Generator

Overview
By
Susobhan Patra

8/12/2016
 Main parts of Alternator
1. Stator - Stator Frame (Fabrication & Machining)
2. Core Assembly - Stator Core, Core Suspension Arrangement
3. End Shield
4. Stator Winding Assembly - Stator Winding , Winding Assembly,
Connecting Bus bar
5. Rotor - Rotor Shaft, Rotor Wedges, Rotor Coils, Rotor Assembly
6. Completing Assembly - Bearing Assembly, Shaft Seal
Assembly, Oil Catchers, Insert Cover etc
7. Exciter
8. Auxiliary System
 Basic Interlocks of BTG
Fuel

ESV GCB
Boiler Generator

Fuel
Shut
off
Turbine
Valve

Bus

FB

Pump
Excitation
MAIN PARTS OF TURBOGENERATOR
Stator Core

End Shield

Wdg Overhang

Oil Catcher

Rotor
Rotor fan

Bearing

Shaft Seal

Stator
Terminal Bushing
Case Study: Bushing Failure TGS
Stator frame
 Laws of induction

Φ = B cos Ø A

= BA cos ωt

Change of magnetic flux = dΦ/ dt

Rate of change of magnetic flux dΦ/ dt = -BA ω sin ωt

i.e. e = NBA ω sin ωt
e0 = NBA ω
e = e0 sin ωt

Generator
When a closed coil is rotated rapidly in a strong magnetic field, the
number of magnetic flux lines passing through the coil changes
continuously. Hence, an emf is induced in the coil and a current
flows in it in a direction given by FRH Rule

Motor
When a current is passed through a coil placed in a magnetic field,
the coil experiences a torque in a direction given by FLH Rule. The
torque gives a continuous rotary motion to the coil in the magnetic
field.
 STATOR WINDING

• 3 Phase double layer winding, usually with two parallel paths.

• Long involutes shape bars form basket like massive overhang, that is
supported on winding brackets or on a solid cone.
• Winding vibrations are caused by load currents and consequent
alternating forces. Their effect is considerable in overhang parts of the
winding.
• Slot wedges experience high forces in slots, in which, upper and lower
bars carry current in opposite direction at the time of sudden short circuit.

• These forces increase several times, if there is an internal short circuit.

 Cooling of generators

 cooling takes place on rotor surface for small machine. For

larger machine cooling occurs at bottom of slots.
Types of cooling
 H2 cooling
 Lower density
 Grater heat transfer capability
 Much larger thermal conductivity
 Less insulation corona
 Co2 cooling

 Air cooling
 ROTOR CONSTRUCTION

ROTOR:
• Forged from homogenous steel Ingot of special alloy properly heat treated.
• Top slots are dovetailed for housing the wedges.
• Bottom slots/sub slots are provided the flow of cooling air.

ROTOR WINDING:
• Rotor coils are wound multi turn coils made of silver copper.
• Windings are rectangular cross section which has high creep resistance.
• Insulated from rotor body with L shaped troughs made of epoxy glass laminate.
• Windings are kept in position by bronze wedges.
• End rings winding is held in position against the centrifugal force by means of end
retaining rings shrunk on to the rotor body
• Class F inter-turn insulation with high mechanical strength.
• High voltage tests are done at rated speed and in standstill condition.
• Rotors are dynamically balanced and over-speeded to 120% rated speed then
again fine tune balanced.
Classification of Generator

Generator Modules (according to the INDIA):-

Air Cooled Turbo generator - TARI

Hydrogen Cooled Turbo generator - THRI

Hydrogen/Water Cooled TG - THDF and THW

CHINA :

