CERC 0324 - REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN 18/07/2023

DESIGN OF BEAMS SINGLY REINFORCED BEAMS

CERC 0324 CERC 0324

This figure shows a section of a beam at midspan of a simply supported beam. Theoretical
maximum positive moment occurs at the midspan of a simply supported beam as shown
below.
The positive moment of the beam is acting at the midspan. Thus,
the tension zone of the beam acts at the bottom. For a singly
reinforced beam, the beam is supported with reinforcing steel bar
along the tension side only, it is because concrete tensile strength
is almost negligible.

However, reinforcement is not for midspan only, supports are also

reinforced at the tension side which to resist a negative moment.
The negative moment of the beam is usually acting at the
support. Thus, the tension zone of the beam acts at the top.
Therefore, the beam is reinforced at the top.
For a cantilever beam, the negative moment is at the supports.
CERC 0324 - REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN 18/07/2023

Simplified Flexural Theories:

 Tensile strength of concrete is neglected.
 The section is assumed to have reached its nominal flexural
strength when the strain in the extreme compression fiber reaches
εcu.
 Compressive stress-strain relationship for concrete may be
assumed to be rectangular, trapezoidal, parabolic, or any other
shape.
Code requirements
 MINIMUM CONCRETE COVERING (environmental covering):
Beam Exposed to weather (external)= 50 mm
Beam not Exposed to weather (internal)= 40 mm
 Concrete Covering is the concrete coating from the stirrups to the
outermost area of the beam.

Code requirements Code requirements

 Compressive Strength of Concrete according to the Class of  Tensile Strength of Reinforcing Steel Bars.
Mixture. (f’c)
Grade Fy (MPa) Fy (ksi)
Class A 20.7 MPa
36 248 36
Class AA 27.6 MPa 40 276 40
Class AAA 34.5 MPa
50 345 50
Class AAAA 42MPa 60 415 60
CERC 0324 - REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN 18/07/2023

3 modes of design 3 modes of design

 Balanced Design (concrete and steel reinforcement fails  Under-reinforced Design (steel reinforcement fails before the
simultaneously) concrete)
Fy= fs Fy < fs
 Over-reinforced Design (steel reinforcement fails after the
600 𝑑 − 𝑐 concrete)
𝑓𝑠 =
𝑐 Fy > fs
 Steel Reinforcement yields as the concrete.

• DETERMINING THE NUMBER OF BARS

Required
STEP tension
1: SOLVE FOR steel 3-steps
area • STEP 1: SOLVE FOR THE VALUE OF “a”
Mu = ø Mn
for ultimate
Ø = 0.90 strength
Mu = 0.90 (Mn) design
Nominal Moment can be express in tension
or compression. (SINGLY REINFORCED
BEAM)
Mn = 0.85 f’c (ab) (d-a/2)  Compression
Mn = AsFy (d-a/2)  Tension

Note: Ultimate Moment is the Factored

Moment
CERC 0324 - REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN 18/07/2023

• DETERMINING THE NUMBER OF BARS

• DETERMINING THE NUMBER OF
3-steps BARS 3-steps
• STEP 1: SOLVE FOR THE VALUE OF “a”
for ultimate for ultimate
• STEP 2 : CHECK IF STEEL YIELDS
Mn = 0.85 f’c (ab) (d-a/2)  Compression strength strength
design design
(SINGLY REINFORCED (SINGLY REINFORCED
BEAM) BEAM)
Since, Mu is the given use Mn = Mu/0.90
Steel yields if fs is greater than or
equal to fy.

