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¢{Š„r´œ Ÿ¼oÁ¦¸¥œ˜o°Š­µ¤µ¦™®µ˜´ª°¥nµŠ‡¼°n œ´ —´š¸¤É ­¸ ¤µ·„˜´ª®œoµÁ®¤º°œ„´œ ˜n­¤µ·„˜´ª®¨´Š˜nµŠ„´œÅ—o
®¦º° ¥„˜´ª°¥nµŠ„¦µ¢ °Š‡ªµ¤­´¤¡´œ›rš¸É¨µ„Á­oœ˜¦Š œµœ„´Â„œ Y ¨oª Á­oœ˜¦Šœ´Êœ‹³˜´—„¦µ¢
°Š‡ªµ¤­´¤¡´œ›r—´Š„¨nµª¤µ„„ªnµ®œ¹ÉŠ‹»—„Èŗo
4. ­Îµ®¦´¢{Š„r´œš¸É„¨nµª™¹ŠÄœšÁ¦¸¥œ¤·Å—o¤»nŠÁœoœ„µ¦‹ÎµÂœ„ž¦³Á£š °Š¢{Š„r´œ ˜n‹³¤»nŠÁœoœÄ®oÁ®Èœ
˜´ª°¥nµŠ °Š¢{Š„rœ´ š¸¤É „´ ‹³Å—o¡ °´œ‹³Áž}œ¡ºœÊ “µœœÎµÅžž¦³¥»„˜rčoĜ„µ¦Â„ož { ®µÄœ¸ª˜· ž¦³‹Îµª´œ
 33

„·‹„¦¦¤Á­œ°Âœ³
‡ªµ¤­´¤¡´œ›r
1. Ÿ¼­o °œ¥„˜´ª°¥nµŠ‹Îµœªœ­°Š‹ÎµœªœÄ— Ç Ánœ 4 ¨³ 2 ¨oªÄ®oŸÁ¼o ¦¸¥œnª¥„´œ¡·‹µ¦–µ—¼ªµn
‹Îµœªœš´ÊŠ­°ŠÁ„¸É¥ª o°Š„´œ°¥nµŠÅ¦oµŠ Ž¹ÉŠ°µ‹°°„¤µÄœ®¨µ¥ Ç Â Ánœ
4 ¤µ„„ªnµ 2
4 Ášnµ„´ 2 u 2
2 Áž}œ¦µ„š¸É­°Šš¸ÉÁž}œª„ °Š 4
¨oªŸ¼o­°œ­¦»žªnµ ‡Îµªnµ “¤µ„„ªnµ” “Ášnµ„´” “Áž}œ¦µ„š¸É­°Šš¸ÉÁž}œª„ °Š” Áž}œ‡Îµš¸Éčo­—Š‡ªµ¤
­´¤¡´œ›r¦³®ªnµŠ‹Îµœªœš´ÊŠ­°Š ĜšÎµœ°ŠÁ—¸¥ª„´œÁ¤ºÉ°¥„˜´ª°¥nµŠºÉ° °ŠŸ¼oÁ¦¸¥œ­°Š‡œÄ— Ç Äœ®o°Š ¹Êœ¤µ
¨oªÄ®onª¥„´œ¡·‹µ¦–µ „È°µ‹Å—o‡ªµ¤­´¤¡´œ›r¦³®ªnµŠŸ¼oÁ¦¸¥œš´ÊŠ­°ŠÄœ¦¼ž °Š “Áž}œÁ¡ºÉ°œ„´œ” “­¼Š„ªnµ”
“Á˜¸Ê¥„ªnµ” “®œ´„„ªnµ” ²¨² ¨oª‹¹Š­¦»žÄ®oŸ¼oÁ¦¸¥œÁ oµÄ‹ªnµ ‡ªµ¤­´¤¡´œ›rĜš¸Éœ¸ÊÁ„·—‹µ„ °Š­°Š­·ÉŠ
Á„¸É¥ª o°Š„´œ£µ¥Ä˜o„‘Á„–”r°¥nµŠÄ—°¥nµŠ®œ¹ÉŠ ¨³ °Š­°Š­·ÉŠœ´Êœ‹³Á ¸¥œÁž}œ‡¼n°´œ—´Å—oÁ­¤°
2. Ä®oŸ¼oÁ¦¸¥œ¥„˜´ª°¥nµŠÁŠºÉ°œÅ ¦³®ªnµŠ x „´ y Ánœ x > y, y = x + 1, y = x2 ²¨² ¨³
Ä®o®µ‡¼n°´œ—´ (x, y) š¸É­°—‡¨o°Š„´œ£µ¥Ä˜oÁŠºÉ°œÅ —´Š„¨nµª Ánœ ®µ (x, y) Á¤ºÉ° x > y ¨³ x, y Áž}œ
‹Îµœªœœ´š¸Éœo°¥„ªnµ 10 Á¤ºÉ° y = x + 1 ‹µ„œ´ÊœŸ¼o­°œ‹¹Š°„ªnµ ÁŽ˜ °Š‡¼n°´œ—´Á®¨nµœ´Êœ Á¦¸¥„ªnµ
‡ªµ¤­´¤¡´œ›r
®¤µ¥Á®˜» Á¤ºÉ ° „ε®œ—ÁŽ˜ °Š‡¼n °´ œ —´  ¤µÄ®o Ťn ‹ÎµÁž} œ ˜o ° Š°„Å—o Á ­¤°Åžªn µ x, y Ž¹É Š Áž} œ
­¤µ·„ °Š‡¼n°´œ—´œ´Êœ¤¸‡ªµ¤­´¤¡´œ›r„´œ°¥nµŠÅ¦

‡ªµ¤®¤µ¥ °Š¢{Š„r´œ

1. Ÿ¼o­°œ¥„˜´ª°¥nµŠ‡ªµ¤­´¤¡´œ›rš¸ÉÁ ¸¥œÂÂ‹„‹Š­¤µ·„ š´ÊŠš¸ÉÁž}œ¢{Š„r´œÂ¨³Å¤nÁž}œ

¢{Š„r´œ Ánœ
Ä®o r1 = {(– 4, 2), (–2, –1), (0, –1), (6, 3)}
r2 = {(3, 5), (5, 3), (–1, 0), (3, 0)}
®¦º°Â­—ŠÂŸœ£µ¡„µ¦‹´‡¼n¦³®ªnµŠ­¤µ·„ °ŠÃ—Á¤œ„´­¤µ·„ °ŠÁ¦œ‹r °Š r1 ¨³ r2 —´Šœ¸Ê
r1 r2
–4 2 3 5
–2 –1 5 3
0 3 –1 0
6
 44

Ä®oŸ¼oÁ¦¸¥œ¡·‹µ¦–µ‡¼n°´œ—´ Ĝ‡ªµ¤­´¤¡´œ›rš¸É„ε®œ—Ä®o ×¥Ÿ¼o­°œÄo‡Îµ™µ¤ž¦³„°Á¡ºÉ°Ä®o

Ÿ¼oÁ¦¸¥œ­¦»žÅ—oªnµ
Ĝ r1 š»„‡¼n°´œ—´¤¸­¤µ·„˜´ª®œoµÅ¤nŽÊε„´œ
­nªœ r2 ¤¸‡¼n°´œ—´µŠ‡¼n°´œ—´Ž¹ÉŠ­¤µ·„˜´ª®œoµŽÊε„´œ ˜n­¤µ·„˜´ª®¨´Š˜nµŠ„´œ

Ÿ¼o­°œ¥„˜´ª°¥nµŠ‡ªµ¤­´¤¡´œ›rÁ¡·É¤Á˜·¤Á¡ºