CE120-05/F

FUNDAMENTALS OF
SURVEYING
1 Q S. Y. 2 3 - 2 4

ENGR. RAINBOW PROVO B. AYONG

TRAVERSING PRINCIPLES
ACTIVITY: DETERMINE THE BEARINGS PER LINE

S 7º21’ E
COURSE DISTANCE BEARING

AB 164.95’ N 71º 11’ E

BC 88.41’ S 31º 00’ E

CD 121.69’ S 44º 18’ W

DE 115.89’ N 68º 47’ W

EA 68.42’ N 7º 21’ W
AC T I V I T Y: DE T E R MI NE T H E L ATI T UDE AND DE PART UR E

COURSE DISTANCE BEARING

AB 164.96’ N 71º 11’ E
BC 88.41’ S 31º 00’ E
CD 121.69’ S 44º 18’ W
DE 115.89’ N 68º 47’ W
EA 68.42’ N 7º 21’ W
COURSE DISTANCE BEARING LATITUDE DEPARTURE

AB 164.96’ N 71º 11’ E +53.20 +156.13

BC 88.41’ S 31º 00’ E -75.78 +45.53

CD 121.69’ S 44º 18’ W -87.09 -84.99

DE 115.89’ N 68º 47’ W +41.94 -108.03

EA 68.42’ N 7º 21’ W +67.86 -8.75

Traversing Principles

A traverse is a series of connected lines whose lengths directions

are to be measure and the process of surveying to find such
measurements is known as traversing.

Length – measured thru chains or metric steel tape

Direction – measured thru compass or theodolite
 OPEN TRAVERSE

• An open traverse is particularly useful as a control for preliminary and

construction surveys for roads, pipelines, electricity transmission lines, and
the like.
• These surveys may be from a few hundred feet (meters) to many miles
(kilometers) in length.
 CLOSED TRAVERSE

• A closed traverse either begins and ends at the same point or begins and ends at
points whose positions have been previously determined.
• In both cases, the angles can be closed geometrically, and the position closure can be
determined mathematically.
• A closed traverse that begins and ends at the same point is called a loop traverse.
Traverse Adjustment
Traverse Adjustment

Compass Rule σ𝑳 = 𝟎 ; σ𝑫 = 𝟎

σ𝐿 σ𝐷
𝐶𝐿 = 𝑑 𝐶𝐿 = 𝑑
𝐷𝑇 𝐷𝑇

𝐶𝐿 = correction to be applied in latitude in any course

𝐶𝐷 = correction to be applied in departure in any course
σ 𝐿= total latitude misclosure
σ 𝐷= total departure misclosure
𝐷𝑇 = traverse perimeter
𝑑= length of any course
𝐿= latitude or y-component of line (northing)
𝐷= departure or x-component of line (easting)
FI ND T H E COR R E CT IONS OF T H E L AT I T UDE AND DE PART UR E

COURSE DISTANCE BEARING LATITUDE DEPARTURE

AB 164.95’ N 71º 11’ E +53.20 +156.13

BC 88.41’ S 31º 00’ E -75.78 +45.53

CD 121.69’ S 44º 18’ W -87.09 -84.99

DE 115.89’ N 68º 47’ W +41.94 -108.03

EA 68.42’ N 7º 21’ W +67.86 -8.75

𝑃= 559.36 σ 𝐿𝑎𝑡 = +0.13 σ 𝐷𝑒𝑝𝑡 = -0.11

FI ND T H E COR R E CT IONS OF T H E L AT I T UDE AND DE PART UR E

COURSE DISTANC BEARING LATITUDE DEPARTURE 𝑪𝒍𝒂𝒕 𝑪𝒅𝒆𝒑𝒕

E
AB 164.95’ N 71º 11’ E +53.20 +156.13 -0.04 +0.03

BC 88.41’ S 31º 00’ E -75.78 +45.53 -0.02 +0.02

CD 121.69’ S 44º 18’ W -87.09 -84.99 -0.03 +0.03

DE 115.89’ N 68º 47’ W +41.94 -108.03 -0.03 +0.02

EA 68.42’ N 7º 21’ W +67.86 -8.75 -0.01 +0.01

𝑃= 559.36 σ 𝐿𝑎𝑡 = +0.13 σ 𝐷𝑒𝑝𝑡 = -0.11 𝑐𝑙𝑎𝑡 = -0.13 𝑐𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑡 = +0.11

