University of Sydney

CIVL 5668 Fundamentals of Wind Engineering

Assignment 3: Dynamics and Vibration

Name: Pik Wei Ch’ng (Meredith)

SID: 450024890

4th June 2018

Table of Contents
Question 1: 500 Year Design Overturning Moment .................................................................. 3
1.1 Building ........................................................................................................................ 3
1.1.1 Along-Wind Base Overturning Moment for Building .......................................... 3
1.1.2 Cross-Wind Base Overturning Moment for Building ........................................... 5
1.2 Flagpole ....................................................................................................................... 6
1.2.1 Along-Wind Base Overturning Moment for Flagpole .......................................... 7
1.2.2 Cross-Wind Base Overturning Moment for Flagpole .......................................... 8
Question 2 Sensitivity of Mast to Wind Excitation relative to Scruton (mass-damping) and
Strouhal numbers (vortex energy) ............................................................................................. 8
2.1 Scruton Number, Sc..................................................................................................... 8
2.1.1 Keeps the breadth of the building, b, constant ................................................... 9
2.1.2 Varies the breadth of the building, b, and keeps the rest constant .................... 9
2.2 Strouhal Number, St .................................................................................................. 10
2.2.1 Keeps the breadth of the building, b, constant ................................................. 10
2.2.2 Varies the breadth of the building, b and keeps the rest constant ................... 11
2.3 Sensitivity Analysis of Mast Excitation relative to Scruton number, Sc, and Strouhal
number, St............................................................................................................................ 12
2.3.1 Sensitivity Analysis for Scruton Number............................................................ 12
2.3.2 Sensitivity Analysis for Strouhal Number .......................................................... 13
Question 3 50 Year Design Local Cladding Pressure ........................................................... 14
3.1 Graphical Presentation – Block Diagram................................................................... 14
3.2 Tabulated Presentation ............................................................................................. 15
Question 4: 5 Year Wind Induced Acceleration on Top Floor ................................................. 17
4.1 Peak Along-Wind Acceleration for Serviceability (5 Year Return Period)................. 17
4.2 Peak Cross-wind Acceleration for Serviceability (5 Year Return Period)....................... 18
Question 5 Other Discussions .............................................................................................. 19
5.1 Dynamic Moment vs Mean Moment ........................................................................ 19
5.2 Combination of Moments for Design Purpose ......................................................... 20
5.3 Critical Wind Speed for Flagpole (Mast) ................................................................... 20
Appendices............................................................................................................................... 20
Appendix 1a: (Building) Along-Wind Base Overturning Moment due to Wind on Windward
Wall ...................................................................................................................................... 20

1
 Appendix 1b: (Building) Along-Wind Base Overturning Moment due to Wind off Leeward
Wall ...................................................................................................................................... 22
Appendix 2a: (Flagpole without Flag) Along-Wind Base Overturning Moment .................. 23
Appendix 2b: (Flagpole with Flag) Along-Wind Base Overturning Moment ....................... 24
Appendix 2c: (Flagpole with or without Flag) Cross-Wind Base Overturning Moment ...... 24
Appendix 3a: Sensitivity of cross-wind force on flagpole relative to change in Sc (“b” is
constant) .......................................................................................................................... 25
Appendix 3b: Sensitivity of cross-wind force on flagpole relative to change in Sc (“b” is
variable) ........................................................................................................................... 25
Appendix 3c: Sensitivity of cross-wind force on flagpole relative to change in St (“b” is
constant) .......................................................................................................................... 26
Appendix 3d: Sensitivity of cross-wind force on flagpole relative to change in St (“b” is
variable) ........................................................................................................................... 26
Appendix 4: CHS Section Properties .................................................................................... 27
References ............................................................................................................................... 27

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Question 1: 500 Year Design Overturning Moment
The wind standard used in this assignment is AS1170.2:2011.
1.1 Building
Building’s Location and Surrounding Environment
The proposed 90m tall building is located in Ashfield, an inner west suburb of Sydney
(Region A2). Structures surrounding the building are about 6 – 10m high and there are at
least 10 houses per hectare in the vicinity. Terrain Category 3 is appropriate for the wind
design. The terrain around the building is relatively flat and hence hill shape multiplier, M t, is
not applicable (Mt = 1). No shielding (Ms = 1) is considered for this building.
Building’s Layout and Shape
The plan and elevation of the proposed building are shown in figures below. The building
has a square cross-section (15m by 15m) since the variation of wind speed with direction is
not too significant according to Table 3.2 of the standards. Also, the dominant wind
direction may change with time due to factors such as land use change or climate change.
Hence, a square is more advantageous such that an oblong rectangular section experiences
more form drag or wider turbulent wake (hence bigger vortex shedding) when the wind is
normal to the longer face of the building. Assuming each floor is 3m high, the building has
30 storeys.

Figure: Structural Plan of the Building (Left); Elevation of the Building (Right)
Building’s Orientation
The building’s face is orthogonal to the west (the most critical wind direction for Region A2).
1.1.1 Along-Wind Base Overturning Moment for Building
From Clause 2.2, 𝑉𝑑𝑒𝑠,𝜃 = 𝑉𝑅 ∙ 𝑀𝑑 ∙ (𝑀𝑧.𝑐𝑎𝑡 ∙ 𝑀𝑠 ∙ 𝑀𝑡 ) with Md = 1 since the building face is
orthogonal to the maximum wind direction.

3
 𝑉𝑑𝑒𝑠,𝜃 = 𝑉𝑠𝑖𝑡,𝛽 = 𝑉𝑅 ∙ 𝑀𝑑 ∙ (𝑀𝑧.𝑐𝑎𝑡 ∙ 𝑀𝑠 ∙ 𝑀𝑡 )

VR for Region A2 for return period of 500 years is 45 m/s. For Terrain Category 3, at height of
90m, Mz,cat is 1.144 based on linear interpolation from Table 4.1 from the standard. Hence,
Vdes,θ = 45 m/s x 1 x 1.144 x 1 x 1 =51.48 m/s for the top of the building.
The design wind speed, Vdes,θ, increases with height (z) from the ground. The wind speed
profile is determined from Table 4.1 of the standard. The wind speed is specified, using
linear interpolation, at 3m interval from the ground up to the rooftop of the building. The
wind speed profile is tabulated in Table 1 below.
Table 1: Wind Speed Profile for the Proposed Building

z (m) Vdes,θ (m/s) z (m) Vdes,θ (m/s) z (m) Vdes,θ (m/s)

0 37.35 33 45.36 66 49.32
3 37.35 36 45.72 69 49.68
6 37.35 39 46.08 72 50.04
9 37.35 42 46.44 75 50.4
12 38.7 45 46.8 78 50.616
15 40.05 48 47.16 81 50.832
18 41.04 51 47.52 84 51.048
21 42.03 54 47.88 87 51.264
24 43.02 57 48.24 90 51.48
27 44.01 60 48.6
30 45 63 48.96

Then, the overturning moment for the building is estimated from the formula below.