QFSN – QF –TURBO GENERATOR,S – STATOR WATER

COOLING, N – HYDROGEN COOLING
GENERATOR COOLING SYSTEM
 TECHNICAL DATA OF GENERATOR
Basic specification
Type QFSN-300-2-20B
Rated output 300MW (353MVA)
Maximum continuous output 330MW (388MVA)
Rated voltage 20KV
Rated current 10.189KA
Rated power factor 0.85
Rated frequency 50HZ
Rated speed 3000 r/min
Number of phases 3
Stator winding connection Y
Number of terminal 6
Insulation class F
Cooling mode H2O-H2-H2
Rated H2 pressure 0.3MPa
Excitation type Static Thyristor Excitation
Design Data (Calculated Data)
Short ckt. ratio 0.6241
0
DC resistance of stator winding 0.001658Ωat 15 C
(per phase)
0
DC resistance of stator winding 0.162766Ω(at 15 C)

Rated field voltage 455V

Rated field current 2075A
Total loss 3370.5KW
Efficiency 98.90%
Limit of temperature and
vibration
0
Item Limit C Remarks

Stator winding outlet water ≤90 Embedded RTD

&stator winding
Stator winding ≤90 Embedded RTD
Stator winding temp difference ≤8
(Max-Av)
Field winding ≤110 Resistance
Stator core ≤120 Embedded RTD
Structure part of stator end ≤120 Embedded thermocouple

Collector ring ≤120 Thermometer

Hot air from collector ring ≤70 Thermometer
Bearing ≤90 Embedded RTD
Bearing outlet oil & sealing ≤70 Embedded RTD
outlet oil
Vibration
Bearing pedestal ≤0.025mm
Shaft ≤0.075mm
 Class of Insulation
Based on Temperature rise in Deg C

• Y – 90
• A – 105
• E – 120
• B – 130
• F – 150
• H – 180
• C – MORE THAN 180
Protection:

Class - A Tripping :
• This is adopted for those electrical faults of generator and
generator transformer and unit auxiliary transformer for
which tripping can not be delayed
• This leads to simultaneous tripping of
- generator transformer HV side CB
- Field CB
- LV side incomer breakers of UAT
- Auto changeover from unit to station supply for
unit auxiliaries and tripping of turbine
 Class - B Tripping :
• This is adopted for all turbine faults (mechanical) and for some
electrical faults of Generator, Generator transformer And unit
auxiliary transformer for which it is safe to trip the turbine
• Subsequently the Generator is tripping through low forward
power interlock
• Ensure that unit does no over speed due to trapped steam in the
turbine during the shutdown and also the loss of power to the
grid from the Generator is not sudden
Class - C Tripping :
• This is adopted for all faults beyond the Generator system
which can be cleared by tripping of Generator
transformer HV side CB Alone
• In this case the TG set runs with HP – LP By pass system in
operation .
Hydraulic Trip System :
Over speed device 1&2
Thrust wear trip device
Vacuum trip device
Hand trip level 1&2 (local

Electrical Trip System :

Condenser pressure very high
Lub oil Press. very low (two out of three logic)
Fire protection switch (control room or local) operated
M.O.T.level very low
Main steam temp. very low
Turbine trip switch (in UCB) operated
Command from ATRS
Generator Protection
Master fuel trip relay energized
Boiler drum lev. very high
Class A Tripling relays :
 Gen. TRF. diff. protection
 UAT diff. Protection (87UAT A&B)
 Gen. stator main earth fault protection(100%)(37G)
 Gen. stator main earth fault protection (95%)(37G)
 Gen. reverse power protection (32G1 & 32G2)
 Gen. voltage Restrained Relay
 UAT Auxiliary Transformer diff. Relay
 UAT Auxiliary Transformer HV Side O/C Relay (back up)
 Gen. TRF.Buchholz Relay
 UAT Auxiliary Transformer Buchholz Relay
 Gen. diff. protection (87G)
Class B Tripling relays:

 Gen. rotor E/F protection (100F1 &F2)

 Gen. Field failure protection relay
 Gen. Transformer HV Side stand by E/F Relay
 Gen. TRF. over fluxing protection (99GT)
Class B Tripling relays:
 Gen. rotor E/F protection (1st & 2nd)
 Gen. Field failure protection relay
 Gen. Transformer HV Side stand by E/F Relay
 Gen. TRF. over fluxing protection (99GT)