 FI ND T H E COR R E CT IONS OF T H E L AT I T UDE AND DE PART UR E

COUR DISTAN BEARING LATITU DEPART 𝑪𝒍𝒂𝒕 𝑪𝒅𝒆𝒑𝒕 LAT DEPT

SE CE DE URE (BAL.) (BAL.)
AB 164.95’ N 71º 11’ E +53.20 +156.13 -0.04 +0.03 +53.16 +156.16

BC 88.41’ S 31º 00’ E -75.78 +45.53 -0.02 +0.02 -75.80 +45.55

CD 121.69’ S 44º 18’ -87.09 -84.99 -0.03 +0.03 -87.12 -84.96

W

DE 115.89’ N 68º 47’ +41.94 -108.03 -0.03 +0.02 +41.91 -108.01

W

EA 68.42’ N 7º 21’ W +67.86 -8.75 -0.01 +0.01 +67.85 -8.74

σ 𝐿𝑎𝑡 = σ 𝐷𝑒𝑝𝑡 = 𝑐𝑙𝑎𝑡 = 𝑐𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑡 = 𝒄𝒍𝒂𝒕 = 𝒄𝒅𝒆𝒑𝒕 =

+0.13 -0.11 -0.13 +0.11 0 0
Traverse Adjustment

Transit Rule σ𝑳 = 𝟎 ; σ𝑫 = 𝟎

𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 = (෍ 𝐿)2 +(෍ 𝐷)2

𝐸𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒
𝑅𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝐸𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟 =
𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑐𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑠𝑒𝑠

σ 𝐿= total latitude misclosure

σ 𝐷= total departure misclosure
Calculating Traversed Area

The following methods can be used to

determine the area of closed traverse:
1. Triangle Method

2. Coordinate Method

3. Double Meridian Distance (DMD)

Double Area = DMD x Adjusted or Balanced Latitude

3. Double Parallel Distance (DPD)

Double Area = DPD x Adjusted or Balanced Departure
 Missing Data of Closed Traverse

A closed traverse has the following data

Line Bearing Distance

AB S 70 14’ E 32.24
BC S 36 30’ W 31.71
CD N 65 19’ W 17.54
DE N 80 35’ W 36.30
EA N 60 08’ E 46.44

a. Find the departure of line CD

b. Compute the DMD of line DE
c. Determine the area of the traversing using DMD method
 COURSE BEARING DISTANCE LATITUDE DEPARTURE DMD DA
(y) (x)

AB S 70 14’ E 32.24 -10.90 30.34

BC S 36 30’ W 31.71 -25.49 -18.86

CD N 65 19’ 17.54 7.32 -15.94

W
DE N 80 35’ 36.30 5.94 -35.81
W
EA N 60 08’ E 46.44 23.23 40.27

𝐷𝑀𝐷𝐴𝐵 = 𝐷𝑒𝑝𝐴𝐵 = 30.34

 COURSE BEARING DISTANCE LATITUDE DEPARTURE DMD DA
(y) (x)

AB S 70 14’ E 32.24 -10.90 30.34 30.34

BC S 36 30’ W 31.71 -25.49 -18.86

CD N 65 19’ 17.54 7.32 -15.94

W
DE N 80 35’ 36.30 5.94 -35.81
W
EA N 60 08’ E 46.44 23.23 40.27

𝐷𝑀𝐷𝐴𝐵 = 𝐷𝑒𝑝𝐴𝐵 = 30.34

𝐷𝑀𝐷𝐵𝐶 = 𝐷𝑀𝐷𝐴𝐵 + 𝐷𝑒𝑝𝐴𝐵 +𝐷𝑒𝑝𝐵𝐶
= 30.34 + 30.34 + (−18.86)
𝐷𝑀𝐷𝐵𝐶 = 41.82
 COURSE BEARING DISTANCE LATITUDE DEPARTURE DMD DA
(y) (x)

AB S 70 14’ E 32.24 -10.90 30.34 30.34

BC S 36 30’ W 31.71 -25.49 -18.86 41.82

CD N 65 19’ 17.54 7.32 -15.94

W
DE N 80 35’ 36.30 5.94 -35.81
W
EA N 60 08’ E 46.44 23.23 40.27

𝐷𝑀𝐷𝐴𝐵 = 𝐷𝑒𝑝𝐴𝐵 = 30.34

𝐷𝑀𝐷𝐵𝐶 = 𝐷𝑀𝐷𝐴𝐵 + 𝐷𝑒𝑝𝐴𝐵 +𝐷𝑒𝑝𝐵𝐶
= 30.34 + 30.34 + (−18.86)
𝐷𝑀𝐷𝐵𝐶 = 41.82
 COURSE BEARING DISTANCE LATITUDE DEPARTURE DMD DA
(y) (x)

AB S 70 14’ E 32.24 -10.90 30.34 30.34

BC S 36 30’ W 31.71 -25.49 -18.86 41.82

CD N 65 19’ 17.54 7.32 -15.94 7.02

W
DE N 80 35’ 36.30 5.94 -35.81 -44.73
W
EA N 60 08’ E 46.44 23.23 40.27 -40.27

𝐷𝑀𝐷𝐴𝐵 = 𝐷𝑒𝑝𝐴𝐵 = 30.34

𝐷𝑀𝐷𝐵𝐶 = 𝐷𝑀𝐷𝐴𝐵 + 𝐷𝑒𝑝𝐴𝐵 +𝐷𝑒𝑝𝐵𝐶
= 30.34 + 30.34 + (−18.86)
𝐷𝑀𝐷𝐵𝐶 = 41.82
 COURSE BEARING DISTANCE LATITUDE DEPARTURE DMD DA
(y) (x)

