~~Abstract

Petroleum hydrocarbons, heavy metals and agricultural pesticides have mutagenic, carcinogenic,
immunotoxic and teratogenic effects and cause drastic changes in soil physicochemical and
microbiological characteristics, thereby representing a serious danger to health and environment.
Therefore, soil pollution urgently requires the application of a series of physicochemical and
biological techniques and treatments to minimize the extent of damage. Among them,
bioremediation has been shown to be an alternative that can offer an economically viable way to
restore polluted areas
Due to the difficulty in choosing the best bioremediation technique here we will take a closer
approach to bioremediation using bacteria and factors causing pollution also the type of bacteria
use and technologies use.

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969717327468

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11430-019-9368-
7?error=cookies_not_supported&code=2dc534f2-c35c-4a32-91eb-4ad20a9e22c3

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S2352009421000432

1-*introduction sustainability in soil bioremediation :

It provides essential services for agricultural production, plant growth, animal habitation,
biodiversity, carbon sequestration and environmental quality, which are crucial for achieving the
United Nations' Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) humans have used soil longer than most
other natural resources. Soil is such an integral component of natural and human-managed
ecosystems that there exists a multitude of concepts relative to the nature and function of soil.
The diversity of concepts of soil is compounded by the continuum of soil properties on the
landscape, and geographical limitations of each person's scientific experience, also release of
many types of contaminants is causing serious harm to all life-forms due to increasing global
industrialization . Pollutants such as oil hydrocarbons, heavy metals and pesticides are
environmentally harmful, causing serious impacts on the health of ecosystems. Especially in
humans, there is an incidence of carcinogenesis and mutagenesis as well as other toxic effects.
To recovery the functions of the contaminated environment, for both environmental preservation
and urban development, the remediation of contaminated sites is essential. The methods
available for soil remediation can be grouped into three categories, namely chemical, physical,
and biological methods,

Soil contamination is referred to as the accumulation in the soil of persistent harmful substances,
chemical compounds, radioactive wastes, salts, or pathogens that have a negative impact on
biological systems .As such, the increased levels of toxic compounds in the soil, mainly due to
heavy metals, pesticides and petroleum derivatives, affect the balance of ecosystems and human
health .When a pollutant reaches the soil, it can be adsorbed, carried away by the wind and
runoff, or leached by infiltration water, passing to the lower layers and reaching groundwater
.Major sources of soil contamination include agricultural residues, byproducts, air pollutants,
irrigation, flood, accidental oil spills, inadequate management of municipal waste and sewage,
heavy metals and hydrocarbon deposition

the main causes of soil pollution are the indiscriminate use of fertilizers and pesticides, spills
from mining, extraction, and transportation of petroleum products, as well as open-air garbage
dumps.

Table 1. Main sources of soil contamination.

Human activities, including manufacturing, metallurgy, mineral extraction, farming and fuel
combustion, as well as inappropriate disposal of materials containing heavy metals, including
municipal waste, paints, electronic waste and wastewater, contribute to increasing their
concentrations in soils and to their harmful effects on human beings [35]. Various incidents of
heavy metal pollution can be cited

Bioremediation is the process by which living beings such as plants, algae and microorganisms
are used to remediate, reduce or remove contamination from the environment [37,38].
Hydrocarbons are broken down by microorganisms and plants into greener products, or are
converted by other microbial species into water, CO2 and other inorganic compounds [39]. Since
effective bioremediation requires the action of microbial enzymes to transform contaminants into
non-hazardous compounds, operating conditions must be optimized to allow microbial cells to
quickly biodegrade them

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https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S2352009421000432
2-important of bacteria in soils
Soil organisms and specifically microorganisms are indispensable to life on Earth. They regulate
essential ecosystem functions from carbon sequestration to primary production. These organisms
often experience stress when the balance of the soil system is disrupted by agricultural practices
and environmental disturbances. A new stressor is plastic, which can be found in soils, in and
around soil-dwelling organisms, and close to plants. The presence of plastic can affect soil
chemistry, plant growth and the survival of higher-order organisms. Microbial organisms respond
sensitively to these changes in their surroundings and will thus be (in)directly affected by plastic.
Eventually, this results in a different microbial activity, composition and reduced diversity.
Plastic might even serve as a specific habitat for microorganisms, generally referred to as the
plastisphere. In this review, we make predictions based on the observed effects of (micro)plastics
and the potential impact on the plant-soil-microbiome system. We use prior knowledge of other
disturbances (e.g. tillage and pesticides) which have been studied for many years in relation to
the soil microbial community. Further research is needed to develop standardized methods to
study smaller plastic particles (micro- and nanoplastics) as these play the most dominant role in
terrestrial ecosystems.

