Professional Documents
Culture Documents
IT Chapter Dump
IT Chapter Dump
Lines of different widths and sizes when read that are used to represent data which identify a
scanned object are known as barcodes To effectively organise and index information or prices about
a particular object, a barcode is usually used.
The machine readable barcode and the Universal Product Code (UPC) make up the main parts of
barcode. When an item is scanned, the UPC help identify the size, colour, origin, brand name etc
Lines of different widths and sizes when read that are used to represent data which identify a
scanned object are known as barcodes To effectively organise and index information or prices about
a particular object, a barcode is usually used.
The following main steps take place in the CPU instruction cycle
Step 2 in the Control Unit cu ecoding the instructions into different command Sep 3 in the Athmetic
Logic Unit (ALU) execute the commands
An electronic card or board that adds extra functionality to a computer is called an expansion card.
The card fits into the corresponding slot on the motherboard. An electronic link is formed by the
edge connectors located on the expansion card. Once they are connected, the motherboard and card
can easily communicate with one another. Examples of expansion cards include video cards, sound
cards, network cards, etc
A video card or graphics card handles the process of visual information or data.
Figure 1.11 Video card
A sound card is used to produce sounds that the user can hear using headphones or speakers.
allows the computer to connect to a network and communicate with other computers.
In order to insert an expansion card, a socket or expansion slot on the motherboard is used The
expansion slots give more features like Ethernet, memory, graphics, video and sound Figure 1 14
shows the different expansion slots on the motherboard
Accelerated Graphics Port (AGP) Thus slot is designed specifically for video/graphic cards
Peripheral Component Interconnect (PCI) This slot is used to connect sound cards
network cards, etc Industry Standard Architecture (ISA)- This slot is designed to be used by modems
This slot is now outdated and not usually found on modern motherboards
1.1.2 Processor
The component which is considered to be the 'brains of the computer is called t Central Processing
Unit (CPU) All of the software which includes the operating and application software is run by the
CPU The computation, memory managemen directing input from the users and sending output are
done by the CPU. Figure 14 shows the CPU
Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU)-performs arithmetic and logical operations. It is mas up of the Arithmetic
Unit (AU) and the Logic Unit (LU). Control Unit (CU) extracts instructions from memory and decodes
and executes them. Figure 1.5 shows the components of a CPU.
Arithmetic Un
Operations like
the Arithmetic
complex opera
Logic Unit
Operations suc
of the Logic Ur
Control Unit
Controlling the
Unit.
Functions of t
Controls the
• Coordinates
Directs the
interpreting
Input/Out
Does not st
Con
The arithmetic computations and logical operations are performed by the Arithmetic ogic Unit (ALU),
which is a component of the CPU. The ALU consists of the following o subsections Arithmetic Unit
(AU)
software which are the programmes that are on the computer's hard drive. Software it constantly
upgraded and changed while the hardware is not changed that often.
Hardware The physical elements of a computer which can be seen and touched are called hardware.
These elements are also called the internal machinery or the main of the computer. The system unit,
input devices, output devices, storage devices, communication devices and other internal
components make up the hardware. Input devices - these devices are used to enter data into the
computer. Input devices equipment
include the keyboard, mouse, digital camera, scanner, microphone, graphic tablet,
Software
All the programmes on the computer are the software. The programmes instruct the computer on
the various tasks that you want it to perform and produce the output t is needed.
Unit Introduction
As learnt earlier, a computer is a machine which accepts input or data, processes this
nto output and then keeps it or stores it. The information that is stored on a computer
Storage devices these devices perently store or ved Storage devices include the USB drive, Hard ask,
Tippy ex D.
Uss drive
Hard disk
Communication devices these devices are used to conne computers to communicate Communication
devices include the d Interface Card (NIC), etc
Internal components-these components are inside the system unit internal components include the
Central Processing Unit (CPU), motherboard, Random Acces Memory (RAM), etc
1.1.1 Motherboard
The motherboard is referred to as the heart or backbone of the computer because all the parts like
the memory, CPU, optical drives, hard drives, sound card, etc are directly connected to it. Some
devices are fixed in the different ports which are located on the motherboard. Peripherals, which are
the input and output devices like the keyboard, mouse, printer, monitor, etc. are connected to the
motherboard through the use of various cables. Figure 1.3 shows the motherboard.
Arithmetic Unit
Operations like addition subtraction multiplication and division are all the functions of the Arithmetic
Unit Using repetitive use of the different operations, the majority of complex operations are handled
Logic Unit Operations such as comparing matching, selecting and merging data are the functions
Control Unit
Controlling the operations of all parts of the computer, the Control Unit does not do any data
processing operations on its own. Figure 1.6 shows the functions of the Control Unit.
Controls the transfer of instructions and data among the other units of a computer
. Directs the operation of the computer by taking instructions from the memory and
interpreting it.
⚫ Input/Output device communication for data transfer or from storage. . Does not store data or
process
1.1.1 Memory
The storage space in the computer where the instructions for data to be processes stored is called
the computer memory. The main memory contains the data and instructions to be processed
Random Access Memory (RAM) and Read Only Memory (ROM) are the two subcategories of the
main memory,
Fingerprints are an excellent tool to help identify or authenticate a particular person because every
human being has a unique set of fingerprints. The friction ridges of human fingers are what leave
behind fingerprints. Figure 1.17 shows a fingerprint
A device that identifies and authenticates fingerprints of an Individual is called a fingerprint reader. It
is primarily used to allow or deny access to a facility or computer system. Fingerprint readers come in
different styles and shapes depending on its use. For example, fingerprint readers are used for
signature verification, authorising financial data or transactions, office attendance, starting your car,
opening locks, alarms, etc. Figure 1.18 shows different types of uses of fingerprint readers.
1.2.3 Robots
A machine that is designed to automatically do a variety of tasks with precision and speed is called a
robot. Programmed by a computer, a robot performs vanous tasks on its own. You can find robots
throughout many different sectors which include: industrial medical transportation, military, etc.
Many factories use robots because they work without getting tired and they perform eir tasks
quickly. Robots are used to build many different things. Since there are many Os which are dangerous
for humans, robots are used for firefighting, exploring planets pecting nuclear power plants, etc.
Figure 1.19 shows a variety of different robots.