𝑀𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡, 𝑀 = ∑ 𝑝𝑖 𝐴𝑖 𝑧𝑖

Where p is the wind pressure applied to a tributary area, A, at a height, z, from the ground.
1 2
𝑝= 𝜌𝑎𝑖𝑟 (𝑉𝑑𝑒𝑠,𝜃 ) 𝐶𝑓𝑖𝑔 𝐶𝑑𝑦𝑛
2
From Clause 5.2, 𝐶𝑓𝑖𝑔 = 𝐶𝑝,𝑒 𝐾𝑎 𝐾𝑐,𝑒 𝐾𝑙 𝐾𝑝 . From Clause 5.4.1, Cp,e is 0.8 for windward wall
and – 0.5 for leeward wall. In this exercise, frictional drag coefficient, Cf, is not considered as
the surface drag on the side walls is assumed to be negligible. Kc,e = 0.9; Ka = Kl = Kp = 1. Cfig is
not considered for internal pressure since the internal pressure is uniform for all directions
within the building (all walls are permeable). Hence, the final Cfig for the building is 0.72 for
windward wall and – 0.45 for leeward wall.
Cdyn is determined from Clause 6.2.2 and is given by:

𝐻𝑠 𝑔𝑅2 𝑆𝐸𝑡
1 + 2𝐼ℎ ∙ √𝑔𝑣 2 ∙ 𝐵𝑠 + 𝜁
𝐶𝑑𝑦𝑛 =
1 + 2𝑔𝑣 ∙ 𝐼ℎ

4
Where

Ih = 0.17 by linear interpolation in Table 6.1; gv = 3.4 (peak factor for background
turbulence); 𝑔𝑅 = √1.2 + 2𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑒 (600𝑛𝑎 ) = 3.557 (peak factor for resonant response); ξ =
0.03 (for reinforced concrete structure at ultimate limit state)
The natural frequency of the building (with braced steel frame and reinforced concrete
46 46
shear wall core) can be approximated by 𝑛𝑎 = = 90 = 0.511 𝐻𝑧.
ℎ

ℎ 0.25
𝐿ℎ = 85 ∙ ( ) = 147.22
10
1
𝑆= = 0.0869
3.5𝑛𝑎 ℎ(1 + 𝑔𝑣 𝐼ℎ ) 4𝑛𝑎 𝑏0ℎ (1 + 𝑔𝑣 𝐼ℎ )
[1 + ] ∙ [1 + ]
𝑉𝑑𝑒𝑠,𝜃 𝑉𝑑𝑒𝑠,𝜃
𝑛𝑎 𝐿ℎ [1 + (𝑔𝑣 𝐼ℎ )]
𝑁= = 2.305
𝑉𝑑𝑒𝑠,𝜃
𝜋𝑁
𝐸𝑡 = = 0.0516
(1 + 70.8𝑁 2 )5/6
The rest of terms in Cdyn depends on the height of the level at which wind pressure is
estimated:
1
𝐵𝑠 =
2
√0.26(ℎ − 𝑠)2 + 0.46𝑏𝑠ℎ
1+ 𝐿ℎ
𝑠 2
𝐻𝑠 = 1 + ( )
ℎ
Finally, Cdyn is determined for each level of the building and hence the contribution of each
level to the building’s base overturning moment can be estimated for along-wind direction.
The tabulations of relevant terms for the calculation using spreadsheet are shown in
Appendix 1.

Hence, the base overturning moment of the building in the along-wind direction is
110.8 MN.m

1.1.2 Cross-Wind Base Overturning Moment for Building

From Clause 6.3.2.2, the crosswind base overturning moment, Mc, is given by:
2
0.5𝜌𝑎𝑖𝑟 ∙ (𝑉𝑑𝑒𝑠,𝜃 ) 3 𝜋𝐶𝑓𝑠
𝑀𝑐 = 0.5𝑔𝑟 ∙ 𝑏 ∙ [ 2
] ∙ ℎ2 ( ) 𝐾𝑚 ∙ √
(1 + 𝑔𝑣 ∙ 𝐼ℎ ) 𝑘+2 𝜍
Where
𝐾𝑚 = 0.76 + 0.24𝑘 (𝑚𝑜𝑑𝑒 𝑠ℎ𝑎𝑝𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟)
𝑘 = 1.0 (𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑏𝑢𝑖𝑙𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 − 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑎𝑑𝑒)
Note: a central core is legit for the building which is 90m high and equipped with elevator
shaft. Hence,
𝐾𝑚 = 0.76 + 0.24 × 1 = 1

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From Clause 6.3.2.3, Cfs is estimated by determining reduced velocity, Vn, where:
𝑉𝑑𝑒𝑠,𝜃
𝑉𝑛 = (𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑉𝑑𝑒𝑠,𝜃 𝑖𝑠 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒𝑑 𝑜𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑢𝑙𝑙 ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡, ℎ)
𝑛𝑐 𝑏(1 + 𝑔𝑣 ∙ 𝐼ℎ )
51.48
𝑉𝑛 = = 4.256
0.511 ∙ 15(1 + 3.4 ∙ 0.17)
The building has aspect ratio of 90:15:15 (hence 6:1:1) and is in the flow regime where
turbulence intensity at 2h/3 is about 0.18 (from Table 6.1), which is close to 0.2. Hence, the
formula for evaluating Cfs can be approximated as:
𝑙𝑜𝑔10 𝐶𝑓𝑠 = 0.000334𝑉𝑛4 − 0.0125𝑉𝑛3 + 0.141𝑉𝑛2 − 0.384𝑉𝑛 − 2.36
Hence,
𝐶𝑓𝑠 = 0.005078

With the rest of terms/parameters being the same as in the along-wind case,
2
0.5𝜌𝑎𝑖𝑟 ∙ (𝑉𝑑𝑒𝑠,𝜃 ) 3 𝜋𝐶𝑓𝑠
𝑀𝑐 = 0.5𝑔𝑟 ∙ 𝑏 ∙ [ 2
] ∙ ℎ2 ( ) 𝐾𝑚 ∙ √
(1 + 𝑔𝑣 ∙ 𝐼ℎ ) 𝑘+2 𝜍

0.5 ∙ 1.225 ∙ (51.48)2 3 𝜋 ∙ 0.005078

𝑀𝑐 = 0.5 ∙ 3.557 ∙ 15 ∙ [ 2
] ∙ 902 ( )∙1∙√
(1 + 3.4 ∙ 0.17) 1+2 0.03

Hence, the base overturning moment of the building in the cross-wind direction is
102.7 MN.m

1.2 Flagpole
From the section properties table (refer Appendix 4) of CHS manufactured to AS1163
standard, Grade C350L0, a 406.4 x 9.5 CHS has as follows:
mt = 93.0 kg/m
E = 200,000 MPa
I = 233 x 106 mm4
Hence, the natural frequency, n1, of the mast/flagpole is given by:

6 𝑘𝑔 ⋅𝑚 1 10−12 𝑚4
0.56 𝐸 ∙ 𝐼 0.56 200000 × 10 ∙ × 233 × 106 𝑚𝑚4 ×
𝑛1 = 2 ∙ √ = ∙ √ 𝑠2 𝑚 2 𝑚𝑚4
ℎ 𝑚 (15𝑚)2 𝑘𝑔
93 𝑚
= 1.762 𝐻𝑧

Although the aspect ratio, h : b, of the pole is 15m : 0.4064m=37, more slender than
building. However, it has much higher stiffness, hence possibly why it has higher natural
frequency.

6
Thus, Cdyn is 1 for the entire pole.

1.2.1 Along-Wind Base Overturning Moment for Flagpole

1 2
𝑝 = 𝜌𝑎𝑖𝑟 (𝑉𝑑𝑒𝑠,𝜃 ) 𝐶𝑓𝑖𝑔 𝐶𝑑𝑦𝑛
2
Cfig for Pole
From Appendix E2.1, 𝐶𝑓𝑖𝑔 = 𝐾𝑎𝑟 𝐾𝑖 𝐶𝑑 .

l/b ratio is 37. Hence, from Table E1, by linear interpolation, Kar = 0.97. Ki = 1.

