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BL رؤوس اقلآم لاختبار الفاينل
BL رؤوس اقلآم لاختبار الفاينل
3. Cheating:
Cheating involves deception.
4. Bribery:
Is when one person gives another anything of value in return for some advantage
or preferential treatment.
A variation of bribery is a secret commission.
5. Insider Trading:
Using price-sensitive information that affect the company’s shares & securities.
the use of price-sensitive information which is not publicly available that affecting
the price of the company’s shares & securities.
White-Collar Crimes: جرائم الياقات البيضاء:
6. Industrial Espionage & Sabotage:
1. Industrial espionage :
stealing private or sensitive business information of company to be used
by its competitors. .
2. Industrial sabotage :
doing something to disrupt the efficient operations of a competitor’s
business such as infecting the competitor's computer network with a
virus.
7. Money Laundering:
The process when criminals convert the proceeds from their illegal activities.
8. Environment Vandalism:
relates to actions to dispose of waste products against to environmental laws and
procedures.
9. Computer Crimes:
Embezzlement is one of the most commonly committed type of computer crimes
. المقصد أنه من أشهر أنواع االختالس هو عن طريق الكمبيوتر
Cybercrime:
The Computer Crimes are the offences relating to the misuse of
computers.
مآلحظة هآمة -:هذه النسخة تركيز على أهم النقاط فقط وتعتبر من اجتهاد شخصي وغير مسؤول عن
أية أخطاء ويجب االطالع على الساليدات الرئيسية
1-7
Al-Hattami
• If business do not adopt acceptable ethical إذا لم تتبنى األعمال األخالقية المقبولة المعايير
ثم سيحتاج البرلمان للتدخل فرض المعايير.
standards then Parliament will need to step على سبيل المثال ،في أستراليا ،البرلمان لديه
تعديل قانون الشركات لعام ، 2001ووضع جديد
(in to impose standards. (T/F معايير استقاللية المراجعين.
Justice and the Law: . ( ( ضع دائرة
• Justice basically means that which is right or fair.
• Justice is to say that it is what right-minded members of the community; those who have the
right spirit within them; believe to be fair.
• Sometimes, however, there may be confusion or inconsistency between justice and law.
. نعتقد أن تكون عادلة.العدل هو القول بأن هذا ما يصحح األعضاء المجتمع؛ أولئك الذين لديهم الروح الصحيحة في داخلهم
. قد يكون هناك ارتباك أو التناقض بين العدل والقانون، ومع ذلك، في بعض األحيان
• The rule of law, in its most basic form, is the principle that no one is above the law.
: سيادة القانون
هي المبدأ أن ال، في أبسط أشكالها، سيادة القانون. هو تخضع لنفس القوانين، بما في ذلك الحكومة، المبدأ األساسي لسيادة القانون هو أن كل شخص ومنظمة
.أحد فوق القانون
. التشريع العظيم الملك جون على الخضوع للقانون ونجح في وضع قيود على الرسوم اإلقطاعية والواجبات/ • مثال على "سيادة القانون" ؛ أجبر الميثاق
Morals and Ethics: األخالق واألخالقية
• Morals is to deal with the distinction between right and • األخالق هي التعامل مع التمييز بين الصح
wrong. والخطأ
• An ethical judgment is one which applied to • الحكم األخالقي هو الحكم الذي يمكن رؤيته
everyone in similar circumstances and not only to a للتطبيق للجميع في ظروف مماثلة وليس فقط
particular individual. .لفرد معين
• Ethical opinions are concerned with behavior and with اآلراء األخالقية تهتم بالسلوك وبالتحديد •
establishing ways in which people should behave. .الطرق التي يجب أن يتصرف بها الناس
crime. • اعتمادًا على ظروف الهدية وطبيعتها ،قد ال يكون هناك شيء
خاطئ أو غير أخالقي مع تقديم الهدايا وتلقيها.
2. Giving and Receiving Gifts:
• من ناحية أخرى ،فإن تقديم الهدايا وتلقيها في ظل ظروف غير
• Depending on the circumstances and nature of قانونية وحيثما يكون طبيعة الهدية ليست اسمية من حيث القيمة.
وحيث تُعطى الهبة كإغراء أو في المقابل لصالح .إذن ،فإن تقديم
the gift, there may be nothing wrong or unethical أمرا غير أخالقي فحسب ،بل إنه غير قانوني
الهدايا وتلقيها ليس ً
with the giving and receiving of gifts. أيضًا.
• On the other hand, the giving and receiving of . 3تضارب المصالح:
gifts under illegal circumstances when giving in • ينشأ تضارب المصالح عندما يكون الفرد في وضع ال يستطيع فيه
return for a favor. التصرف بنزاهة و بما يحقق مصلحة أحد األطراف دون المساس
بحقوق ومصالح الطرف اآلخر الذين يعملون أيضًا من أجلهم
3. Conflict of Interest:
• Occurs when an individual’s personal interests
affect on his/her decisions or actions in the
workplace .