Design of • DETERMINING THE NUMBER OF BARS

Reinforcement 3-steps
• STEP 3: SOLVE FOR As
a/2
Design Moment (Mu) for ultimate
C = 0.85 f’c
(ab)
The actual moment based on
the loadings of the beam
T=C strength
𝑀 = 0.90 𝑀 AsFy = 0.85 f’c ab design
(d-a/2) Moment from the tensile side
𝒂
𝑴𝒏 = 𝑪 𝒅 −
𝟐 (SINGLY REINFORCED
𝑪 = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟓𝒇 𝒄(𝒂𝒃)
BEAM)
Moment from the
compression side Thus, the total steel area is equal to the
𝑀 =𝑇 𝑑−
𝑎 number of bars multipied to the area of 1
𝑇 = 𝐴𝑠𝐹𝑦
2 bar.
As = n (Ab)
CERC 0324 - REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN 18/07/2023

• INVESTIGATING A BEAM • INVESTIGATING A BEAM

• STEP 1: SOLVE FOR “a” 3-steps 3-steps
for ultimate • STEP 2 : CHECK IF STEEL YIELDS for ultimate
T=C strength strength
AsFy = 0.85 f’c ab
design design
(SINGLY REINFORCED (SINGLY REINFORCED
BEAM) BEAM)
Take note that the total steel area is equal Steel yields if fs is greater than or equal to
to the number of bars multipied to the area fy.
of 1 bar.
As = n (Ab) 𝟎. 𝟎𝟓 𝒇 𝒄 − 𝟐𝟖
𝜷𝟏 = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟓 − > 𝟎. 𝟔𝟓
𝟕

• INVESTIGATING A BEAM

• STEP 3: SOLVE FOR THE VALUE OF “Mn” 3-steps

for ultimate
Nominal Moment can be express in tension strength
or compression.
Mn = 0.85 f’c (ab) (d-a/2)  Compression design
Mn = AsFy (d-a/2)  Tension
(SINGLY REINFORCED
BEAM)
Note: Ultimate Moment is the Factored
Moment
Mu = ø Mn
Ø = 0.90
Mu = 0.90 (Mn)
CERC 0324 - REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN 18/07/2023

STRENGTH REDUCTION FACTOR a. Transition Zone

𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟐 < 𝜺𝒕 < 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟓
a. Tension-Controlled Section – ductile failure mode with visible cracks and deflection Section with stirrups or ties
𝜺𝒕 ≥ 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟓
∅ = 𝟎. 𝟗𝟎 SI Units:
a. Compression – Controlled Section – sections are expected to fail suddenly with little 𝟐𝟓𝟎
∅ = 𝟎. 𝟔𝟓 + 𝜺𝒕 − 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟐 ≤ 𝟎. 𝟗𝟎
or no warning of impending failure 𝟑
English:
𝜺𝒕 ≤ 𝜺 𝒚 𝜺𝒕 − 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟐
∅ = 𝟎. 𝟔𝟓 + 𝟎. 𝟐𝟓 ≤ 𝟎. 𝟗𝟎
𝒇𝒚 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟓 − 𝜺𝒕𝒚
𝜺𝒚 =
𝑬
Section with spirals
With spirals as transverse reinforcement:
∅ = 𝟎. 𝟕𝟓 SI Units:

∅ = 𝟎. 𝟕𝟓 + 𝜺𝒕 − 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟐 𝟓𝟎 ≤ 𝟎. 𝟗𝟎
With ties as transverse reinforcement: English:
∅ = 𝟎. 𝟔𝟓 𝜺𝒕 − 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟐
∅ = 𝟎. 𝟕𝟓 + 𝟎. 𝟏𝟓 ≤ 𝟎. 𝟗𝟎
𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟓 − 𝜺𝒕𝒚

1.A rectangular beam has a width of 300 mm and
an effective depth of 440 mm. it is reinforced
with 4-28 mm diameter bars in one row. If fy =
415 MPa and f’c = 28MPa, what is the nominal
flexural strength and what is the maximum
moment that can be utilized in design?
2. A rectangular concrete beam has a width of 300mm and an effective
depth of 550 mm. The beam is simply supported over a span of 6m
and is used to carry a uniform dead load of 25 kN/m and a uniform
live load of 40 kN/m. Assume f’c = 21 MPa and fy = 312 MPa.
Compression reinforcement if necessary is placed at a depth of 80 mm
from the outermost compression concrete.
a. Determine the maximum tension steel area for singly –
reinforced condition.
b. Determine the required tension steel area in square millimeter.
c. Determine the required number of 25 mm tension bars.
CERC 0324 - REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN 18/07/2023