At height of 105m from the ground (top of pole), Vdes,θ = 52.425 m/s. From Table E3, b Vdes,θ
= 21.3 m2/s > 10 m2/s.

𝐶𝑑 = 1.0 + 0.033[log10 (𝑉𝑑𝑒𝑠,𝜃 ⋅ ℎ𝑟 )] − 0.025[log10 (𝑉𝑑𝑒𝑠,𝜃 ⋅ ℎ𝑟 )]2 ≅ 1.00

where hr = 15 x 10-3m for steel material with heavy rust.

However, for extra safety margin, a higher Cd value of 1.3 is adopted from Table E4 and the
Cd is of a 12-sided polygon, which is almost similar to a circle.
Hence, Cfig = 0.97 x 1 x 1.3 = 1.261
Cfig for Flag
Using Appendix F and assuming free flag is used,

𝑚𝑓 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑓 −1.25
𝐶𝑓𝑖𝑔 = 0.05 + 0.7 ∙ ∙( 2 ) = 0.23
𝜌𝑎𝑖𝑟 ∙ 𝑐 𝑐
From Parliament of Australia, the typical mass of flag is 0.2 kg/m2. Here, mf = 0.5 kg/m2 is
used for longer durability. Using a flag 1m high and 1.5m long, Aref = 1.5 m2.
Cdyn for Flag

Cdyn in Clause 6 is not applicable to flag (hence Cdyn = 1.0). This is because a hung flag with
free end does not change deflection due to varying frequencies of the gusts. Here, it is
assumed that the frictional drag coefficient, Cfig, of the flag is constant over time (i.e. the
waving, fluttering and creasing of the flag are not significant enough to change Cfig). Anyway,
the flag is very light compared to the pole and hence the dynamic changes in C fig probably
would not affect the pole base.
Along-Wind Base Overturning Moment
Base overturning moment of the flagpole is estimated by using the same expression as
previously, 𝑀𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡, 𝑀 = ∑ 𝑝𝑖 𝐴𝑖 𝑧𝑖 . The wind pressure for estimating frictional drag on the
flag is based on wind speed applying at the mid-height of the flag, according to Appendix F1
of AS1170.2. Then, using spreadsheet (refer Appendix 2) to execute the calculation:

7
 Hence, the base overturning moment of the flagpole in the along-wind direction is
96.1 kN.m (without flag) and 104.5 kN.m (with flag).

1.2.2 Cross-Wind Base Overturning Moment for Flagpole

Clause 6.3.3.2 is used to estimate the base moment on the flagpole for cross-wind forcing.
The wind pressure is estimated at discrete levels along the pole’s height and moment, 𝑀𝑐 =
∑ 𝑤𝑒𝑞 (𝑧) ⋅ 𝑧.

where

𝑤𝑒𝑞 (𝑧) = 𝑚(𝑧)(2𝜋𝑛1 )2 𝑦𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝜙1 (𝑧); 𝑛1 = 1. 762 𝐻𝑧

where
𝑧 2 𝐾𝑏𝑡 4𝜋𝑚𝑡 𝜁
𝜙1 (𝑧) = ( ) ; 𝑦𝑚𝑎𝑥 = ; 𝐾 = 0.5; 𝑏𝑡 = 0.4064𝑚; 𝑆𝑐 = ; 𝜁 = 0.02
ℎ 𝑆𝑐 𝜌𝑎𝑖𝑟 𝑏𝑡2
4𝜋 ∙ 93 ∙ 0.02
𝑆𝑐 = = 115.5
1.225 ∙ 0.40642
0.5 × 0.4064
𝑦𝑚𝑎𝑥 = = 1.7593 × 10−3 𝑚
115.5

Note: For cross-wind base overturning moment, the flag does not contribute because the flag
is easily swayed to align with the wind direction.

Using spreadsheet (refer Appendix 2),

Hence, the base overturning moment of the flagpole in the cross-wind direction is
1.28 kN.m (with and without flag).

Question 2 Sensitivity of Mast to Wind Excitation relative to

Scruton (mass-damping) and Strouhal numbers (vortex energy)
In this question, the sensitivity of the peak displacement (and hence the peak force
experienced) of the flagpole is examined under variation of Scruton or Strouhal numbers.

2.1 Scruton Number, Sc

Sc is the mass-damping ratio of the structure. (Personal perception, no academic basis) Sc
indicates the ratio of “the structure’s ability to resist acceleration and restore to equilibrium
position after wind excitation” to “the tendency of the wind drag force to entrain the
structure in persistent, large-amplitude vibrations”.
4𝜋×93×0.02
Initially, let our base case of Sc to be 𝑆𝑐 = 1.2×(0.4064)2 = 118.

8
2.1.1 Keeps the breadth of the building, b, constant
Sc can be varied by keeping “b” constant while changing the rest to test how maximum
displacement and peak cross-wind force change.
4𝜋𝑚𝑡 ξ
From Clause 6.3.3.1, 𝑆𝑐 = 𝜌 2
𝑎𝑖𝑟 (𝑏𝑡 )

𝐾𝑏𝑡 0.5 × 0.4064𝑚 0.2032𝑚

𝑦max = = =
𝑆𝑐 𝑆𝑐 𝑆𝑐
𝐾𝑏𝑡 ℎ 2 0.2032 2316.2
𝑤𝑒𝑞 (ℎ) = 𝑚(ℎ) ⋅ (2𝜋𝑛1 )2 ⋅ ⋅ ( ) = 93 × (2𝜋 × 1.762)2 × = 𝑁/𝑚
𝑆𝑐 ℎ 𝑆𝑐 𝑆𝑐
2316.2
For constant “b”, base case of 𝑤𝑒𝑞 (ℎ) = = 19.63 𝑁/𝑚.
118

Sc Sensitivity (constant “b”)

0.2032 2316.2
𝑦max = 𝑚; 𝑤𝑒𝑞 (ℎ) = 𝑁/𝑚
𝑆𝑐 𝑆𝑐

2.1.2 Varies the breadth of the building, b, and keeps the rest constant
On the other hand, Sc can be varied by only changing “b”. Decreasing “b” would reduce the
tendency of the structure getting entrained in wind excitation.

4𝜋𝑚𝑡 ξ 1 4𝜋𝑚𝑡 ξ
𝑏𝑡 = √ = ⋅√
𝑆𝑐 ⋅ 𝜌𝑎𝑖𝑟 √𝑆𝑐 𝜌𝑎𝑖𝑟

𝐾 4𝜋𝑚𝑡 ξ
𝑦max = 3 ⋅√
𝜌𝑎𝑖𝑟
𝑆𝑐 2

4𝜋𝑚𝑡 ξ 𝐾 𝑧 2
𝑤𝑒𝑞 (𝑧) = 𝑚(𝑧) ⋅ (2𝜋𝑛1 )2 ⋅ √ ⋅ 3⋅( )
𝜌𝑎𝑖𝑟 ℎ
𝑆𝑐 2

4𝜋 × 93 × 0.02 0.5 25153

𝑤𝑒𝑞 (ℎ) = 93 × (2𝜋 × 1.762)2 × √ ⋅ 3= 3 𝑁/𝑚
1.2
𝑆𝑐 2 𝑆𝑐 2
For variable “b”, base case of 𝑤𝑒𝑞 (ℎ) = 19.62 𝑁/𝑚. As expected, the base case of weq (h) is
the same as previous.