Class C Tripling relays :

 Generator pole slipping Relay
 Generator distance back up impedance Relay
 Generator Transformer HV Side O/C Relay (back up)
 Generator Transformer Winding temperature Device
 Generator Transformer oil temperature Device
 Generator under frequency Relay
 Generator Negative sequence Relay
ANSI CODES NAME OF RELAY
21 DISTANCE RELAY
24 VOLTZ PER HERTZ RELAY
25 SYNCHRONISM-CHECK DEVICE
27 UNDERVOLTAGE RELAY
29 ISOLATING CONTACTOR
30 ANNUNCIATOR RELAY
32 DIRECTIONAL POWER RELAY
37 UNDER CURRENT OR UNDERPIOWER RELAY
46 REVERSE -PHASE OR PHASE BALANCE RELAY
40 FIELD RELAY
47 PHASE SEQUENCE VOLTAGE RELAY
50 INSTANTANEOUS OVERCURRENT
51 AC TIME OVERCURRENT RELAY
52 AC CIRCUIT BREAKER
42 RUNNING CIRCUIT BREAKER
55 POWER FACTOR RELAY
58 POWER RECTIFIRE MISFIRE RELAY

59 OVER VOLTAGE RELAY

VOLTAGE/CURRENT BALANCE RELAY & VT-

60
PT FUSE FAILURE RELAY
61 MACHINE SPLIT PHASE CURRENT BALANCE
62 TIME DELAY STOPPING OR OPENING RELAY
63 PRESSURE SWITCH
64 GROUND DETECTOR RELAY
65 GOVERNOR
66 STARTS PER HOUR
67 AC DIRECTIONAL OVERCURRENT RELAY
68 BLOCKING RELAY
69 PERMISSIVE CONTROL DEVICE
70 ELECTRICALLY OPERATED RHEOSTAT
71 LEVEL SWITCH
72 DC CIRCUIT BREAKER
73 LOAD RESISTOR CONTACTOR
74 ALARM RELAY
76 DC OVERCURRENT RELAY
77 PULSE TRANSMITTER
PHASE ANGLE MEASURING OR OUT OF STEP PROTECTIVE
78
RELAY
79 AC RECLOSING RELAY
80 FLOW SWITCH
81 FREQUENCY RELAY
82 DC RECLOSING RELAY

83 AUTOMATIC SELECTIVE CONTROL OR TRANSFER RELAY

84 OPERATING MECHANISM
85 CARRIER OR PILOT WIRE RECEIVER RELAY
86 LOCK OUT RELAY
87 DIFFERENTIAL PROTECTIVE RELAY
90 REGULATING DEVICE
91 VOLTAGE DIRECTIONAL RELAY

92 VOLTAGE AND POWER DIRECTIONAL RELAY

93 FIELD CHANGING CONTACTOR

94 TRIPPING OR TRIP-FREE RELAY
95 RELUCTANCE TORQUE SYNCHRO CHECK
96 AUTO LOADING RELAY
What does TRIP mean

 Boiler trip :
– Stops fuel feed to Furnace
– Purpose – To clear out combustibles from the Boiler and prevent any explosive condition from
persisting

 Turbine trip :
– Close all steam admission valves (ESV, GOV Valves)
– Purpose – Stop steam admission to ensure turbine coasts down and Open all drain lines of steam
admission pipes upstream / down stream valves to prevent accumulation of water which may enter
the Turbine

 Generator trip :
– Opens CB connecting Generator to Grid
 Purpose – Isolate system from faulty generator
– Opens Field Circuit Breaker to cut-off excitation
 GENERATOR FAULTS

A. Stator Faults --These include the following:

[a] Phase-to-earth faults
[b]Phase-to-phase faults
[c]Inter -turn faults.
B. Rotor Faults
C. Abnormal Running Conditions
[a] loss of excitation,
[b] Unbalanced loading,
[c] Overloading,
[d] Failure of prime mover
[e] Over speeding &
[f] Over voltage
[g] Over fluxing.
 86U & 86G.
86U- This is activated by any of the following trip initiating relays

