AP Chemistry Unit 2 Test- Molecular and Ionic Compound Structure and Properties

Section I
50 minutes
Directions: Each set of the questions or statements below is followed by four suggested answers.
Select the one that is best for each question and place the letter of your choice on the corresponding
location on the answer sheet.

Multiple Choice
Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.

1. A graph of the potential energy vs the intermolecular distance for a diatomic molecule is shown here.

Which of these claims is best supported by the graph?

a) The lowest point on the graph indicates the maximum bond length for the ionic bond.
b) The potential energy of the two separate atoms of the diatomic molecule decreases as the
atoms approach each other.
c) The potential energy of the atoms increases as the atoms increase in size during ionization.
d) The bond length for the diatomic molecule is indicated by the highest point on the graph.
2. Which model correctly identifies a Lewis dot structure for a sulfur ion?
a) c)

b) d)
3.
Copper ions, shown in red, are distributed in the sea of electrons, giving the copper its shiny luster. The most likely
type of bonding illustrated in the model is
a) covalent bonding
b) ionic bonding
c) metallic bonding
d) hydrogen bonding
4. What is the orbital angular momentum quantum number, l, of the electron that is most easily removed when
ground-state aluminum is ionized?
a) 3 b) 2 c) 1 d) 0
5. Examine the model of the solid NaCl, sodium chloride, shown here.

Which of these statements best explains the information depicted in the model?
a) The NaCl solid is highly soluble in water.
b) The NaCl solid is brittle in response to a stress event.
c) The NaCl solid is highly malleable.
d) The NaCl solid is a good conductor of electricity.
6. The crystal lattice structure of cesium chloride, a salt, is shown here.

Which statement best explains the arrangement of atoms shown here?

a) Cations are attracted to anions, so their locations in the solid maximize the attractive
forces.
b) Cations are attracted to anions, so their locations in the solid minimize the attractive
forces.
c) Cations are repelled by anions, so their locations in the structure minimize the repulsive
forces.
d) Cations must be on the interior of the molecule and anions are on the exterior.
 7. Using the model in the previous question, what claim is most likely supported by the information in the image for
cesium chloride?
a) The substance will not conduct electricity in its liquid form because the substance is
nonpolar.
b) The substance will not conduct electricity in its liquid form because the substance is
covalently bonded.
c) The substance will conduct electricity in its liquid form because it is a molecular solid.
d) The substance will conduct electricity in its liquid form because it is made of ions.

8.
Two models of carbon dioxide are shown here. Which claim is supported by the information in the models above?
a) Neither structure satisfied the octet rule for carbon dioxide.
b) Only the structure on the left satisfies the octet rule.
c) Only the structure on the right satisfies the octet rule.
d) Both resonance structures satisfy the octet rule for carbon dioxide.
9. Based on the fact that a typical carbon dioxide molecule is linear, which claim is supported by this statement?
a) The terminal atoms in the molecule have an sp hybridization.
b) The central atom in the molecule has an sp hybridization.
c) The central atom in the molecule has an sp2 hybridization.
d) The central atom in the molecule has an sp3 hybridization.
10. Alloys of metals, like brass, can have two metals blend to form an alloy with new properties. In which model is a
brass alloy of copper and zinc forming using substitutional arrangement of atoms in the alloy?
a) c)

b) d)
11. In which model would an equal sharing of valence electrons stabilize the atoms without creating a bond with an
ionic character?
a) c)

b) d)

12. Which image correctly models a Lewis dot diagram for a neutral gallium atom?
a) b) c) d)

13.
The model shown here represents what principle of chemistry for the ozone, O3, shown here?
a) Different isotopes of oxygen can be present in a molecule of ozone.
b) Difference oxygen atoms have different numbers of valence electrons in ozone molecules.
c) Ozone ionizes in multiple ways depending on its bonding structure.
d) Resonance allows multiple valence electron configurations for some molecules.
14. In which molecule shown below would a polar covalent bond form between the atoms to form a polar molecule?
a)

carbon dioxide
b)

water
c)

carbon tetrachloride
d)

tri-chloromethane

15.
A simple organic molecule is shown here. If a representation of this molecule is shown with a Lewis structure,
which atom will exist with a lone pair of electrons?
a) One of the hydrogen atoms
b) Both of the hydrogen atoms
c) The carbon atom
d) The oxygen atom
16. Which substance most likely contains only single covalent bonds among the atoms?
a) Cu c) NaCl
b) CO2 d) CH4
17. A student makes a claim that substance X has high electronegativity between the two atom types found in the
compound. Which of these statements most likely supports the claim?
a) The substance has metallic bonding primarily.
b) The substance has ionic bonding primarily.
c) The substance has covalent bonding primarily.
d) The substance is a pure compound.
18. Steel is an alloy of iron with carbon, where carbon atoms form an interstitial alloy with the iron atoms. Which
model best represents the interstitial alloy known as steel?
a) c)

b) d)