Sc Sensitivity (variable “b”)

2.2067 25153
𝑦max = 3 𝑚; 𝑤𝑒𝑞 (ℎ) = 3 𝑁/𝑚
𝑆𝑐 2 𝑆𝑐 2

9
2.2 Strouhal Number, St
St defines the combination of mean wind speed, turbulence in wind flow, structure’s cross-
sectional shape and surface roughness in determining the frequency of vortices being shed
from the structure. Vortex shedding frequency determines the amplitude response of a
structure having specific natural frequencies.
St can be varied by changing other parameters such as cross-sectional shape, kinematic
viscosity of fluid, surface roughness and turbulence characteristics (note: turbulence can be
increased without changing the mean flow velocity, e.g. by imparting more rotational
energy to the flow).
𝑚
̅𝐵
𝑈 45 ×15𝑚
Reynolds number for the flow regime concerned is 𝑅𝑁 = = 𝑠
𝑚2
= 5.3 × 107 .
𝜈 12.71×10−6
𝑠

Hence, the Strouhal number for a circular prism (the flagpole) is about 0.2 at high Reynolds
number (quoted from Flow Pattern Handout of CIVL5668). Hence, let our base case of St to
be 0.2.
Important Note:

For Section 2.2.1, St is just a proxy (reduced frequency) used to examine the effect of
changing the structure’s natural frequency on the peak cross-wind force on the structure.
Varying St in this sense does not change the vortex shedding frequency or flow
characteristics in wind, unless the flow around the structure becomes motion-dependent.
2.2.1 Keeps the breadth of the building, b, constant
While St varies, natural frequency of structure, n1, can be allowed to vary (by changing the
structural design) with St. ̅̅̅
𝑈1 is fixed and St here indicates the change of the structure’s
mechanical property rather than flow characteristics (e.g. vortex shedding frequency).
𝑛1 𝑏𝑡
𝑆𝑡 = = 0.2
̅̅̅
𝑈1
𝑆𝑡 ⋅ ̅̅̅
𝑈1 0.2 × 3.580
𝑛1 (𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 𝑎𝑡 𝑡𝑜𝑝 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑙𝑎𝑔𝑝𝑜𝑙𝑒) = = = 1.762 𝐻𝑧; ̅̅̅
𝑈1
𝑏𝑡 0.4064
= 3.580 𝑚/𝑠
𝐾𝑏𝑡 𝜌𝑎𝑖𝑟 (𝑏𝑡 )2 1.2 × (0.4064)2
𝑦max = = 𝐾𝑏𝑡 ⋅ = 0.5 × 0.4064 × = 1.723 × 10−3
𝑆𝑐 4𝜋𝑚𝑡 𝜉 4𝜋 × 93 × 0.02
2
̅̅̅
𝑈1 ℎ 2 2
3.5804 2
𝑤𝑒𝑞 (ℎ) = 𝑚(ℎ) ⋅ (2𝜋 ) ⋅ 𝑦max ⋅ ( ) ⋅ 𝑆𝑡 = 93 × (2𝜋 ) × 1.723 × 10−3 ⋅ 𝑆𝑡 2
𝑏𝑡 ℎ 0.4064
= 491 ⋅ 𝑆𝑡 2 𝑁/𝑚

St Sensitivity (constant “b”) – St here is a reduced frequency rather than Strouhal

number, strictly speaking
𝑦max 𝑖𝑠 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑎𝑠 𝑎 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑛1 ; 𝑤𝑒𝑞 (ℎ) = 491 ⋅ 𝑆𝑡 2 𝑁/𝑚

10
For constant “b”, base case of 𝑤𝑒𝑞 (ℎ) = 491 × 0.22 = 19.64 𝑁/𝑚.

2.2.2 Varies the breadth of the building, b and keeps the rest constant
Otherwise, “b”can be allowed to vary with St and the sensitivity is examined.
𝑛𝑏𝑡 52.425𝑚
𝑆𝑡 = ̅=
= 0.2; 𝑈 ; 𝑏𝑡 = 0.4064𝑚; 𝑛 = 25.8 𝐻𝑧
̅
𝑈 𝑠
̅
𝑆𝑡 ⋅ 𝑈
𝑏𝑡 =
𝑛
4𝜋𝑚𝑡 ξ 𝑛 2 1
𝑆𝑐 = ⋅( ) ⋅ 2
𝜌𝑎𝑖𝑟 ̅
𝑈 𝑆𝑡

𝐾𝜌𝑎𝑖𝑟 ̅ 3
𝑈 0.5 × 1.2 52.425 3
3
𝑦max = ⋅ ( ) ⋅ 𝑆𝑡 = ⋅( ) ⋅ 𝑆𝑡 3 = 0.21537 ⋅ 𝑆𝑡 3
4𝜋𝑚𝑡 ξ 𝑛 4𝜋 × 93 × 0.02 25.8

𝐾𝜌𝑎𝑖𝑟 ̅ 3 ℎ 2
𝑈
)2
𝑤𝑒𝑞 (ℎ) = 𝑚(ℎ) ⋅ (2𝜋𝑛1 ⋅ ⋅ ( ) ⋅ ( ) ⋅ 𝑆𝑡 3
4𝜋𝑚𝑡 ξ 𝑛 ℎ
= 93 × (2𝜋 × 1.762) × 0.21537 ⋅ 𝑆𝑡 3 = 2455 ⋅ 𝑆𝑡 3
2

For variable “b”, base case of 𝑤𝑒𝑞 (ℎ) = 2455 × 0.23 = 19.64 𝑁/𝑚.

St Sensitivity (variable “b”)

𝑦max = 0.21537 ⋅ 𝑆𝑡 3 𝑚; 𝑤𝑒𝑞 (ℎ) = 2455 ⋅ 𝑆𝑡 3 𝑁/𝑚

11
2.3 Sensitivity Analysis of Mast Excitation relative to Scruton number, Sc, and Strouhal
number, St
2.3.1 Sensitivity Analysis for Scruton Number

%change in weq(h) vs %change in Scruton number

80

60

"b" is constant
40
%Change in weq(h)

"b" is variable

20

0
-30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30

-20

-40
%Change in Scruton number

Figure 2.3.1: Sensitivity of Peak Cross-Wind Force, weq(h) (at the top of flagpole) relative to
Sc

For both cases, weq(h) drops as Sc increases. This can be attributed to mass-damping which
increases the resistance of structure to large-amplitude vibration and hence high
acceleration motion when Sc increases. Figure above shows that increasing Sc is more
effective in reducing the cross-wind force response when the breadth of the structure, b,
instead of other parameters (that make up Scruton number) is reduced. The %change in
maximum amplitude of tip deflection, ymax, is the same as that of weq(h) as Sc changes. (refer
Appendix 3 for the tabulated version)

12
2.3.2 Sensitivity Analysis for Strouhal Number

%change in weq(h) vs %change in Strouhal number

1700
1600
1500
1400
1300
1200
"b" is constant 1100
%Change in weq(h)

"b" is variable 1000

900
800
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
-30 -20 -10 -100 0 10 20 30
-200
%Change in Strouhal number

Figure 2.3.2: Sensitivity of Peak Cross-Wind Force, weq(h) (at the top of flagpole) relative to
St

For both cases, weq(h) increases as St increases. This can be attributed to higher energy
(frequency) in the vortex shedding with relatively lower mean wind speed and wider wake
which increases the size of the vortices. Figure above shows that increasing St is more
effective in raising the cross-wind force response when the breadth of the structure, b,
instead of other parameters (that make up Strouhal number) increases. The %change in
maximum amplitude of tip deflection, ymax, is the same as that of weq(h) as St changes. (refer
Appendix 3 for the tabulated version)
Comparing Figure 2.3.1 and Figure 2.3.2, peak cross-wind force and hence deflection of the
flagpole is more sensitive to Strouhal number, St, than to Scruton number, Sc.