1. Stator earth fault protection :

• The relays used are 64G, CAG 14 and (59N and 27 N3 ) . The generators are
grounded by single phase grounding transformers which limit the F/F current
through a maximum of above 3A.
• 64G this is a voltage operated IDMT relays set to protect 0-95% of the generator
winding
• CAG 14 – this is a current operated instantaneous relay for protection of 0-90% of
the winding.
• Ragea relay- this is an instantaneous relay and operates by sensing absence of third
harmonic current flowing in the generator neutral through winding to ground
capacitances. It has two elements.
• 59N-It is a tripping relay which protect 0-95% of the generator.
• 27N3- this relay gives annunciation by resetting the relay flag if it resets go on
operating the machine.
2. Generator Differential protection: 87G
This relay is provided for protection against phase to phase fault of generator winding. Here C.Ts
are connected on all the 3 phases at both line side and neutral side of the winding. To prevent
malfunctioning due to dissimilarities in CT characteristics, a percentage bias differential relay is
used.

3. Overall Differential Protection: 87GT

This relay provides protection against phase fault in GT winding and operates in the principle that
under normal condition current seen by the generator CTS are always equal to summation of
current seen by UT 10.5 KV CTS, and GT 33KV CTS.
4. UT Differential Protection: 87UT
5. Field Failure: 40G (Rotor open)
On loss of field, magnetic linkage between rotor & stator reduces. This protection operates by
seeing reversal of effective reactance in case of field failure in a generator and is provided by an
“offset mho” relay, which operates in a time delay 25 sec. But if there is under voltage (80% of
rated terminal voltage) along with field failure, this mho relay operates instantaneously (400 ms).
If MW generation is low when the field failure occurs this relay may not trip on “MW” value.
5. Field Failure: 40G (Rotor open)
On loss of field, magnetic linkage between rotor & stator reduces. This protection operates by
seeing reversal of effective reactance in case of field failure in a generator and is provided by an
“offset mho” relay, which operates in a time delay 25 sec. But if there is under voltage (80% of
rated terminal voltage) along with field failure, this mho relay operates instantaneously (400 ms).
If MW generation is low when the field failure occurs this relay may not trip on “MW” value.
The condition is particularly detrimental when the generator is operating in parallel with other
generators or with the utility system.when the generator looses its field on load,it runs as an
induction generator,operating at super synchronous speed.the defaulting machine absorbs VARs
from the system to support excitation and continues generating action.Slip freequency currents
are induced in the field system which,if allowed to persist for long,cause over heating of the field
winding/rotor iron.Salient pole generators are more tolerant to such condition due to the
provision of damper winding which contains the slip frequency currents.However,cylindrical rotor
generators are affected more in the absence of the damper winding and may get quickly
overheated due to slip frequency currents in the slot wedges and retaining rings.besides,the
defaulting machine also becomes a burden on the supply system since it draws high reactive
current from the same to sustain generating action.A protection is therefore,required against this
contingency.
There are two types of fields failure schemes,namely
A-Field Under Current Relay (time delay-1.5-2sec)
B-Offset MHO Relay
6.Reverse Power Protection: 32
•Protection against motoring.
•This protection operates by sensing active power reversal at machine terminal (in case of a generator MW flows
out to the bus-bar from machine but in a motor active power flows in from the bus-bar). A time delay is provided
before actual tripping to take care of sudden reversal of active power for a short duration e.g., in case of
synchronizing (machine moving faster than the system). This relay used is 0.5% of rated power that is 300 KW with
a time delay of 30sec.
•There is not enough steam in turbine to carry away the heat, resulting turbine heating

7.Low Forward Power Protection: 37

•If turbine trip first with condenser vacuum very low 86U will be tripped immediately but RL 1/7 trips say due to
over speed, relay 37 is energized its timer 2/37. Time delay is 12 secs.
•This time is provided for carrying away the trapped steam inside the turbine.

