. What is happening with the draught and with the freeboard? Why?

Lesson 6: Seaworthiness

27. When do we consider a ship to be „seaworthy“? What are the (4) technical main factors of
seaworthiness? Would you confirm that the competency of the crew is very important for a
seaworthy ship?

28. Mark the terms for the 6 modes of ship motion in the sketch below:
1 Rolling
2 Pitching
3 Surging
4 Swaying
5 Yawing
6 Heaving
29. When I ship is hit by a wave from the side, it is inclining from the upright position. What
brings the ship back to the upright position?

30. What main forces are acting on the ship’s hull, when the ship is under propulsion and makes
steady speed through still water (nor waves, wind or current)?

31. What effects have dynamic loads, for example waves on

a) the ship’s hull
b) the ship’s resistance
c) the fuel oil consumption

32. Look at the Plimsoll mark below. Does it mean a ship can load less tons of cargo in WNA than
it could load in tropical fresh water? (Attention, think before answering!)

33. Look at the stability situations A and B. Which one describes the stable situation (having a
righting moment), and which one describes the unstable situation (having an upsetting
moment)?

B
A
 34. By using excess of material we could build ships of very high strength. Why this is not done in
practice?

35. Explain the task of the Bracket used for the hull structure. See the sketch below.

Lesson 7 & 8: Ship Resistance & Propulsion

36. Explain in principle how ship, propeller and prime mover interact. Use the diagram below for
your explanation.

R Ship resistance
T Thrust developed by the propeller v ship speed
PD Power delivered to the propeller n speed of the propeller shaft (RPM)

37. What are the two main causes for ship resistance in still water? Give a short explanation on
both influences.

38. A ship at a speed of 10 nm/h in still water has a resistance of 1000 KN. What resistance can
we expect if we want to double the speed of the ship? How do you calculate?

39. Which of the following statements A, B or C is right?

RT – total hull resistance [kN], S – surface of the underwater hull [m2], ~ “proportional to”

A RT ~ S2
B RT ~ S
C RT ~ S2/3

For smart students:

Can we simply replace S by LWL (the length of the ship’s water line), and having the same
proportional relation then?
40. Does the water density (salt water or fresh water) have an influence on the ship resistance?
If no, why not? If yes, is the influence rather small or is it considerable strong?

41. What are advantages of a Controllable Pitch Propeller (CPP) over a Fixed Pitch Propeller
(FPP)? Are there any disadvantages of the CPP compared to the FPP?

42. What is the purpose of a Bow Thruster?

43. What is “Cavitation”, and what (unwanted) effects does cavitation have on propeller and
propulsion?

44. What are the components of a propulsion system as displayed below?

1=… 5=…

2=… 6=…

3=… 7=…

4=…

45. On most ships, the power is transmitted from the prime mover to the propeller by a shaft
line (mechanical transmission). What other transmission technology can be used?

46. How do we call a propulsion system consisting of a diesel-generator and a propeller driven by
an electric motor?
 47. How do we call a propulsion arrangement as displayed below? How does it work? What is
the advantage of such a propulsor?

48. Explain the flow of power in a propulsion system, what is

a) Break power
b) Delivered power
c) Effective towing power

Why do they have different values?

Lesson 9: The Ship Engine Plant

49. One of the ship’s main functions is “providing mobility”. Which ship machinery systems are
required to fulfil this function?

50. What are the differences between a “dry-cargo handling system” and a “liquid-cargo
handling system”?

51. Which ship systems contribute to the main function “safety, security & environmental
protection”?

52. What are the purpose and the advantage of an “engine control room”?

53. What is a “prime mover”? Which types of prime movers are used in ship operation?

54. Why is the diesel engine presently the most applied prime mover in ship operation?

55. Describe the difference of a “reciprocating engine” and a “rotating engine”. Give one
example for each engine type.
 56. Describe the difference of an “internal combustion engine” and an “external combustion
engine”. Give one example for each engine type.

57. What is the purpose and the working principle of a “steam boiler”?

58. Why do we need a “thrust bearing” in the ship propulsion system?

59. For a car ferry a suitable propulsion system has to be selected. The engine room is not high
due to the car deck. Fast speed-up and slow-down and good manoeuvrability shall be
possible. What configuration of propulsion system can be proposed? (What would be a
suitable combination of prime mover + transmission + propulsor for this ship?)

60. Why do we need a gear in the mechanical transmission line if the prime mover is a medium-
speed diesel engine operating at 750 rpm?

Lesson 10: Diesel Engines

61. What is a “diesel engine”?

62. The stroke of a diesel engine is 100cm. How big is the distance between the center line of the
shaft pin and the center line of the crank pin at this engine?

63. A diesel engine needs 2 revolutions of the crankshaft for completing one working cycle. Is it a
2-stroke or a 4-stroke engine?

64. Explain the working cycle of a 4-stroke diesel engine. What is happening in each of the 4
strokes? Begin with the inlet stroke: The piston is in top dead center a moves in direction
bottom dead center. The inlet valve is …, the exhaust valve is… What happens then?

65. Why does the diesel engine needs the “load exchange” (removing the combustion gases and
charging fresh air into the cylinder)?

66. How is the combustion process started in a diesel engine? Why don’t we need a spark plug
for this?

67. Which of the 4 strokes of the diesel engine is delivering mechanical work to the crankshaft?
Explain what is happening during this stroke.