Biodegradation of crude oil by cold-adapted bacteria

bioremediation has been proposed using hydrocarbon-degrading microbes indigenous to
Antarctic soils. A number of alkane-degrading bacteria have been isolated previously from
Antarctic soils. In this paper we describe the direct isolation of aromatic hydrocarbon-degrading
bacteria from oil-contaminated Antarctic soil.

Bioremediation of copper-contaminated soil by bacteria

the mobility of most metals in soil (Cu included) depends on microbial processes.
Microorganisms can either mediate the immobilization of Cu in soil through biosorption,
bioaccumulation and biomineralization or, conversely, its mobilization via redoxolysis,
acidolysis or complexolysis of Cu-bearing phases.

https://www.proquest.com/docview/1854745853?parentSessionId=HoTwlMoMNvmok67aQV9g
1kDd8a4ElEZNY70VP66v0ns%3D&pq-origsite=summon&accountid=136546

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s003000050025

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2001037022001167

3- Bacteria role in bioremediation / bacteria type that help in solve the pollution
Bioremediation is traditionally carried out using ‘free’ bacterial cells found in industrial effluents
and near the sites of the contamination can be used to indicate pollution and detoxify the
contaminated water resources. Emergence of xenobiotic resistant bacteria among them might be
potential application in bioremediation. The objective of this study was to isolate and
characterize fluoride resistant bacteria from soil or water samples of different regions; however,
in recent years, utilization of ‘immobilized’ bacterial cells has gained attention as a promising
technique due to multifarious benefits.

Microorganisms found in industrial effluents and near the sites of the contamination can be used
to indicate pollution and detoxify the contaminated water resources. Emergence of xenobiotic
resistant bacteria among them might be potential application in bioremediation. The objective of
this study was to isolate and characterize fluoride resistant bacteria from soil
or water samples of different regions

Bioremediation is essential to preserve the health of agricultural soils and would lead to
enhanced crop growth and yield. Various techniques and strategies have been used in recent
years to remediate contaminated soils, but most of them were costly, environmentally unfriendly,
and negatively affect soil properties. However, use of microbes to remediate pollution has been
found to be cost effective and environmentally clean. Microbes enhance stability in agricultural
soil health, which leads to sustained plant growth and development under stressful conditions.
Particular agents used for bioremediation are bacteria, fungi, and algae. Bacterially-mediated
processes have been used to alleviate heavy metal toxicity. Endophytic bacteria have greater
potential to tolerate and remediate heavy metals stress. Bacterial strains showed potential to
alleviate heavy metals from the rhizosphere of target plant species and improve their growth.
reducing bacteria enhanced plant ability to remove As from contaminated soils. Bacterial strain
OSM29 showed observable potential in removing heavy metals such as Cd, Cr, Cu, and Ni from
the rhizosphere of cauliflower.

Bacteria-mediated processes have been used to mitigate heavy metal toxicity. Inoculation of
endophytic bacteria (Sphingomonas SaMR12) enhanced the accumulation of Cd, plant biomass,
and root surface. Increased root secretion of oxalic, succinic, and citric acid resulting from
bacterial inoculation mitigates the toxic effects of cadmium and reduces oxidative stress. In
addition, SaMR12 enhanced cadmium tolerance by inhibiting oxidative stress and finally
improved cadmium extraction by the target plant. Combinations of bacteria and fungi have been
used to treat heavy metals. Recently, Li et al. He investigated populations of Agrocybe aegerita
and Serratia spp. On stress Ni and Cd. Increased number of bacteria and enzymatic activities in
soil and a large number of heavy metals in A. aegerita indicate that the combined use of
Agrocybe aegerita and Serratia spp. Stronger relief of heavy metal stress than sole treatments. In
addition, the effects of treatment on bacterial community structure and composition highlighted
the fact that the combination of bacteria and fungi was a useful method for bioremediation of
soils containing heavy metals.

Bbiodegradation of petroleum hydrocarbons is a complex process influenced mainly by the

hydrocarbon’s composition, the efficiency of the microbial degradation of hydrocarbons depends
on their structure, with the intensity of biodegradation decreasing in the following series: n-
alkanes → branched alkanes → low molecular weight aromatics → cycloalkanes → polycyclic
aromatics. Aliphatic hydrocarbons are partially oxidized by many microbes, but can be fully
metabolized by only a few species (Pseudomonas, Nocardia, Xanthomonas, Bacterium,
Corynebacterium, Mycobacterium, Acinetobacter) .Biodegradation of aromatic hydrocarbons
depends on their number of benzene rings and their structural complexity.Over 100 genera of
bacteria, yeast and mycelial fungi are currently known to be able to degrade hydrocarbons (Table
3). According to the literature data, the proportion of petroleum subject to biodegradation varies
from 6% to 82% for soil fungi, and from 0.13% to 100% for bacteria. High molecular weight
polycyclic aromatics can be degraded, albeit rather inefficiently, by specific microbes, with some
compounds not being prone to degradation at all .