8. Generator Overvoltage Protection: 59G

•Over voltage cause damages of generator and transformer winding insulation.
• It senses generator terminal voltage. It operates in conjunction with a T/D relay 2/59 to take care of sudden short
duration over-voltages (e.g., over-voltages cost by tripping of a high loaded cable feeder). The relay is set to
operate at a voltage of 110% of the terminal voltage with time delay of 10 sec.
Power frequency over voltage: - This is sustained in nature and can occur on a generator due to the following
reasons –
Defective operation of automatic voltage regulator
A sudden reduction of load, in particular the VAR component when the regulator is operating under manual
control.
Over voltage protection of the generator has been divided into two stages. Over voltage relay stage-1 has been set
at 110% of the rated voltage with a time delay of two seconds and setting of stage-2 is 120% with a time delay of
one second. Operation of stage-1 initiates automatic changeover to manual mode of A.V.R. and that of stage-2 trips
the unit. Both the stages separately annunciate the abnormality.
9. Generator Over fluxing Protection: 59F
Over fluxing cause core saturation in generator transformer and protective CTS etc.
resulting in a large amount of magnetizing current flow. This protection senses flux
by measuring v/f ratio which is proportional to flux. This relay also has a T/D relay
(2/59F). The relay is set at 2/1.15 with a time delay 25 sec.

10. Generator Back up Impedance Protection: 21G

It actually measures the effective impedance or V/I ratio of the fault hence over
current will cause this relay operation its protective zone is up to 33KV GT circuit
breaker. It is a back-up protection. This relay is set at a time delay of 2 sec.

11. Generator Under voltage Protection: 27G

This relay is activated at 80%of the rated voltage with a fixed time delay of
200ms.This relay gives an alarm only there is no direct tripping of generator due to
under voltage .Generator tripping is instantaneous in conjunction of the field
failure relay 40G.

12. UT HV side O/C Protection: 50, 51 R,Y,B

The relays used are 50(R, Y, B) which are of instantaneous type and 51(R, Y, B) which
are of inverse type.
13. Interlocked O/C Protection: 51I (LBB)
This is basically provided for bus zone protection. If there is any fault in 33KV bus-bar
then bus-bar protection relay 96BB operates which in turn activate 511 relay This
will energize a timer2/511 and trips the generator after 0.2secs.

14. GT Restricted E/F Protection: 64GT

• This is an instantaneous relay provided for E/F protection of the GT winding. This
type of protection is provided to detect earth-faults within the protected zone of the
transformer. A C.T is fitted in each of the protected winding, and the C.T secondary
windings are connected in parallel to relay. Ideally the output of the C.Ts is
proportional to the sum of the zero sequence currents. In the line and neutral earth
connection if the latter is within protected zone.
• For internal earth fault this sum is equal to two times the total fault current, but for
external faults zero-sequence currents are either absent or sum up to zero in the line
and earth fault connection.

15. UT Restricted E/F Protection: 64US

Its operating principle is same like discussed before. This is provided for protection
of LV side.
16. UT Restricted E/F Protection: 64US
This is a IDMT relay. This relay provides for back-up earth fault protection in case of
an earth fault outside the restricted E.F relay zone.

17. GT Buchholz Protection:

18. UT Buchholz Protection:

19. UT OLTC Buchholz Protection:

20. UT Winding Temperature VH:

21. Turbine Lub Oil Pressure VL:

22. Turbine AS VH:

23. Rotating Rectifier Arm Failure:

24. Rotor E/F Protection: 64F1, 64F2

First rotor earth fault will not cause any problem in the machine but second rotor E/F
will result in damages in rotor winding and in high vibration of the rotor. This will
result in bent shaft and damage bearings.
First rotor E/F will only generate an annunciation. It is so designed that it will give even
if the first rotor E/F occurs when the machine on barring – gear are stationary.
If the first rotor E/F annunciation can not be reset here by indicating a permanent
fault. The machine should be immediately shut down and the second rotor E/F relay
to be put in circuit.
ROTOR EARTH FAULT - 1

- AUX AC
SUPPLY
FIELD RELAY
WINDING
 ROTOR EARTH FAULT - 2

POTENTIOMETER

+ 2nd

1st
- AUX AC
SUPPLY
+ 64R1 1st E/F
Balance
Test
mA
2nd E/F
TRIP 64R2 E
Rotor E/F Protection
 86G : This is activated by any of the following trip
initiating relays
1. GT O/C & E/F Protection: 51R,N,B
• Over current relay is set at 150% with a time delay of 0.4 sec.
• Earth fault relay is set at 20% with a time delay of 0.9 sec.