13
Question 3 50 Year Design Local Cladding Pressure
3.1 Graphical Presentation – Block Diagram

Figure: Design Local Cladding Pressure for Roof (Right), Cfig Distribution for Roof (Left)

Figure: Design Local Cladding

Pressure for Side Wall (Right), Cfig
Distribution for Side Wall (Left)

14
 Figure: Design Local Cladding
Pressure for Windward Wall (Right),
Vdes,θ Distribution for Windward Wall
(Left)

Figure: Design Local Cladding Pressure for

Leeward Wall (Right), Cfig Distribution for
Leeward Wall (Left)

1 2
𝑝= 𝜌𝑎𝑖𝑟 (𝑉𝑑𝑒𝑠,𝜃 ) 𝐶𝑓𝑖𝑔 𝐶𝑑𝑦𝑛
2
1 2 1
V50 is 39 m/s for Region A2. Let 𝛼 = 2 𝜌𝑎𝑖𝑟 (𝑉𝑑𝑒𝑠,𝜃 ) = 2 × 1.2 × (39 × 1.144)2 = 1194

3.2 Tabulated Presentation

From Clause 5.4.1,
Roof Pressure Distribution:

Horizontal Horizontal Cp,e (h/d Local KC,E Cfig = Pressure

Distance from distance from > 1) Pressure Cp,eKLKC,E (kPa)
Windward windward Factor for
Edge of Roof edge (Table Cladding
(Table 5.2C) 5.6) (KL)

15
 0 – 0.5h (i.e 0 0.5a = 0.5* - 1.3 2.0 1.0 -2.6 -3.10
to 45m, the 0.2*15m (most
entire roof =1.5m critical)
area for this a = 3m 1.5 -1.95 -2.33
proposed 15m 1.0 -1.3 -1.55
building)

Horizontal distance Cp,e (h/d > 1) Local KC,E Cfig = Pressure

from windward edge Pressure Cp,eKLKC,E (kPa)
and the adjacent Factor for
edge (Table 5.6) Cladding (KL)
a = 3m - 1.3 (most 3.0 1.0 -3.0 (limit) -3.58
critical)

Side Wall Pressure Distribution:

Horizontal Horizontal Cp,e Local KC,E Cfig = Pressure

Distance from distance from (h/d > Pressure Cp,eKLKC,E (kPa)
Windward Edge windward 1) Factor for
of Roof (Table edge (Table Cladding (KL)
5.6) 5.2C)
0 – 0.5h (i.e 0 0.5a = 0.5* - 0.65 3.0 1.0 -1.95 -2.33
to 45m, the 0.2*15m
entire roof area =1.5m
for this a = 3m 2.0 -1.3 -1.55
proposed 10.5m 1.5 -0.975 -1.16
building)

Windward Wall Pressure Distribution:

Since Vdes,θ and Cdyn changes with height, it is more convenient to group the claddings into
fewer sections (e.g. 3) instead of having to design for 30 different sets of claddings.

Height, z Cp,e Local KC,E Cfig = Cdyn (taken at α Pressure

(m) (h>25m) Pressure Cp,eKLKC,E the top of (kPa) =
Factor for section) αCfigCdyn
Cladding
(KL)
0 – 30 0.8 1.5 1 1.2 1 912.6 1.10
30 - 60 1.017 1064 1.30
60 - 90 1.046 1194 1.50

Leeward Wall Pressure Distribution:

16
 Cp,e (d/b ≤ Local Pressure KC,E Cfig = Cdyn α Pressure (kPa)
1) Factor for Cp,eKLKC,E
Cladding (KL)
-0.5 1.0 1 -0.5 1.046 1194 0.62

Question 4: 5 Year Wind Induced Acceleration on Top Floor

Appendix G is used.

4.1 Peak Along-Wind Acceleration for Serviceability (5 Year Return Period)

3
𝑥̈ max = ×resonant component of peak base bending moment
m0 h2
h h
3 ρair g R Ih SEt 2 2
= 2
⋅ ⋅√ ⋅ {Cfig, windward ∑[Vdes,θ (z)] bz zΔz- Cfig, leeward ∑[Vdes,θ (h)] bz zΔz}
m0 h 1+2g v Ih ξ
z=0 z=0

Where S and Et are single values for the building concerned; ξ = 0.01 for calculation of
acceleration for reinforced-concrete structure at serviceability limit state.
Estimating m0
Based on the floor plan and elevation drawings, the average mass per unit height, m 0, is
about 300 tonnes/m.
Peak Base Bending Moment
2 2
The expression {Cfig, windward ∑hz=0[Vdes,θ (z)] bz zΔz- Cfig, leeward ∑hz=0[Vdes,θ (z)] bz zΔz} is the
1
reduced peak base bending moment (with 𝜌𝑎𝑖𝑟 and Cdyn taken out) of the along-wind base
2
overturning moment on the building. Based on gust wind speed of 32 m/s (5 year return
period in Region A2), the expression becomes the sum of 51.7 x 10 6 m5/s2 (on windward
wall) and 36.6 x 106 m5/s2 (on leeward wall) which sum up to 88.3 x 106 m5/s2.
Hence,

3 1.225 ∙ 3.557 ∙ 0.17 0.0543×0.0411

𝑥̈ max = ⋅ ⋅√ ⋅88.3×106
100000∙902 1+2∙3.4∙0.17 0.01
Hence, the peak acceleration at the top floor in the along-wind direction is
𝒙̈ max = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟓𝟑 𝒎/𝒔𝟐

Discussion
From Clause 6.2.2, it can be seen that S decreases as the height (h), breath (Boh), turbulence
intensity (Ih) and natural frequency (na) of the building increase. This is the aerodynamic
admittance characteristics of the building where larger building tends to become less
sensitive or “mute” gusts of higher frequencies. S increases as Vdes,θ increases because

17
higher wind speed increases the perceptiveness (or sensitivity) of the building to gusts of
higher frequencies.
𝜋𝑁
𝐸𝑡 = 5
(1 + 70.8𝑁 2 )6
“N” in the numerator indicates the integral of the mechanical admittance function, H(n), of
the building. As N increases, the integral of H(n) increases because vibrational energy is
higher at higher natural frequency. “N” in the denominator indicates the vibrational energy
of the wind’s turbulence spectrum, Su(n), at the specified building’s natural frequency, na. As
na increases, Su(n) climbs to a peak before decreasing indefinitely. This spectrum of
turbulence is based on past studies which suggest that wind has less energy for gusts at very
high frequencies.

4.2 Peak Cross-wind Acceleration for Serviceability (5 Year Return Period)

For Tall Buildings and Towers of Rectangular Cross Section

1.5bg R 0.5ρair [𝑉𝑑𝑒𝑠,𝜃 ]2 𝜋𝐶𝑓𝑠

𝑦̈max = ⋅ 2
⋅𝐾𝑚 ⋅√
m0 (1+g v Ih ) ξ

Where ξ = 0.01 and Vdes,θ = 36.608 m/s for 5 year return period.