3. rectangular beam is reinforced for tension only has b = 4. Design a rectangular beam for a 6-m simple span to carry
300 mm, d = 490 mm. The tension steel area is provided,
a dead load of 29 kN/m and a live load of 44 kN/m. Use f’c =
4500 sq. mm. Determine the ultimate moment capacity of
27.6 MPa and 276 MPa. Assume that d = 1.5 b. Illustrate the
the beam in kN-m. assume fc’ = 27 MPa and fy = 275 MPa.
beam section.

5. A beam shown below is reinforced in tension with 4-25 mm diameter

bars. If f ’c=28 Mpa and fy = 345 Mpa determine the uniform load “w”
that the beam can carry. Note that w(L) = 8P.

DOUBLY REINFORCED BEAMS

CERC 0324
CERC 0324 - REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN 18/07/2023

DOUBLY REINFORCED BEAM

• Beam that is reinforced in both tension and compression is a
doubly reinforced beam.

• It happens when the actual steel ratio is greater than the

maximum steel ratio.

• TENSION = As1 + As2

• COMPRESSION = 0.85f’cab + A’s
• As2 = A’s
• As1+As2 = 0.85f’cab + A’s

𝑀 = (𝐴 𝑓𝑦 )(𝑑 − 𝑑 )
𝑎 .
𝑀 = 𝐴 − 𝐴 𝑓𝑦 𝑑 − =
2
𝑀 =𝑀 +𝑀
𝑀 = ∅𝑀 . ( )
𝜀 =
𝑇=𝐶
𝐴 𝑓 = 0.85𝑓𝑐 𝐴 + 𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑠′ When 𝜀 > 𝜀 steel
in tension yields
𝑇 =𝐶
𝐴 𝑓 = 0.85𝑓𝑐 𝑎𝑏
𝐴 − 𝐴 𝑓𝑦 𝑓𝑦
𝑎= 𝜀 =
0.85 𝑓 𝑏 𝐸
𝑎= 𝛽𝑐
CERC 0324 - REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN 18/07/2023

. Sample Problem 1:
=
A rectangular beam is limited to a width of 250 mm and an
effective depth of 400 mm. Total depth of the beam is 500. The
. ( )
𝜀 ′= beam carries a service live load of 36 kN/m and a total dead load of
15 kN/m on a simple span of 6m. fc’ = 20.7 MPa, fy = 276 MPa. Use
When 𝜀 ′ > 𝜀 steel in
steel covering on the compression side is 70 mm. Compute the steel
compression yields
area needed for both tension and compression if necessary.

𝑓𝑦
𝜀 =
𝐸

Sample Problem 2. Sample Problem 3.

Design a rectangular beam to resist a dead load moment of Determine the permissible ultimate moment capacity of the

200 kN-m (including its own weight) and a live load beam with a width of 350 mm and an effective depth of 500
moment of 300 kN-m. The size of the beam is limited to 375 mm. It is reinforced with 4 -36 mm diameter bars in tension
x 600 mm. Steel covering is 100 mm for both tension and and 2 – 28 mm diameter compression bars placed at 60 mm
compression bars. Use fc’ = 27.5 MPa and grade 60 steel fy = steel covering. Use fc’ = 20.7 and fy = 345 MPa.