AB S 70 14’ E 32.24 -10.90 30.34 30.34

BC S 36 30’ W 31.71 -25.49 -18.86 41.82

CD N 65 19’ 17.54 7.32 -15.94 7.02

W
DE N 80 35’ 36.30 5.94 -35.81 -44.73
W
EA N 60 08’ E 46.44 23.23 40.27 -40.27

𝐷𝑀𝐷𝐴𝐵 = 𝐷𝑒𝑝𝐴𝐵 = 30.34 𝑫𝑨 = 𝑫𝑴𝑫 𝒙 𝑳𝑨𝑻

𝐷𝑀𝐷𝐵𝐶 = 𝐷𝑀𝐷𝐴𝐵 + 𝐷𝑒𝑝𝐴𝐵 +𝐷𝑒𝑝𝐵𝐶

= 30.34 + 30.34 + (−18.86)
𝐷𝑀𝐷𝐵𝐶 = 41.82
 COURSE BEARING DISTANCE LATITUDE DEPARTURE DMD DA
(y) (x)

AB S 70 14’ E 32.24 -10.90 30.34 30.34 -330.71

BC S 36 30’ W 31.71 -25.49 -18.86 41.82

CD N 65 19’ 17.54 7.32 -15.94 7.02

W
DE N 80 35’ 36.30 5.94 -35.81 -44.73
W
EA N 60 08’ E 46.44 23.23 40.27 -40.27

𝐷𝑀𝐷𝐴𝐵 = 𝐷𝑒𝑝𝐴𝐵 = 30.34 𝑫𝑨 = 𝑫𝑴𝑫 𝒙 𝑳𝑨𝑻

𝐷𝑀𝐷𝐵𝐶 = 𝐷𝑀𝐷𝐴𝐵 + 𝐷𝑒𝑝𝐴𝐵 +𝐷𝑒𝑝𝐵𝐶

= 30.34 + 30.34 + (−18.86)
𝐷𝑀𝐷𝐵𝐶 = 41.82
 COURSE BEARING DISTANCE LATITUDE DEPARTURE DMD DA
(y) (x)

AB S 70 14’ E 32.24 -10.90 30.34 30.34 -330.71

BC S 36 30’ W 31.71 -25.49 -18.86 41.82 -1065.99

CD N 65 19’ 17.54 7.32 -15.94 7.02 51.39

W
DE N 80 35’ 36.30 5.94 -35.81 -44.73 -265.70
W
EA N 60 08’ E 46.44 23.23 40.27 -40.27 -931.45

𝑺𝒖𝒎 𝒐𝒇 𝑫𝑨 = −𝟐𝟓𝟒𝟐. 𝟒𝟔

𝐷𝑀𝐷𝐴𝐵 = 𝐷𝑒𝑝𝐴𝐵 = 30.34 𝑫𝑨 = 𝑫𝑴𝑫 𝒙 𝑳𝑨𝑻

𝐷𝑀𝐷𝐵𝐶 = 𝐷𝑀𝐷𝐴𝐵 + 𝐷𝑒𝑝𝐴𝐵 +𝐷𝑒𝑝𝐵𝐶

= 30.34 + 30.34 + (−18.86) 𝑨𝒓𝒆𝒂 = ෍ 𝑫𝑨 ÷ 𝟐
𝐷𝑀𝐷𝐵𝐶 = 41.82
𝑨𝒓𝒆𝒂 = 𝟏, 𝟐𝟕𝟏. 𝟐𝟑

Note: 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎𝐷𝑀𝐷 = 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎𝐷𝑃𝐷

Missing Data of Closed Traverse
Omitted measurements of closed traverse are due to field condition like a
river or some other obstacles

• Algebraic sum of the all latitude is always zero; and,

• Algebraic sum of all departure is zero.

෍ 𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑒 = 0

෍ 𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 = 0

• 𝐿𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑒 𝐿 = 𝑑 cos 𝜃
• 𝐷𝑒𝑎𝑝𝑟𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝐷 = 𝑑 sin 𝜃
• 𝑑 2 = 𝐿2 + 𝐷 2
• tan 𝜃𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 = 𝐷/𝐿
Missing Data of Closed Traverse

Common types of omitted measurements:

I. Omitted Measurements are in One Side
a. Length and bearing of one side unknown
II. Omitted Measurements Involving Adjacent Sides
a. Length of two sides unknown
b. Bearings of two sides unknown
c. Length of one side and bearing of another side unknown
III. Omitted Measurements Involving Non-Adjacent Sides
a. Length of two sides unknown
b. Bearings of two sides unknown
c. Length of one side and bearing of another side unknown
 Missing Data of Closed Traverse

Example: Determine the bearing angle of line BC and its corresponding distance.