1.5∙15∙3.557 0.5∙1.225∙36.6082 π ∙ 0.002824

ÿ max = ⋅ 2
⋅(0.76 + 0.24)⋅√
100000 (1+3.4∙0.17) 0.01

Hence, the peak acceleration at the top floor in the along-wind direction is
𝒚̈ max = 𝟎. 𝟐𝟒𝟖 𝒎/𝒔𝟐

Figure: Peak Acceleration Allowable against Natural Frequency (One Year Return Period)

18
From ISO10137:2007 (from the lecture slides), for office use, the peak acceleration
allowable for vibration frequency of about 0.5 Hz (natural frequency of the building) is 0.08
m/s2 or 8 milli-g, for one year return period. For 5 year return period, the allowable values
are higher.

Figure: Standard Deviation of Acceleration Allowable

against Natural Frequency (Five Year Return Period)

The figure to the left shows the allowable

acceleration standard deviation allowable against
natural frequency for five year return period.

The peak accelerations estimated in this question can

be converted to standard deviations of the
acceleration by using peak factor for resonant
response, gR, (since the spectrum is taken only at the
natural frequency for evaluating peak accelerations
in both along-wind and cross-wind directions). 𝑔𝑅 =
√1.2 + 2log(600𝑛𝑎 ) = 3.557. From the figure to the
left, for 5 year return period, at natural frequency of
0.5 Hz, the allowable standard deviation is about 0.2
m/s2. Hence, 𝑃𝑒𝑎𝑘 𝐴𝑐𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 𝑔𝑅 ×
𝑚
σacceleration = 3.557 × 0.2 𝑠2 = 0.71 𝑚/𝑠 2 (five year
return period). Again, both estimated peak accelerations satisfy the standard limits for 5-
year return period.
Selection of Vibration Frequency in Determining Peak Acceleration Allowable

In judging the peak accelerations calculated against the occupant comfort criteria, the
vibration frequency used should be the natural frequency rather than the vortex shedding
frequency. This is because the building always vibrates at its natural frequency, but with
different amplitudes depending on the vortex shedding frequency in the wind.

Question 5 Other Discussions

5.1 Dynamic Moment vs Mean Moment
Along-Wind Peak Base Moment Cross-Wind Peak Base Moment
(MN.m) (MN.m)
Mean Building: 107 Building: 0
Flagpole: 104.5 x 10-3 (with flag) Flagpole: 0
Dynamic Building: 110.8 Building: 102.7
Flagpole: 104.5 x 10-3 (with flag) Flagpole: 1.28 x 10-3

From Table above, it can be seen that for the proposed building, dynamic moment is greater
than mean moment depending on whether it is an along-wind moment or cross-wind
moment. For along wind direction, the base overturning moment increases by 3.8 MN.m or

19
3.6%. The increase in the along wind moment is due to the turbulence buffeting in the wind
that causes additional deflection in the building. For cross wind direction, the base
overturning moment increases by 102.7 MN.m.

For the flagpole, both dynamic and mean base overturning moments for the along wind
direction are the same because the natural frequency of the flagpole is greater than 1Hz.
This implies that the design wind speed does not have enough energy in the higher
frequency spectrum to excite structure having natural frequency greater than 1Hz. For the
cross wind direction, vortex shedding creates a mechanism to excite the flagpole, hence
causing a non-zero cross-wind base overturning moment.

5.2 Combination of Moments for Design Purpose

The moments can be combined using Clause 6.4 from AS1170.2.
2 0.5
2
𝜀𝑡 = 𝜀𝑎,𝑚 + [(𝜀𝑎,𝑝 − 𝜀𝑎,𝑚 ) + 𝜀𝑐,𝑝 ]
𝜀𝑎,𝑝
𝜀𝑎,𝑚 =
𝐶𝑑𝑦𝑛 (1 + 2𝑔𝑣 𝐼ℎ )
110.8 𝑀𝑁.𝑚
For the proposed building, 𝜀𝑎,𝑚 = 1.066(1+2×3.4×0.17) = 48.21 𝑀𝑁. 𝑚; 𝜀𝑐,𝑝 = 102.71 𝑀𝑁. 𝑚.

Hence, the combined moment for the building is 𝜺𝒕 = 𝟏𝟔𝟖. 𝟓 𝑴𝑵. 𝒎

104.5 𝑘𝑁.𝑚
For the flagpole with flag, 𝜀𝑎,𝑚 = 1×(1+2×3.4×0.1644) = 49.34 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚; 𝜀𝑐,𝑝 = 1.28 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚.

Hence, the combined moment for the flagpole is 𝜺𝒕 = 𝟏𝟎𝟒. 𝟓𝟏 𝒌𝑵. 𝒎. The cross-wind
moment does not contribute much to the combined moment.

5.3 Critical Wind Speed for Flagpole (Mast)

𝑛𝑏𝑡 𝑛𝑏
𝑆𝑡 = ̅= 𝑡
;𝑈
̅
𝑈 𝑆𝑡
At high Reynolds number, St for circular prism is 0.2. Given the natural frequency of the
̅ = 1.762×0.4064 =
flagpole is 1.762 Hz (refer to Question 1), the critical wind speed is 𝑈 0.2
3.58 𝑚/𝑠. The design wind speed is more than 32 m/s. Hence, resonance would not be an
issue. Since the critical wind speed is 3.58 m/s, there may not be enough energy in the wind
to cause large-amplitude deflection, if the flagpole is stiff enough.

Appendices
Appendix 1a: (Building) Along-Wind Base Overturning Moment due to Wind on
Windward Wall
Windward Wall