Table 3. Petroleum hydrocarbon-degrading microorganisms

https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/10/6/1224

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rcedol=true&forcedol=true&forcedol=true&parentSessionId=quIcl52%2BqXG8oYL2r6Hn54ox
%2F2lbIeMdb9X%2Fr4pj8vg%3D&pq-origsite=summon&forcedol=true

https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/20/3/1766

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S2213343721008976

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/B9780323961134000305

4-how does soil pollution occur

Soil pollution Occur when a destruction affects the soil layers which is the entry of foreign
bodies into the soil that leads to a change in the chemical and physical composition . This often
outcome from the use of pesticides , fertilizers, and acid rain that changes the pH of the soil, also
throwing off radioactive unions and others . In addition , the trouble of soil pollution differs from
other pollution due to it is a long-term problem .

5-factors that cause soils pollutions

1- Industrial and household wastes pollution :
Industry pollution is one of the main sources of pollution the unprogrammed industrial
development, pour of safety measures, urban and random population development, centered
of increasing consumer demands that lead up to an increase in solid waste, aggravation the
problem of soil pollution and superfat its damages.

2- Natural phenomena :
For example volcanic eruptions or forest fires pollute the culture , due to releases many toxic
elements into the environment .

3- Mining : It has greatly affected soil, water and living organisms since ancient times , Metal
smelting and launching mining facilities Huge amounts of heavy metals, etc., have introduced
many pollutants into the soil .

4- Desertification : Is the process of soil losing its fertility and natural vegetation. It is exposed to
atmospheric erosion, turning agricultural lands, pastures, etc. into deserted areas. Some factors of
desertification forest degradation, result from extensive clearing, pastoral pressure, burning and
military operations.

5- The pollution of agricultural soil :

Pesticides it has an effect on the agricultural environment , they are consider as toxic
compounds used to kill and control insects and fungi that carry various diseases to humans or
animals. Also , they are considered as materials that contribute significantly to control diseases
that affect crops. In addition , the wrong practices of pesticides lead to imbalance of the
ecological balance, and the pollution of the various elements of the environment such as soil,
water, air, plants and animals. And has multiple negative effect on soil .
Pollution by insecticides and fungi is consider the most important forms of soil physical
pollution and agricultural production .

6- Chemical fertilizers and their impact on the agricultural environment:

There are many types of fertilizers that are made from chemical compounds. Such
as nitrogenous fertilizers, phosphate and potassium fertilizers are the most important types
which lead to the contamination of vegetables and fruits with harmful chemical compound .
These fertilizers cause a negative effect for the formation of a non- porous layer during heavy
rain, so , adversely affecting the roots of plants. It also causes its inability to absorb some of the
nutrients in the soil that the plant needs. Moreover , When its quantity override the plant’s need,
it causes severe damage to the elements of the environment surrounding the soil .
7- Logging and overgrazing
Forests provide an outlet from city pollution. It is the main store of carbon on Earth. Destroying
large areas of it, especially by burning it, adds large amounts of carbon dioxide to the atmosphere
and effect on soil . So , any destruction and removal will have a negative impact on species and
biodiversity itself. It also leads to the destruction of the physical, chemical and biological
properties of agricultural lands as a result of their exposure to erosion and sand encroachment.

8- Industrial solid waste :

An example of is car exhaust . Car exhaust is also a negative effect on
agricultural lands on the sides of asphalt roads because they are exposed to the accumulation of
large levels of lead . So , in many cases, acid rain pollutes natural waterways and negatively
affects soil and other agricultural crops .

9- The contamination of the soil with hydrocarbons :

The soil of petroleum products storage and distribution centers becomes polluted as a result of
several activities , also contain the disposal of waste resulting from cleaning petroleum storage
tanks . So , must filling yards shall be cleaned from petroleum products, their runoff, and their
leakage to the surrounding environment. This pollution affects air, water and soil.
It affects water when petroleum materials seep into groundwater and wells which used as a
source of drinking water and irrigating agricultural lands. It also have a negative affects on soil.
Due to , soil pollution occurs when water carries hydrocarbons and seeps into the soil through
groundwater movement .

10- Impact of heavy metals on soil

Heavy metal pollution is a serious global environmental problem because it harms the growth of
plants and native soil species such as bacteria, earthworms and other organisms that live in the
soil. As a result, factors that affect the bioavailability of heavy metals in soil may have an impact
on the toxicity of metals to the soil microbial community. Further more , heavy metals in the soil
has a destructive affect on growth of soil microbes . Soil microbes are involved strongly in all
soil biochemical reactions, and they play an important role in the production of soil organic
matter and its decomposition of harmful compounds, biochemical cycles, and the also have a role
on formation of soil structure .