19. In which of these scenarios is the bonding type found among the atoms most likely to be nonpolar, covalent?
a) The electronegativity difference between the atoms is zero.
b) The electronegativity difference between the atoms is greater than 1.
c) The electronegativity difference between the atoms is greater than 2.
d) The electronegativity difference between the atoms is greater than 3.
20. Which substance would exhibit the greatest level of malleability?
a) A solid substance with polar covalent bonding at room temperature.
b) A solid substance with nonpolar covalent bonding at room temperature.
c) A substance with ionic bonding acting as a solid at room temperature.
d) A substance with a high level of metallic bonding among atoms.
21. Which Lewis diagram correctly models the structure of a diatomic oxygen molecule?
a) c)

b) d)
22. Using formal charge and rules for bonding, which model correctly depicts the Lewis structure for CF 4?
a) c)

b) d)

23.

A potential resonance structure for the ion nitrite is shown here, with an overall charge of -1.
Given this, what is the formal charge for the oxygen on the left?
a) 2 c) 0
b) 1 d) -1

24.
The Lewis structure for a water molecule is shown here.
Based on the fact that the central atom has an sp3 hybridization, which claim is best supported by the information?
a) The water molecule is bent in its 3D shape and is a nonpolar molecule.
b) The water molecule is bent in its 3D shape and is a polar molecule.
c) The water molecule is linear in its 3D shape and is a nonpolar molecule.
d) The water molecule is linear in its 3D shape and is a polar molecule.
25. The bond length between two nonmetal atoms is best predicted by which claim?
a) The valence electrons of each atom can be transferred to the adjacent atom.
b) The attractive and repulsive forces within the nucleus are at equilibrium.
c) The nuclei of the two atoms have the strongest attraction to each other.
d) The energy of interaction between the atoms is at its minimum value.
26.
Based on the information in the graph for the interaction of two atoms, at which point on the X axis would the
distance between atoms be sufficient such that they have no interaction?
a) 1 c) 3
b) 2 d) 4
27. NaCl, a salt, can be represented by which Lewis structure that represents both the valence electrons and the formal
charge of each atom?
a) c)

b) d)

28.
A thiocyanate ion, CNS-, is shown here in one of its resonance structures. Which of the following represents the
formal charge on each of the atoms, left, middle, and right, shown in the Lewis structure here?
a) 0, 0, -1 c) -2, +1, 0
b) -1, 0, 0 d) -2, +2, -1
29.
A graph of a reaction as it proceeds is shown here. According to the information on the graph, at which point is the
transition state where the energy is sufficient to break the bonds of the reactants?
a) A c) C
b) B d) The transition state is not shown on the
graph

30.
An atomic representation of a metal is shown here. Based on the model, which metal is likely represented in the
image?
a) Gold, a pure metal c) Steel, an interstitial alloy
b) brass, a substitutional alloy d) Silver, a pure metal
 Section II- Free Response
Total time- 25 minutes

Directions- Answer the question fully and in complete sentences. If a portion of the question requires you to perform
mathematical calculations, show your work so that your mathematical thinking can be assessed. Attention should be paid
to appropriate units and significant figures.

31. Pewter is a malleable metal substitutional alloy made of the following metals.
Tin: 90%
Antimony: 8%
Copper: 2%

(a) Using the template below, create a model by filling in the metal alloy diagram for pewter by shading solid
circles for antimony and diagonal lines for copper. Leave the tin atoms uncolored.

(b) Describe what it means for pewter to be malleable and explain why the substance exhibits this property.
Predict the ability for this substance to conduct electricity and justify your prediction.

(c) Phosphate is a polyatomic ion found as the backbone of DNA and RNA. The skeletal structure of phosphate is
shown here.

Draw the Lewis dot structure for phosphate and include the formal charge for the ion.

(d) Explain whether the bonds of the phosphate ion shown in part (c) are covalent, ionic, or metallic and justify
your response.