20
Heigh Wind Tributory Force (N) Overturning
t 𝑴𝒛,𝒄𝒂𝒕 speed area (m^2) 𝐶𝑑𝑦𝑛 𝐶𝑓𝑖𝑔 Moment (Nm)
(m/s)

0 8.300E-01 3.735E+01 2.250E+01 9.786E- 7.200E- 1.355E+04 0.000E+00

01 01
3 8.300E-01 3.735E+01 4.500E+01 9.802E- 7.200E- 2.714E+04 8.141E+04
01 01
6 8.300E-01 3.735E+01 4.500E+01 9.820E- 7.200E- 2.719E+04 1.631E+05
01 01
9 8.300E-01 3.735E+01 4.500E+01 9.840E- 7.200E- 2.724E+04 2.452E+05
01 01
12 8.600E-01 3.870E+01 4.500E+01 9.860E- 7.200E- 2.931E+04 3.517E+05
01 01
15 8.900E-01 4.005E+01 4.500E+01 9.882E- 7.200E- 3.145E+04 4.718E+05
01 01
18 9.120E-01 4.104E+01 4.500E+01 9.904E- 7.200E- 3.310E+04 5.959E+05
01 01
21 9.340E-01 4.203E+01 4.500E+01 9.928E- 7.200E- 3.480E+04 7.309E+05
01 01
24 9.560E-01 4.302E+01 4.500E+01 9.953E- 7.200E- 3.655E+04 8.773E+05
01 01
27 9.780E-01 4.401E+01 4.500E+01 9.979E- 7.200E- 3.836E+04 1.036E+06
01 01
30 1.000E+00 4.500E+01 4.500E+01 1.001E+0 7.200E- 4.021E+04 1.206E+06
0 01
33 1.008E+00 4.536E+01 4.500E+01 1.003E+0 7.200E- 4.097E+04 1.352E+06
0 01
36 1.016E+00 4.572E+01 4.500E+01 1.006E+0 7.200E- 4.174E+04 1.503E+06
0 01
39 1.024E+00 4.608E+01 4.500E+01 1.009E+0 7.200E- 4.253E+04 1.659E+06
0 01
42 1.032E+00 4.644E+01 4.500E+01 1.012E+0 7.200E- 4.333E+04 1.820E+06
0 01
45 1.040E+00 4.680E+01 4.500E+01 1.016E+0 7.200E- 4.414E+04 1.986E+06
0 01
48 1.048E+00 4.716E+01 4.500E+01 1.019E+0 7.200E- 4.497E+04 2.158E+06
0 01
51 1.056E+00 4.752E+01 4.500E+01 1.022E+0 7.200E- 4.581E+04 2.336E+06
0 01
54 1.064E+00 4.788E+01 4.500E+01 1.026E+0 7.200E- 4.666E+04 2.520E+06
0 01
57 1.072E+00 4.824E+01 4.500E+01 1.029E+0 7.200E- 4.752E+04 2.709E+06
0 01
60 1.080E+00 4.860E+01 4.500E+01 1.033E+0 7.200E- 4.840E+04 2.904E+06
0 01
63 1.088E+00 4.896E+01 4.500E+01 1.036E+0 7.200E- 4.929E+04 3.105E+06
0 01
66 1.096E+00 4.932E+01 4.500E+01 1.040E+0 7.200E- 5.019E+04 3.313E+06
0 01
69 1.104E+00 4.968E+01 4.500E+01 1.043E+0 7.200E- 5.111E+04 3.526E+06
0 01
72 1.112E+00 5.004E+01 4.500E+01 1.047E+0 7.200E- 5.203E+04 3.746E+06
0 01

21
 75 1.120E+00 5.040E+01 4.500E+01 1.051E+0 7.200E- 5.296E+04 3.972E+06
0 01
78 1.125E+00 5.062E+01 4.500E+01 1.054E+0 7.200E- 5.359E+04 4.180E+06
0 01
81 1.130E+00 5.083E+01 4.500E+01 1.057E+0 7.200E- 5.422E+04 4.392E+06
0 01
84 1.134E+00 5.105E+01 4.500E+01 1.061E+0 7.200E- 5.485E+04 4.607E+06
0 01
87 1.139E+00 5.126E+01 4.500E+01 1.064E+0 7.200E- 5.547E+04 4.826E+06
0 01
90 1.144E+00 5.148E+01 2.250E+01 1.066E+0 7.200E- 2.804E+04 2.524E+06
0 01
Sum (MN.m) 64.9

Appendix 1b: (Building) Along-Wind Base Overturning Moment due to Wind off
Leeward Wall
Leeward Wall
Height Wind Tributory Force (N) Overturning
𝑴𝒛,𝒄𝒂𝒕 speed area 𝐶𝑑𝑦𝑛 𝐶𝑓𝑖𝑔 Moment
(m/s) (m^2) (Nm)

0 1.144E+00 5.148E+01 2.250E+01 9.786E-01 4.500E- 1.608E+04 0.000E+00

01
3 1.144E+00 5.148E+01 4.500E+01 9.802E-01 4.500E- 3.222E+04 9.666E+04
01
6 1.144E+00 5.148E+01 4.500E+01 9.820E-01 4.500E- 3.228E+04 1.937E+05
01
9 1.144E+00 5.148E+01 4.500E+01 9.840E-01 4.500E- 3.234E+04 2.911E+05
01
12 1.144E+00 5.148E+01 4.500E+01 9.860E-01 4.500E- 3.241E+04 3.889E+05
01
15 1.144E+00 5.148E+01 4.500E+01 9.882E-01 4.500E- 3.248E+04 4.872E+05
01
18 1.144E+00 5.148E+01 4.500E+01 9.904E-01 4.500E- 3.256E+04 5.860E+05
01
21 1.144E+00 5.148E+01 4.500E+01 9.928E-01 4.500E- 3.263E+04 6.853E+05
01
24 1.144E+00 5.148E+01 4.500E+01 9.953E-01 4.500E- 3.272E+04 7.852E+05
01
27 1.144E+00 5.148E+01 4.500E+01 9.979E-01 4.500E- 3.280E+04 8.856E+05
01
30 1.144E+00 5.148E+01 4.500E+01 1.001E+00 4.500E- 3.289E+04 9.867E+05
01
33 1.144E+00 5.148E+01 4.500E+01 1.003E+00 4.500E- 3.298E+04 1.088E+06
01
36 1.144E+00 5.148E+01 4.500E+01 1.006E+00 4.500E- 3.308E+04 1.191E+06
01
39 1.144E+00 5.148E+01 4.500E+01 1.009E+00 4.500E- 3.318E+04 1.294E+06
01
42 1.144E+00 5.148E+01 4.500E+01 1.012E+00 4.500E- 3.328E+04 1.398E+06
01

22
 45 1.144E+00 5.148E+01 4.500E+01 1.016E+00 4.500E- 3.338E+04 1.502E+06
01
48 1.144E+00 5.148E+01 4.500E+01 1.019E+00 4.500E- 3.349E+04 1.607E+06
01
51 1.144E+00 5.148E+01 4.500E+01 1.022E+00 4.500E- 3.360E+04 1.714E+06
01
54 1.144E+00 5.148E+01 4.500E+01 1.026E+00 4.500E- 3.371E+04 1.820E+06
01
57 1.144E+00 5.148E+01 4.500E+01 1.029E+00 4.500E- 3.383E+04 1.928E+06
01
60 1.144E+00 5.148E+01 4.500E+01 1.033E+00 4.500E- 3.394E+04 2.037E+06
01
63 1.144E+00 5.148E+01 4.500E+01 1.036E+00 4.500E- 3.406E+04 2.146E+06
01
66 1.144E+00 5.148E+01 4.500E+01 1.040E+00 4.500E- 3.418E+04 2.256E+06
01
69 1.144E+00 5.148E+01 4.500E+01 1.043E+00 4.500E- 3.430E+04 2.367E+06
01
72 1.144E+00 5.148E+01 4.500E+01 1.047E+00 4.500E- 3.442E+04 2.478E+06
01
75 1.144E+00 5.148E+01 4.500E+01 1.051E+00 4.500E- 3.453E+04 2.590E+06
01
78 1.144E+00 5.148E+01 4.500E+01 1.054E+00 4.500E- 3.465E+04 2.703E+06
01
81 1.144E+00 5.148E+01 4.500E+01 1.057E+00 4.500E- 3.476E+04 2.815E+06
01
84 1.144E+00 5.148E+01 4.500E+01 1.061E+00 4.500E- 3.486E+04 2.928E+06
01
87 1.144E+00 5.148E+01 4.500E+01 1.064E+00 4.500E- 3.496E+04 3.042E+06
01
90 1.144E+00 5.148E+01 2.250E+01 1.066E+00 4.500E- 1.753E+04 1.577E+06
01
Sum (MN.m) 45.9