2. Generator NPS Protection: 46G

This senses the amount of –ve seq. current flowing out of generator terminals.
When there is an unbalance in generator terminal voltage and current for
Unbalance external load, a flux is generated in the stator winding which rotates in
the reverse direction (of original flux/positive sequence flux) with a frequency
double the system frequency relative to the rotor
3. GT Winding & Oil Temp VH
4. Stand by E/F Protection: 64S
This is an IDMT relay .This provides back-up against E/F. The relay is set to pick up for
an E/F current of 20% the rated current with a time delay of 0.2 second.

5. BUS-BAR Differential Protection: 86BB

The relay used is 96BB which is used for 33KVBus Zone Protection
 TURBINE TRIP CONDITIONS: 86T

 TG Lub oil pressure Very Low

 Condenser vacuum Very Low
 Power Oil Pressure Very Low

Optional :

 HP EXHAUST TEMPERATURE HIGH

 3 OUT OF 4 GOVERNOR VALVES TRIPPED
 THRUST WEAR HIGH
 AXIAL SHIFT VERY HIGH
 ECCENTRICITY VERY HIGH
 MAIN STEAM PRESSURE LOW
 MAIN STEAM TEMPERATURE LOW
 STATOR EARTH FAULT RELAY 64S

STATOR
WINDINGS

LOAD
NGT 64S RESISTANCE

64S
VOLTAGE OPERATED
NEUTRAL DISPLACEMENT SENSITIVE CURRENT
IDMT TYPE 5-20 V OPERATED

-
 UNBALANCED LOADING
NEGATIVE SEQUENCE RELAY ‘46’
R
Y
B
IB ZB ZR IR
46
IR IR VR + VB
VR + VB = 0
VR VR VB
IB
IB VB IY IY
 FIELD FAILURE PROTECTION - 2
UNDER CURRENT RELAY
FCB
FIELD EXCITATION
WINDG. E
D.R. 50:FIELD UNDER
CURR RELAY
50
T1
T2

ALARM / TRIP

.
-
 Back of protection
• Generator is to be provided with back-up protection against external
faults, so that failure of main protections of the external equipments
does not cause any damage to generator. Three types of schemes are
available for this protection – a) voltage controlled over current relay, b)
single step definite time impedance relay and c) single step definite time
offset mho relay.
• Over current relays those operate after a time delay are not sufficient
for reliable operation on generators because the fault current decreases
rapidly as the generator reactance changes from sub-transient to
transient to synchronous. Voltage controlled over current relays is also
not suitable, as A.V.R. equipped with the generator tends to maintain
normal voltage at the terminals.
• If impedance type relay is used for this protection, its characteristic
could create grading problems as the relay reach covers a vast area on
the impedance diagram.
• Offset mho type relay is most suitable for this type of protection. The
protection is divided into two categories, pre-synchronising and post-
synchronising.
• Back-up impedance relay (pre-synchronising) covers up to generator
transformer within its reach and is interlocked with G.T. high voltage
circuit breaker off condition for its operation.
• Back-up impedance relay (post-synchronising) covers G.T. and one I.B.T.
within its reach for operation.
 BACK UP PROTECTION - 21

• Voltage controlled over-

current relays are applied for
directly connected m/cs. Relay
characteristic shifts from
over- current to fault when
input voltage falls below 28
preset level.
21
• The relay is time
coordinated with 14
the down stream 7 OVERLOAD
back up protections.
0 FAULT
CURRENT
 OUT OF STEP[POLE SLIPPING] PROTECTION