التضارب بين المصالح التجارية والمنفعة.4
4. Conflict between Commercial :االجتماعية
Interests & Social Utility: • البنوك والمستشفيات الخاصة وغيرها يعتبروا
ضا يوفروا منفعةً منظمات تجارية هادفة للربح و أي
• Banks, private hospitals & others are اجتماعية
business organizations which are ال يمكن للبنوك فرض رسوم، • على سبيل المثال
.زائدة عن الخدمات التي تقدمها
profit-oriented and they also provide a
social utility.
• For example, banks cannot charge
excessive fees for the services they
provide.
T/F
Choices
5. Unconscionable Contracts: : العقود غير المعقولة.5
• An agreement may comply with all the legal requirements • قد يمتثل االتفاق لجميع المتطلبات القانونية
for the court to recognize it as a contract but it may للمحكمة لالعتراف به كعقد ولكنه قد يكون مع
nonetheless be grossly unfair and against good ذلك غير عادل بشكل صارخ ويتعارض مع
conscience. .الضمير السليم
• One of the parties may be taking excessive advantage of • قد يكون أحد الطرفين يستغل بشكل مفرط
the misfortune or weakness of the other party. .سوء حظ أو ضعف الطرف اآلخر
• They may have included terms and conditions in the • ربما قاموا بتضمين شروط وأحكام في العقد
contract which impose an excessive burden on the ً تفرض عبئًا مفر
.طا على الطرف اآلخر
other party.
: إساءة استخدام المسؤولية المحدودة للشركة.6
6. Misuse of Limited Liability of a Company:
تعتبر، • بموجب مبدأ الكيان القانوني المنفصل
• Under the doctrine of separate legal entity, a company is الشركة كشخص اعتباري منفصل ومتميز عن
regarded as a legal person, separate and distinct from its .المساهمين والمديرين
shareholders and directors.
• هذا يعني أن الحقوق وااللتزامات (بما في ذلك
• This means that the rights and obligations (including debts الديون التي تتكبدها الشركة) للشركة مملوكة
incurred by the company) of a company belong to the .للشركة وليس للمساهمين أو المديرين
company and not to the shareholders or the directors.
T/F
Choices
Corporate Codes of Conduct
• In combating corporate fraud, every country should continue to pursue an aggressive agenda
to fight corporate fraud and abuse by:
: يجب على كل دولة االستمرار في اتباع أجندة صارمة لمحاربة االحتيال وإساءة استخدام الشركات من خالل، • في مكافحة االحتيال في الشركات
:االستثمار األخالقي
.• كان يُنظر إلى االستثمار في البورصة على أنه المجال الحصري لمشغلي التمويل الكبار
وتوفر مزايا اجتماعية حساسة، • االستثمار األخالقي هو االستثمار في الشركات التي تعمل بشكل أخالقي
.لالعتقال
• The usual guidelines for determining which company to invest or not to invest, including
considerations as to whether the company is associated with the following factors:
: بما في ذلك االعتبارات المتعلقة بما إذا كانت الشركة مرتبطة بالعوامل التالية، • • المبادئ التوجيهية المعتادة لتحديد الشركة التي ستستثمر أو ال تستثمر
Positive factors Negative factors
Positive factors: Negative factors:
1. Ethical Employment Policies. 1. Unethical Employment Practices.
2. Environment Protection. 2. Unethical Environmentally Practices.
3. Protection of Resources. 3. Terrorism.
4. Pollution Control. 4. Tobacco or Alcohol.
5. Health & Safety of the Workplace and 5. Money Laundering.
the Community. 6. Armaments.
:العوامل اإليجابية 7. Oppressive Regimes.
.سياسات التوظيف األخالقية .1
.حماية البيئة .2
8. Animal Exploitation.
.حماية الموارد .3 9. Gambling.
.السيطرة على التلوث .4 10. Pornography and other vices.
.صحة وسالمة مكان العمل والمجتمع .5 :العوامل السلبية
. ممارسات التوظيف غير األخالقية. .1
. الممارسات الضارة بالبيئة. .2
. اإلرهاب. .3
. التبغ أو الكحول. .4
. غسل األموال. .5
. التسلح. .6
. األنظمة القمعية. .7
. استغالل الحيوانات. .8
. القمار. .9
. المواد اإلباحية والرذائل األخرى. .01
هذه النسخة تركيز على أهم النقاط فقط وتعتبر من اجتهاد شخصي وغير مسؤول عن-: مآلحظة هآمة
أية أخطاء ويجب االطالع على الساليدات الرئيسية
Al-Hattami
https://quizlet.com/1639763
60/business-law-chap-5-
contracts-flash-cards/
IB5
Subject:
Business Law .