68. What is different in the working process of a 2-stroke diesel engine, compared to a 4-stroke
diesel engine?

69. Why do larger 2-stroke diesel engines have a “crosshead”?

70. Explain the purpose of the “turbocharger” of a diesel engine.

Lesson 11: Ship Diesel Engines

71. Match the following diesel engine terms with the sketch:

1 Exhaust Valve 9 Exhaust Gas Receiver

2 Camshaft 10 Crosshead
3 Auxiliary Blower 11 Crankshaft
4 Turbocharger 12 Tie Rod
5 Piston and Piston Rod 13 Scavenge Air Receiver
6 Cylinder Liner 14 Piston Rod Stuffing Box
Injection Pump 15 Connecting Rod
8 Charge Air Cooler

72. Compare low-speed, medium-speed and high-speed diesel engines. What are each type’s
advantage and disadvantage? For each type, tell one example of application on ships or
offshore platforms.

73. Look at the propeller load diagram below. Which of the 2 curves represents the higher
propeller load? What can be the reason for higher propeller load?
74. Look at the engine load diagram below. Which of the 3 curves represents the lowest fuel
setting and the lowest engine torque?

75. A propulsion system is working at the matching point [n1, P1]. What can we do to operate
the system with reduced engine speed n2? Where is the new matching point [n2, P2]?

76. A propulsion system is working at the matching point [n1, P1]. What can we do to operate
the system with reduced engine power P2? Where is the new matching point [n2, P2]?
 77. A ship is operating at:
v = 8 kn ship speed
P = 1000 kW break power of the main diesel engine (single engine)
n = 50 rpm speed of the main engine = speed of the propeller

The engine has a maximum continuous speed of 100 rpm and a maximum continuous break
power of 10000 kW.

For the ship and the propulsion plant following relationships have been measured:

P ~ n3 and P ~ v4

Questions:

Considering the operating limits of the engine,

a) Will it be possible to increase the ship up to double speed v2 = 16 kn?

b) ..up to 15 kn?
c) ..up to 14 kn?
d) ..up to 13 kn?
e) ..up to 12 kn?

Show your way of calculation to justify your answer.

Lesson 12: Support Systems

78. List the 5 important auxiliary systems (supply systems) every diesel engine needs for its
operation. What is the task of each of these supply systems?

79. Explain, what is a “Process Flow Diagram”? What additional information do we find in a
“Piping and Instrumentation Diagram”? Why do both diagrams use standardized symbols?

80. In today’s engine control systems, from which places can the main engine be operated? Is it
possible to operate the main engine from all these places at the same time?

81. List important monitoring and control elements we can find in a main engine control console.

82. What kind of information can we find in the Project Guide of a diesel engine?

83. Sketch the main components of the ship’s electric power generation and distribution system.

84. How / by which prime movers can electrical power be generated on board a ship?

85. Why is it not sufficient to have only one generator for electrical power generation on board?

86. What are the functions of the Main Switch Board?

87. What is a “Shaft Generator”?

Lesson 13: Deck Machinery & Safety Systems

88. How (by which type of drive) the ship’s rudder is typically moved? What is the advantage of
such a drive?

89. What kind of equipment do we find on a ship’s bridge? Tell some examples.

90. What is an “Integrated Bridge System” (also called “Integrated Navigation System”)? What is
the advantage of such an integrated system compared to have separated navigational
instruments?

91. What kind equipment do we find on the forecastle of a ship? Which 2 important functions
does this equipment perform?

92. Why do some container ships have own cargo-handling equipment on board while others do
not have?

93. Why does liquid cargo handling with tankers need pumps ashore as well as on board?

94. Explain the purpose and the working principle of a ship’s ballast system.

95. Why do we need safety systems on a ship? Name 2 important safety systems of a ship.

Lesson 14: Life Cycle of a Ship

96. What is the “life cycle of a ship”?

97. When a ship owner orders a new ship, he will have to pay the purchase price to the shipyard.
Why can it get expensive for him, if he only looks for a cheap ship, with low investment
costs?

98. Why should the classification society be involved in the design and planning of a new ship?

99. Which basic ship data are agreed between the ship owner and the shipyard in the
specification for the new building?

100. Give an overview explanation on the ship fabrication process. What are the main steps?

101. Explain the different tasks of “shipping management” and “ship & fleet management”.

102. What are technical ship managers responsible for?

Lesson 15: Rules & Regulations

103. Why do we need international regulations on ship design & operation? Could not every flag
state just make its own regulations?

104. What is “IMO”? List some important conventions of the IMO and give a short explanation
what is regulated by them.

105. Which of the following subjects are regulated by the ISM Code?

a. Crew training and certificates of competency

b. Safety of navigation
c. Safe management of ships
d. Safe construction of ships
e. Prevention of pollution by oil

106. What services do classification societies provide?

107. Explain the roles of a) Flag states and b) Coastal states in regulating shipping.

Lesson 16: Offshore Engineering

108. Give some examples of offshore operations: what kind of activities are done off the shore?

109. What types of technology do we need to conduct offshore operations?

110. What are offshore engineers doing?

111. Why do we need offshore structures? Explain the differences between fixed and floating
offshore structures. List some examples for each type.

112. What are advantages of a semi-submersible platform?

113. What is the purpose of an FPSO?

114. How can a floating offshore structure or offshore vessel be kept in position if there is no
connection to the sea bed installed?

115. How can large offshore structures be built and installed at sea? Explain one principle way of
doing such offshore construction.

116. What is the purpose of marine offshore vessels? List some types of such vessels.

117. What conditions of the marine environment have to be considered in offshore design?
118. How do you estimate the development of the Indonesian offshore industry in the next 15
years? Which offshore activities do you think will have a particular growth?