Out of step operation may be caused by prolonged fault clearing times,

low system voltage, weak field conditions or some line switching
operations. When a generator looses synchronism with the system, it
would cause rotor oscillations with variations in voltage, current,
power factor and torque reversals, the later producing torsional
stresses on the shaft.Conventional generator protections will not
detect loss of synchronism.the loss of excitation relay may provide
some degree of protection. But cannot be totally relied upon, under
all system conditions.Therefore, if during such condition, the electrical
center is located within the region confined by the
generator/generator transformer impedance, separate out of step
protection should be provided to protect the generator
 Generator under frequency
• The frequency of a generator connected to grid is always equal to the system
frequency. The system frequency is maintained within the reasonable operating
limits by a balance between load and generation. A sudden shortage of generation
from the balanced state of power system caused due to an outage of a major
generating unit is either compensated by load shedding or by an increase in
generation at the other units in operation. If this compensation is not fast enough
to meet the requirements of balance in time, there will be a drop in system
frequency. Under frequency operation is very much harmful for turbine blades and
therefore should not be allowed to sustain at the lower limit, which is decided by
the turbine.

Generator over speed/frequency

• The speed of a turbo-generator set rises when the steam input is in excess
of that required for the load. The speed governor normally controls the
speed and also a generator connected to the grid cannot accelerate
independently. However, if load is suddenly lost when the H.V. circuit
breaker is tripped, the set will begin to accelerate. The turbine is equipped
with speed governor, load shedding relay and other protective devices to
prevent a dangerous speed rise.
• The risk of overspend during a machine trip is avoided mainly in two ways.
During severe electrical faults, the associated protection system is
arranged to trip the turbine simultaneously with the generator and thus
ensures a complete stop of steam input immediately with the opening of
generator circuit breaker.
 Loss of stator water
• When stator flow is less than35T/hr. it is treated as loss of water.
• It has two mode of protection:-
• A) If stator water flow is not revive within 30sec to normal value(45T/hr),
then it will give a trip command.
• B)If flow is equal 35 T/hr,the load is reduced to 15% within 2 minutes with
a time delay of 5sec.Then the generator is running for 6omin.& if during
this period flow is not revive to rated value ,it will trip the generator.

ASYNCHRONOUS OPERATION

• Partial loss of excitation may cause pole slipping - highly detrimental to

the machine. It may be possible to run with total loss of excitation at
limited output for brief period.
• Reactive power is drawn from grid proportional to short circuit
ratio. Power factor is low and end zone heating increases.
• Slip frequency currents cause some heating of rotor surfaces.
 POLE SLIPPING
• Pole slipping may be caused by :
– Loss of transient stability after a major disturbance due to system short circuits or
due to disconnection of one of two parallel transmission lines or due to erroneous
reclosing of large power systems.
• Loss of steady state stability of a heavily loaded machine after a small disturbance.
• Symmetrical faults are most severe condition from pole slipping point of view, since the
machine is isolated from system, whereas in case of unsymmetrical faults, some power flows
via the healthy phases.
• Pole slipping after a fault depends upon:
– Fault clearing time; Initial active power load
– Power factor ; & Fault location.
• 3 Ph fault near generator amounts to load rejection, dip in voltage and acceleration leading
to increase in rotor angle. If fault duration is large, rotor angle grows too large for the
machine to resynchronize and pole slipping may start.
• If load is less before fault, acceleration is low and pole slipping may not occur after fault
clearance.
• Leading power factor or fault location far away from generator, give greater chances of pole
slipping since in both cases maximum power flow from generator gets reduced when fault does
take place.
• Turbine governor and AVR, help to prevent pole slippage. Effect of governor in reducing
acceleration is marginal but a fast acting AVR forces field current at ceiling level which
increases max. power transmitting capability of generator, thus helping to avoid the pole
slippage. If pole slipping starts, contribution of AVR in resynchronization is marginal