Appendix 2a: (Flagpole without Flag) Along-Wind Base Overturning Moment

Without Flag
Heigh Wind Tributor Force (N) Overturning
𝑴𝒛,𝒄𝒂𝒕 𝐶𝑑𝑦𝑛 𝐶𝑓𝑖𝑔
t speed y area Moment
(m/s) (m^2) (Nm)
90 1.144 51.48 0.2032 1.000 1.261 416 0
91 1.1456 51.552 0.4064 1.000 1.261 834 834
92 1.1472 51.624 0.4064 1.000 1.261 837 1673
93 1.1488 51.696 0.4064 1.000 1.261 839 2517
94 1.1504 51.768 0.4064 1.000 1.261 841 3365
95 1.152 51.84 0.4064 1.000 1.261 844 4218
96 1.1536 51.912 0.4064 1.000 1.261 846 5075
97 1.1552 51.984 0.4064 1.000 1.261 848 5938
98 1.1568 52.056 0.4064 1.000 1.261 851 6805
99 1.1584 52.128 0.4064 1.000 1.261 853 7676
100 1.16 52.2 0.4064 1.000 1.261 855 8553

23
 101 1.161 52.245 0.4064 1.000 1.261 857 9424
102 1.162 52.29 0.4064 1.000 1.261 858 10299
103 1.163 52.335 0.4064 1.000 1.261 860 11176
104 1.164 52.38 0.4064 1.000 1.261 861 12057
105 1.165 52.425 0.2032 1.000 1.261 431 6470
Sum 96.1
(kN.m)

Appendix 2b: (Flagpole with Flag) Along-Wind Base Overturning Moment

With Flag
Heigh Wind Tributory Force (N) Overturning
𝑴𝒛,𝒄𝒂𝒕 𝐶𝑑𝑦𝑛 𝐶𝑓𝑖𝑔
t speed area Moment
(m/s) (m^2) (Nm)
90 1.144 51.48 0.2032 1.000 1.261 416 0
91 1.1456 51.552 0.4064 1.000 1.261 834 834
92 1.1472 51.624 0.4064 1.000 1.261 837 1673
93 1.1488 51.696 0.4064 1.000 1.261 839 2517
94 1.1504 51.768 0.4064 1.000 1.261 841 3365
95 1.152 51.84 0.4064 1.000 1.261 844 4218
96 1.1536 51.912 0.4064 1.000 1.261 846 5075
97 1.1552 51.984 0.4064 1.000 1.261 848 5938
98 1.1568 52.056 0.4064 1.000 1.261 851 6805
99 1.1584 52.128 0.4064 1.000 1.261 853 7676
100 1.16 52.2 0.4064 1.000 1.261 855 8553
101 1.161 52.245 0.4064 1.000 1.261 857 9424
102 1.162 52.29 0.4064 1.000 1.261 858 10299
103 1.163 52.335 0.4064 1.000 1.261 860 11176
104 1.164 52.38 0.4064 1.000 1.261 861 12057
105 1.165 52.425 0.2032 1.000 1.261 431 6470
Flag 1.1645 52.4025 1.5 1.000 0.23 580 8414
Sum 104.5
(kN.m)

Appendix 2c: (Flagpole with or without Flag) Cross-Wind Base Overturning Moment
height Overturning
𝑊𝑒𝑞
moment (Nm)

0 0.00000 0
1 0.08913 0.09
2 0.35651 0.71
3 0.80215 2.41
4 1.42604 5.70
5 2.22819 11.14

24
 6 3.20859 19.25
7 4.36725 30.57
8 5.70416 45.63
9 7.21933 64.97
10 8.91275 89.13
11 10.78443 118.63
12 12.83436 154.01
13 15.06255 195.81
14 17.46900 244.57
15 20.05369 300.81
Sum (N.m) 1283.44

Appendix 3a: Sensitivity of cross-wind force on flagpole relative to change in Sc (“b” is

constant)
Sc ymax (m) weq(h) N/m %Sc %ymax %weq(h)
82.6 0.00246 28.04116223 -30 42.85714 42.85714
88.5 0.002296 26.17175141 -25 33.33333 33.33333
94.4 0.002153 24.53601695 -20 25 25
100.3 0.002026 23.09272183 -15 17.64706 17.64706
106.2 0.001913 21.80979284 -10 11.11111 11.11111
112.1 0.001813 20.66190901 -5 5.263158 5.263158
118 0.001722 19.62881356 0 0 0
123.9 0.00164 18.69410815 5 -4.7619 -4.7619
129.8 0.001565 17.84437596 10 -9.09091 -9.09091
135.7 0.001497 17.06853353 15 -13.0435 -13.0435
141.6 0.001435 16.35734463 20 -16.6667 -16.6667
147.5 0.001378 15.70305085 25 -20 -20
153.4 0.001325 15.09908735 30 -23.0769 -23.0769

Appendix 3b: Sensitivity of cross-wind force on flagpole relative to change in Sc (“b” is

variable)
Sc ymax (m) weq(h) N/m %Sc %ymax %weq(h)
82.6 0.002939 33.50577902 -30 70.74694 70.74694
88.5 0.002651 30.21168061 -25 53.96007 53.96007
94.4 0.002406 27.42406309 -20 39.75425 39.75425
100.3 0.002197 25.04023448 -15 27.60615 27.60615
106.2 0.002016 22.98280412 -10 17.12139 17.12139
112.1 0.001859 21.19245999 -5 7.997721 7.997721
118 0.001722 19.62306217 0 0 0
123.9 0.0016 18.23823601 5 -7.05714 -7.05714
129.8 0.001492 17.0089597 10 -13.3216 -13.3216
135.7 0.001396 15.91182594 15 -18.9126 -18.9126
141.6 0.00131 14.92776917 20 -23.9274 -23.9274

25
 147.5 0.001232 14.0411203 25 -28.4458 -28.4458
153.4 0.001161 13.23889542 30 -32.534 -32.534

Appendix 3c: Sensitivity of cross-wind force on flagpole relative to change in St (“b” is

constant)
St ymax weq(h) N/m %St %ymax %weq(h)
(m)
0.061047 1.829827479 -30 -91.5494
0.08721 3.734341793 -25 -82.7538
0.11628 6.638829854 -20 -69.34
0.14535 10.37317165 -15 -52.0938
0.171 14.357331 -10 -33.6939
0.19 17.7251 -5 -18.1406
0.2 19.64 0 -9.29705
0.21 21.6531 5 0
0.231 26.200251 10 21
0.26565 34.64983195 15 60.0225
0.31878 49.895758 20 130.4324
0.398475 77.96212188 25 260.0506
0.518018 131.755986 30 508.4856

Appendix 3d: Sensitivity of cross-wind force on flagpole relative to change in St (“b” is

variable)
St ymax (m) weq(h) N/m %St %ymax %weq(h)
0.061047 4.9E-05 0.55852739 -30 -97.5434 -97.5434
0.08721 0.000143 1.628359739 -25 -92.8379 -92.8379
0.11628 0.000339 3.859815677 -20 -83.0231 -83.0231
0.14535 0.000661 7.538702495 -15 -66.8421 -66.8421
0.171 0.001077 12.27551801 -10 -46.0079 -46.0079
0.19 0.001477 16.838845 -5 -25.9367 -25.9367
0.2 0.001723 19.64 0 -13.6162 -13.6162
0.21 0.001995 22.735755 5 0 0
0.231 0.002655 30.26128991 10 33.1 33.1
0.26565 0.004038 46.02363928 15 102.4285 102.4285
0.31878 0.006977 79.52884868 20 249.7964 249.7964
0.398475 0.013627 155.3297826 25 583.1961 583.1961
0.518018 0.029938 341.2595323 30 1400.982 1400.982

26
Appendix 4: CHS Section Properties

References
Parliament of Australia
https://www.aph.gov.au/Visit_Parliament/Things_to_Do/Learn_about_the_flag

27