Law of Contracts
Special
Chapter Five Thanks
To :
A. Al- Eyyan
Introduction:
Contracts are an important part of our lives, as contracts are constantly contracted,
whether between individuals and individuals or companies for commercial purposes.
Contract: an agreement enforceable by law. In other words, a contract is an agreement
which legally binding between the parties.
Types of contracts:
• Sales contracts: for the sale and purchase of G&S.
• Employment contracts: for hiring employees.
• Rental or lease contract: for the rent of a property or house.
Explain
THE BASIC ELEMENTS OF A CONTRACT:
1. Offer:
An offer or proposal is necessary to form an agreement. When someone expresses to
the other a desire to do or refrain from doing something, with the aim of obtaining
the consent of the other party (Definition).
Offer: All contracts start with an offer. One party requires something from the
other. The other party has the resources to satisfy it for an exchange in value.
• The person making the offer called the promisor/ offeror. المتعهد
• The person received the offer called the offeree.
The offer or proposal is effective once it has been communicated to the offeree by
the offeror.
• An offer made verbally or in writing is called an express offer,
• while the offer without speaking (through behavior) is called an implied offer.
) في حين يسمى العرض دون التحدث (من خالل السلوك،العرض اللفظي او الكتابي يسمى عرض صريح
.ً عرضا ً ضمنيا
THE BASIC ELEMENTS OF A CONTRACT:
2. Acceptance:
• When the person who gets the offer agrees, the offer will be acceptance
(Definition)
• When an offer accepted ,it becomes a promise.
• When acceptance is made with words, it is called express acceptance,
• when acceptance is made with other than that (behavior), it is called implied acceptance.
.ً في حين يسمى القبول (من خالل السلوك) قبوالً ضمنيا،• القبول بالكلمات (اللفظي او الكتابي) يسمى قبول صريح
• Acceptance must be absolute and unconditional for there to be complete consent, if the
approval is conditional, it is not called acceptance.
وإذا كانت الموافقة مشروطة فال تسمى، • يجب أن يكون القبول مطلقا ً و غير مشروطا ً حتى تكون هناك موافقة كاملة
.القبول
Revocation of Offer and Acceptance: الغاء العرض أو القبول عدد
1. Cancellation notice by the offeror to the offeree.
2. Death or mental disorder of the offeror. .اشعار اإللغاء من قبل العارض الى المعروض عليه .1
. موت أو اضطراب عقلي لمقدم الطلب.2
3. The time of accepting the offer has expired. . انتهاء وقت قبول العرض.3
. عدم إستيفاء القابل للشروط.4
4. The acceptor does not meet the conditions.
THE BASIC ELEMENTS OF A CONTRACT:
3. Intention to Create legal Relations:-
• Contract law does not provide for the intention to create legal relations, but because some
previous cases happen , it is necessary to mention this element in contracts.
• Actually, it is up to the courts to check the intentions of the parties through the context and
language used.
4. Consideration:
• It may be money, right, interest or other benefit that is assigned to another person in return for
what he/she gave. Consideration is an important element of the contract that both parties of the
contract must clearly agreed on.
(Law Teacher Site- Malaysian Contract Law).
Consideration not need to be Adequate:
• Under Malaysian law, the consideration not need to be enough, so an agreement is not void
merely because the consideration is inadequate.
. لذا فإن االتفاق ليس باطالً لمجرد أن االعتبار غير كاف،ً ال يلزم ان يكون االعتبار كافيا: • بموجب القانون الماليزي
Section 26 shows the application of the rule as it reads:
• A agrees to sell a horse worth RM1000 for RM10, as consent to the agreement was freely given, so
the agreement is a contract even if the consideration not enough.
THE BASIC ELEMENTS OF A CONTRACT:
5. Certainty:
• The terms of an agreement must be certain.
• An agreement which is uncertain or is not capable of being made certain is
void/cancelled.
• For example, if Ali agrees to sell to Mary a hundred crates/boxes of toys without
specifying what kind they are, in this case the agreement is void because of
uncertainty.
• On the other hand, if Ali is a dealer in plastic toy soldiers only, and he agrees to sell a
hundred crates of toys, the type of toys dealt with by Ali indicates the meaning of the
word ‘toys’.
THE BASIC ELEMENTS OF A CONTRACT:
6. Capacity:
• Capacity refers to the ability of the parties to a contract to fully understand its terms and
obligations.
• The parties entering into a contract should have the legal capacity to do so.
Who has the capacity to contract:-
• Who is of the age of majority according to the law to which he is subject, of
sound mind and not deprived of contract under any law he was subjected to.