- by Hassan Al-Taai, Suaad Hadi IOP conference series. Earth and environmental science,
06/2021, Volume 790, Issue 1
- - Panneerselvam, P., Mitra, D., Mohanty, B., Rittick, M., & Shadangi, S. (2022). Soil
pollution and their impact on soil microorganisms. Environmental Pollution, 70-85.

6- How soil pollution effect environment :

Soil pollution have effects on the different major environmental components (viz: Soil, water and
air quality) as well as human. This section of the paper focused on the effect of soil pollution.
Soil contamination has a variety of negative consequences for habitats, as well as human, plant,
and animal health. The adverse effects of soil contamination can be caused by direct contact with
contaminated soil or by contact with other resources such as water or food grown on or in direct
contact with polluted soil. However, unintended pesticide diffusion into the atmosphere
(commonly referred to as "pesticide drift") raises a number of environmental issues, including
water and soil contamination.
According to pollution issues, soil pollution contributes to air pollution by releasing volatile
compounds into the atmosphere, because the more toxic compounds soil contains, the more air
pollution it produces.

Air quality
Soil pollution can impact on air quality. For instance, wastes dumpsite impact on air quality.
Typically in dumpsite some of the common emission released includes carbon monoxide, oxide
of sulphur and nitrogen, hydrogen sulphide, ammonia and methane . The different microbial
diversity found in the waste could play essential role in the type of emission generated.

Health
Soil is a platform through which vegetation are cultivated. Plants and animals have the tendency
to bioaccumulate toxicants such as heavy metals in their tissues. Hence the tendency of
transferring soil contaminants to the food chain is high. Though food toxicant can enter the
human body causing different form of diseases that could affect reproductive, respiratory,
nervous, digestive system, and poisoning that could affect body organs such as liver, and kidney.

Seiyaboh EI, Izah SC (2018) Impacts of Soil Pollution on Air Quality under Nigerian Setting. J
Soil Water Sci 3(1):45-53

Panneerselvam, P., Mitra, D., Mohanty, B., Rittick, M., & Shadangi, S. (2022). Soil pollution
and their impact on soil microorganisms. Environmental Pollution, 70-85

7- bioremediations technologies( treatment aspect )

The methods available for soil remediation can be grouped into three categories, namely
chemical, physical, and biological methods, the latter being carried out either in the polluted
place (in situ) or outside it (ex situ). Bioprocesses such as phyto- and bioremediation have
recently been intensively studied because they are ecofriendly, are able to quickly remove
various contaminants and have a relatively lower cost compared to pre-existing techniques [3,4].
Bioremediation techniques consist of natural processes capable of effectively biodegrading a lot
of pollutants, including the persistent ones; therefore, they can be a viable and effective way for
mitigating soil contamination. The choice of the most appropriate and feasible in-situ or ex-situ
biological remediation techniques will depend on preliminary analyses of the environmental
conditions, type of pollutant, soil composition, removal costs and time available for treatment.
However, the characterization of the contaminated site is the main step towards successful
bioremediation. Among other alternatives, the application of surfactants and biosurfactants to
remediation techniques stands out because these compounds are able to reduce the interfacial and
surface tensions and increase the rate of biodegradation in contaminated soils.

According to the type of application, it is possible to classify bioremediation as an in-situ or ex-

situ process (Figure 2). Even though the ex-situ bioremediation processes are usually costlier
because of excavation and transport expenses, they can be applied to remove a greater number of
contaminants under controlled conditions. On the other hand, despite the absence of excavation
costs, sometimes the cost of installing the equipment on site, together with the impossibility to
see and perform an effective control below the surface of contaminated area, can make in-situ
bioremediation methods unfeasible. Hence, the remediation cost is not the element that
determines the method to be applied to a given contaminated site. Instead, the main factor for
determining which method of bioremediation to use is the type of contaminant.

Figure 2

bioelectrochemical systems (BES) combine biological methods and electrochemistry in the

context of a redox reaction. BES is gaining attention from scientists and policymakers as a
promising technology for the remediation of soil contaminated with PHCs. This review discusses
BES working principles, mechanisms, design configuration, operational parameters, and
advances in BES applications to remediate PHCs from contaminated soil efficiently. The role of
biosurfactants and biochar in enhancing PHC degradation in soil using BES mediating
extracellular electron transfer (EET) and biofilm formation is highlighted. Furthermore, recent
innovations in this field, technical and economic challenges and limitations in scaling-up BES,
and future perspectives are discussed. This review suggests that biochar-based single-chamber
air-cathode reactors are preferred because of their lower cost compared to the other classic
configurations. Additional efforts are needed in the design of BES reactors, soil characteristics,
and seasonal variations in BES performance over a long period of operation to improve the
efficiency of soil remediation and power production as well as to apply it on a large scale.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0964830523000203

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https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0048969722035148

8- conclusion~