414 MPa.
CERC 0324 - REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN
Sample Problem 4.
Determine the permissible ultimate moment capacity
of the beam with a width of 350 mm and effective
depth of 600 mm, it is reinforced with 3625 sq. mm in
tension and 775 sq.mm in compression. Compression
steel bars are placed 63 mm from the compression
fiber. Use fy = 345 MPa and f’c = 27.5 MPa.
T-BEAMS
CERC 0324
18/07/2023
Sample Problem 5.
A 6-m beam with a width of 300 mm and effective depth
of 400 mm, is reinforced with 5-36mm in tension.
Compression steel bars are placed 80 mm from the
compression fiber to the centroid of the bar. Use fy =
415 MPa and f ’c = 34.5 MPa. Calculate the permissible
ultimate uniform loads that the beam can carry if it is
simply supported.
T - BEAM
A T-Beam is composed of a slab on supporting
reinforced concrete beam which are placed
monolithically with the slab, to interact as a unit in
resisting positive bending moment which causes
compression on the slab which is now denoted as
the web or stem. When this type of structure is
subjected to a negative moment, it causes tension
on the slab and compression on the bottom of the
web or stem. It is analyzed as a true T-Beam if the
neutral axis falls below the flange otherwise if the
neutral axis in on the flange it might as well be
treated as a rectangular beam.
CERC 0324 - REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN 18/07/2023

Effective Flange “be”: Maximum and Minimum Steel Ratio

Use the smallest value of be
According to the code the minimum steel ratio is 1.4/fy. It also states
For T-shaped beam For L-shaped beam that T-beams where the web is in tension, the steel ratio shall be
computed for this purpose using width of the web
1. be = ¼ of the span if the beam 1. be = 1/12 of the span if the beam
2. be = 16 (tf) + b 2. be = 6 (tf) + b In checking the maximum steel ratio, use
3. be = center to center spacing of 3. be = ½ center to center spacing of 𝐴
𝜌= , 𝑖𝑓 𝑎 < 𝑡
beams beams 𝑏 𝑑
In checking for the minimum steel ratio use
𝐴
𝜌=
𝑏 𝑑

Case 1: When the neutral axis falls on the flange Case 1: When the neutral axis falls on the flange

1. Solve for the effective flange 4. Solve for the required steel area.
2. Determine the total moment, Mu (total
ultimate loads). 𝑇=𝐶
3. Check if Steel yields: 𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑦 = 0.85 𝑓 𝑐 𝑎𝑏
**Solve for “a” from
𝑎
𝑀 = 𝑐 𝑎𝑏 𝑑 − Check steel area:
2 𝐴𝑠
𝑎= 𝛽𝑐 𝜌=
0.003 𝜀 𝑏𝑑
= 1.4
𝑐 𝑑−𝑐 𝜌 =
𝑓𝑦
0.003(𝑑 − 𝑐)
𝜀 =
𝑐 0.85 𝑓𝑐 𝛽 600
When 𝜀 > 𝜀 steel in tension yields 𝜌 = 0.75
𝑓𝑦 𝑓𝑦 600 + 𝑓𝑦
𝜀 = 𝜌 <𝜌<𝜌
𝐸
CERC 0324 - REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN
Sample Problem:
A reinforced concrete T-beam with width of flange = 813 mm,
d = 300 mm, width of web = 200 mm, thickness of flange is 102
mm, fc’ = 20.7 MPa and fy = 414 MPa is to be designed to carry
a factored moment of 221 kN – m. Determine the required
steel area.
3. Design a T-beam for a floor system for which bw =
300 mm and d = 550 mm. The beams are 4.8 m long
and spaced at 3m o.c. The slab thickness is 100 mm
M(deadload) = 400 kN-m (including its own weight),
M(live load) = 600 kN-m. f’c = 28 MPa, fy = 414 MPa.
18/07/2023
2. A reinforced concrete T-beam has an effective depth
of 600mm and is reinforced with 8 – 28 mm diameter
bars. The web width is 300 mm and has a flange
thickness of 90 mm. The beam has a span of 5.8 m and
has a spacing center to center equal to 1.50 m fc’ = 21
MPa and fy = 415 MPa. Determine the ultimate
moment capacity of the beam.
4. A reinforced concrete T-beam has an effective
flange width of 750mm with a slab thickness of
100 mm. The effective depth is 750 mm and the
width of the web is 350 mm. The beam is
reinforced with 6325 mm2 of steel with fy = 345
MPa. Assuming f’c = 20.7 MPa, calculate the
ultimate moment capacity.