23 <oj;Jr; irtkuG

irt rkak; tuyhw;Wf;F Kw;gl;l fhyj;jpypUe;Nj irtkf;fshy; gpd;gw;wg;gl;L tUfpd;wJ.

<oj;jpNy irtj;jpd; njhd;ik> tuyhW vd;gtw;iwg; gy;NtW rhd;whjhuq;fs; %yk; mwpayhk;.
njhy;nghUl;fs;> ,jpfhrq;fs;> Guhzf;fijfs;> tha;nkhop kuGfs;>; gpwehl;lhu; vOjpa Fwpg;Gfs;>
,yf;fpaq;fs; Kjyhdtw;wpd; %yKk; ,yq;if rupj;jpu Ma;tpy; <Lgl;l Nkdhl;lwpQu;fsJk;>
,yq;if mwpQu;fsJk; fUj;Jf;fshYk; ,yq;ifapy; tuyhw;Wf;F Kw;gl;l fhyk; KjNy
irt rkaNk epiyngw;wpUe;jJ vd;gjw;F Mjhuq;fshf mikfpd;wd.
jpU%yu; <oj;ijr; “rptg+kp” vd;W Fwpg;gpl;ljpypUe;Jk; <oj;jpy; irt rkaj;jpd; njhd;ikia
mwpa Kbfpd;wJ. ,yq;ifapd; g+u;tf P f; Fbfshd ,af;fUk;> ehfUk; rptid topgl;ldu;.mt;thNw>
<oj;jpd; Guhjd <r;rukhd jpUf;NfjPr;ruk; ehfu;fsJ gpujhd topghl;Lj; jykhf ,Ue;jnjd;gJk;
Ma;thsu; fUj;jhFk;.
,yq;ifapy; tho;e;jjhff; fUjg;gLk; khJtl;lh> tpRtfu;kh> kad;> FNgud;> ,uhtzd;>
kz;Nlhjup> KjypNahu; rpt topghl;bduhf ,jpfhrj;jpy;; rpj;jupf;fg;gl;Ls;sdu;. kadpd; kfSk;
,uhtzdpd; kidtpAkhfpa kz;Nlhjup topgl;l jykhfj; jpUf;NfjPr;ruk; tpsq;Ffpd;wJ.
,yq;if Nte;jdhd ,uhtzd; rpwe;j rpt gf;jpAilatdhfg; Nghw;wg;gLfpd;whd;. ,jid>
“,uhtzd;
,uhtzd; NkyJ ePW” vd rk;ge;ju; ghbAs;shu;. ,uhtzDk; mtdJ jhAk; topgl;l
jykhff; jpUf;NfhNzr;ruk; tpsq;Ffpd;wJ. ,uhtzd; jd; jhapd; mguf;fpupiafs; nra;tjw;fhf
mikf;fg;ngw;wNj jpUNfhzkiyapYs;s fd;dpah jPuj
; j
; nkdj; jl;rz ifyha Guhzk; $Wfpd;wJ.
,yq;ifapy; tho;e;j kf;fspilNa KUftopghL epiyngw;wpUe;jikia> Gj;jsg;gFjpapy;
nghd;gupg;gpy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l GijnghUsha;nthd;W ep&gpj;Js;sJ. jkpo;ehl;by; Mjpr;r
ey;Y}upy; fpilj;jit Nghd;w NtyhAjq;fSk;> Nrtw;rpiyAk;> fhtbr; nrby;fSk;> <oj;jpd;
khNjhl;lk;> fe;jNuhil Kjypa ,lq;fspYk; fz;nlLf;fg;gl;ld. ,it <oj;jpd; irt kuig
ep&gpf;fpd;wd.
tp[ad; ,yq;iff;F tUtjw;F Kd;dUk;> gpd;dUk; ,e;ehl;bw; irtk; nropg;Gw;wpUe;jnjd
tzf;fj;Jf;Fupa ty;nghy ,uhFy Njuu; vOjpa “,yq; ,yq;ifapy; ngsj;j tuyhW
tuyhW” vDk;
E}ypy; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shu;. jpU. N[ .lgps;a+ nudw; vd;gtu; vOjpa “,yq;
,yq;ifr; rupj;jpuk;” vd;w
