PENGAJIAN KEJURUTERAAN AWAM

UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA

1.4 Theoretical Background

High early strength concrete is a high-performance concrete with high initial
strength, where the compressive strength of the concrete in the first 24
hours after pouring on site can reach structural concrete quality. High early
strength concrete has several advantages, including long-term mechanical
properties, greater compressive strength of concrete than normal concrete
at an early age, higher durability, ease of placement, and compaction
without affecting strength.
The ability of concrete to achieve high initial compressive strength is often
used by designers to design building more efficiently. However, high early
strength concrete is classified as less economical and less environmentally
friendly because the process requires higher production costs which are
estimated to reach 25-30 percent of the cost of conventional concrete and
high cement requirements. The cement production process will contribute to
the increase in carbon dioxide (CO2) levels in the atmosphere where the
carbon dioxide emissions produced by one million tons of cement
production are equal to one million carbon dioxide gas. This also increases
the temperature of the concrete, thereby increasing the risk of cracking in
the concrete during setting time.
Therefore, it is necessary to design high early strength concrete materials
that are environmentally friendly and respond to current building needs.

Table 1: Compressive strength of different grade of concrete in Mpa

1 7 14 28
Grade days
day days days
M15 2.4 9.75 13.5 15

M20 3.2 13 18 20

M25 4 16.25 22.5 25

M30 4.8 19.25 27 30

M35 5.6 22.75 31.5 35

2.1 Problem Statement

Civil engineering plays a crucial role in society by designing, constructing,
and maintaining the infrastructure that supports our daily lives. Through
growing environmental concerns, civil engineers are increasingly involved in
PROBLEM sustainable construction practices. They incorporate eco-friendly materials,
(Guided) energy-efficient designs, and green building techniques to minimize the
environmental impact of infrastructure projects. Concrete is one of the most
widely used construction materials in the world. Based on this situation,
students are required to find suitable sustainable materials that can be used
as replacement materials for concrete. Work in a group and choose either to
replace for coarse aggregate, fine aggregate, or cement.
PENGAJIAN KEJURUTERAAN AWAM
UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA

Students are required to determine the workability and compressive strength

of a sustainable concrete mix of grade 30 by conducting slump tests and
compressive strength tests. Analyze all the test results and represent them
in the report and during the presentation.
3.1 Apparatus and Material

The rules of materials and admixtures are as follows:

a. Students are allowed to use any sustainable material to replace
cement, sand, or coarse aggregate.
b. Students must use Portland cement only.
c. Students are required to explain the background of the selected
additional material, its availability, the obtaining process, the
advantages and impact to the strength of the concrete, as well as the
3.0 WAYS &
impact on economic and environmental aspects.
MEANS
d. Students are required to provide information on the materials
(open)
used, whether as a substitute or as an additive from coarse
aggregate, sand, or cement. (Expressed in terms of weight, volume,
and percentage from the whole material).
e. Students need to measure workability of fresh concrete by
conducting slump test.
f. Students are required to conduct compressive strength test by using
2 samples of concrete cube after 24hours of casting,7 days and 28
days.

4.1 Analysis, Discussion and Conclusion

4.1 Results & Analysis

a) Slump Test
Table 2: Observation and Result for Slump Test

No. Sustainable Material Slump (mm) Types of Slumps

ANSWERS

b) Compressive Strength Test

Table 3: Compressive Strength of Concrete

1 day 7 days 28 days
Specimen number
Weight(kg)
Maximum Load (N)
Compressive
Strength (Mpa)
PENGAJIAN KEJURUTERAAN AWAM
UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA

APPENDIX 1: DESIGN MIX

Stage Item Ref. Values

1 1.1 Characteristic strength 30 N/mm2 at 28 days

1.2 Standard deviation Proportion Defectives _______ %

N/mm2 or no data N/mm2

(k =__________)

1.3 Margin ________________= _________ N/mm2

1.4 Target mean strength _________________ = _________N/mm2

1.5 Cement type OPC/SRPC/RHPC

1.6 Aggregate type: Coarse Crushed/Uncrushed
Aggregate type: Fine Crushed/Uncrushed

1.7 Free water/cement ratio _______

Use the lower value
1.8 Maximum free water/cement _______
ratio
2 2.1 Slump or Vebe time Slump mm or Vebe time s

2.2 Maximum aggregate size ______mm

2.3 Free-water content ______kg/m3

3
3.1 Cement content ____________ = __________kg/m3

3.2 Maximum cement content kg/m3

Use cement
3.3 Minimum cement content ________kg/m3 content
Use 3.1, if < 3.2
Use 3.3, if ≥ 3.1
3.4 Modified free-water/cement ratio
4 4.1 Relative density of aggregate
(SSD) ________ known/assumed

4.2 Concrete density _________ kg/m3

4.3 Total aggregate content _________ = ________ kg/m3

5 5.1 Grading of fine aggregate Percentage passing 600μm %

5.2 Proportion of fine aggregate _________ %

5.3 Fine aggregate content _________ = kg/m3

5.4 Coarse aggregate content _________ = kg/m3

Coarse Aggregate (kg)
Quantities Water (kg) Cement (kg) Fine Aggregate (kg)
10 mm 20 mm 40 mm
1m3
(To nearest 5kg)
Per trial mix of
0.00095 m3