Exceptions of Capacity in Malaysian law:
1. Contracts for necessaries: necessities are things that are essential to a child or adult
and his reasonable comfort, e.g. Food and shelter clothes.
2. Contracts of scholarship: for example: in Malaysian law ,scholarship agreement entered
into by a child is valid when the scholarship award, loan is granted by the Federal or State
Government, or an educational institution such as a university.
3. Contracts of insurance: In Malaysian law, the child over the age of ten may enter into a
contract of insurance.
However, if he is below the age of sixteen, he can only do so with the written consent of his
parents or guardian.
Privacy of Contract:
It is a basic principle of common law that no person who is not a party to a contract
may sue over the contract.
• The third party can enter into the contract through the approval of the first party
and the second party, provided that the contract is renewed, which means replacing
an original party with a third party in a new agreement.
أبرز النقاط في ملخص الفصل الخامس
Contract: -an agreement which legally binding between the parties. -an agreement enforceable by law.
• Every contract contains an element of agreement, but the agreement alone cannot lead to a legally
recognized contract.
THE BASIC ELEMENTS OF A CONTRACT:
1. Offer: All contracts start with an offer. One party requires something from the other. The other party
has the resources to satisfy it for an exchange in value.
• The person making the offer called the promisor/ offeror. The person received the offer called the
offeree.
• An offer made verbally or in writing is called an express offer while the offer without speaking (through
behavior) is called an implied offer.
2. Acceptance: When the person who gets the offer agrees, the offer will be acceptance .
• When acceptance is made with words, it is called express acceptance, and acceptance is made with other
than that (behavior), it is called implied acceptance.
3. Intention to Create legal Relations:- Contract law does not provide for the intention to create legal
relations, but because some previous cases happen , it is necessary to mention this element in
contracts.
4. Consideration: Consideration is an important element of the contract that both parties of the contract
must clearly agreed on.
• Under Malaysian law, Consideration not need to be Adequate/Enough.
5. Certainty: The terms of an agreement must be certain.
• An agreement which is uncertain or is not capable of being made certain is void/cancelled.
6. Capacity: refers to the ability of the parties to a contract to fully understand its terms and obligations.
مآلحظة هآمة -:هذه النسخة تركيز على أهم النقاط فقط وتعتبر من اجتهاد شخصي وغير مسؤول عن
أية أخطاء ويجب االطالع على الساليدات الرئيسية
Al-Hattami
IB5
Subject:
Business Law .
Law of Contracts 2
Special
Chapter Six Thanks
To :
A. Al- Eyyan
1-TERMS OF A CONTRACT: :شروط العقد
The terms of the contract are important for determining the تعتبر شروط العقد مهمة لتحديد الحقوق وااللتزامات
rights and obligations that the parties have committed إذا انتهك أي طرف هذه،التي التزم بها الطرفان
themselves. If this terms breached by any party, then it can ..الشروط فيمكن أن يؤدي ذلك إلى المقاضاة
lead to litigation.
يمكن تصنيف الشروط على أنها شروط أو ضمانات
Terms may be classified as either conditions or .وتسمى هذه شروط صريحة
warranties which called express terms.
هو مصطلح يتم االتفاق عليه بين: الشروط الصريحة
Express Terms: it is a term that is agreed upon between .األطراف المتعاقدة ويتم كتابته دائ ًما في العقد
the contracting parties and is always written in the contract.
.. هي القواعد األساسية التي يتضمنها العقد: الشروط
Conditions: are the essential rules that contract contains.
.. هي مجموعة قواعد إضافية في العقد: الضمانات
Warranties: are an additional set of rules in the contract.
The different between Conditions and Warranties:
• Conditions • Warranties
• Definition: a term that is vital to the contract. • Definition: are an additional set of rules in the
contract.
• The party affected by breach the conditions may • If the warranties are breached , the contract is
cancel the contract and claim compensation. valid, but the injured party has the right to claim
compensation.
يجوز للطرف المتضرر من مخالفة الشروط إلغاء العقد •
.والمطالبة بالتعويض ولكن يحق، فإن العقد ساري المفعول، إذا تم خرق الضمانات •
.للطرف المتضرر المطالبة بالتعويض
Implied Terms: are terms that are not agreed or written down, هي الشروط التي لم يتم: الشروط الضمنية
they are generally presumed. They might be required because of ويفترض بشكل، االتفاق عليها أو تدوينها
legal duty or ethical obligations. قد تكون مطلوبة بسبب واجب قانوني أو.عام
Implied terms must be: .التزامات أخالقية
5. Not in contradiction of any express term of the contract. . قادرة على التعبير الواضح.4
2. Legal provisions.
IB5
Subject:
Business Law .
Special
Al-Hattami
Thanks
To :
A. Al- Eyyan