E}ypy; ,yq;ifapy; Mjpapy; FbNawpatu;fs; irtu;fNs vdf; $Wfpd;whu;. cWFizj; Njrpa
g+q;fhtpy; fz;nlLf;fg;gl;l fp. K. fhyj;jnjdf; fzpf;fg;gLk; fy;ntl;nlhd;wpy; ‘rptefu;
rptefu;’
vd;w ,lg; ngau; Fwpf;fg;gl;bUe;;jikAk; ,jw;Fr; rhd;whfpd;wJ.
aho;g;ghz itgtkhiy vDk; E}y; tp[ad; ,yq;iff;F te;J murhl;rpia Vw;wJk;
gioa rpthyaq;fisj; jpUj;jpdhd; vd;Wk;> ghJfhg;Gf;fhf ehw;GwKk; ehd;F Gjpa rpthyaq;fis
mikj;jhndd;Wk; $wg;gLtjhy; mitNa gz;ila <r;;ruq;fnsdTk; mwpag;gLfpd;wJ. ,e;j
tifapy; ,yq;ifapy; tuyhw;Wf;F Kw;gl;l fhyj;jpy; ,Ue;Nj irt rkak; epiy ngw;wpUe;jJ
vd;gJ njupa tUfpd;wJ.
mEuhjGuf; fhyj;jpy; (fp.K. 4 - fp.gp. 10 Mk; E}w;whz;L) irt rkak; nry;thf;Fg;
ngw;wpUe;jJ. tp[aDf;Fg; gpd; mEuhjGuj;ij Mz;l gz;L thRNjtd;> mgad;> gz;Lfhgad;
KjypNahu; irtu;fshfNt ,Ue;jpUf;fpd;wdu;. fp.K 145 - 101 tiuapyhd fhyj;jpy; mEuhjGuj;ij
Mz;l vy;yhsd; vd;Dk; jkpo; kd;ddJ fhyj;jpy; irtk; rpwg;Gg; ngw;wpUe;jJ vd;gu;.
nghydWitf; fhyg;gFjpapy; (fp.gp. 11 - 13 Mk; E}w;whz;L) Kd;dupYk; ghu;f;f <oj;jpd;
gy ghfq;fspYk; Nrho kd;du;fshy; rpthyaq;fs; fl;lg;gl;ld. nghydWitapy; kl;Lk; gj;Jr;
rpthyaq;fs; fl;lg;gl;ld. thdtd;khNjtp <r;ruk; ,uh[uh[dpd; kidtpapd; ngauhy; fl;lg;gl;lJ.
irt newp 83 juk; 10
,ytr tpepNahfj;jpw;fhf
 ,q;F jpdKk; Mfk tpjpg;gb g+irfs; eilngw;W te;jd. ,jidf; fy;ntl;Lr; rhd;Wfs;
cWjpg;gLj;Jfpd;wd. ,it ahtw;iwAk; mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L ghu;f;Fk; NghJ <oj;jpy;
Guhjd fhyk; KjNy irt rkak; epytp tUfpd;wJ.

01. gpd; t Uk; tpdhf; f Sf; F tpil vOJf.

01
1. <oj;jpd; irtj;jpd; njhd;ikia mwpa cjTk; rhd;whjhuq;fisf; Fwpg;gpLf.
2. <oj;ijr; “rptg+kp” vd;W Fwpg;gpl;ltu; ahu;?
3. ,yq;ifapy; tho;e;j kf;fspilNa KUftopghL epiyngw;wpUe;jikf;fhd rhd;Wfs;
vit?

nraw; g hL

1. “,yq;if Nte;jdhd ,uhtzd; rpwe;j rptgf;jpAilatd;” vd;w jiyg;gpy; 5 epkplk;

ciu epfo;j;Jf.

ghlr;RUf;fk;

• irtj;jpd; njhd;ik> tuyhW vd;gtw;iw mwpa gy;NtW rhd;whjhuq;fs; cs;sd.

• ,yq;ifapy; tho;e;j kf;fspilNa KUftopghL epiyngw;wpUe;jikf;Fg; GijnghUl;
rhd;Wfs; cs;sd.

irt newp 84 juk; 10

,ytr tpepNahfj;jpw;fhf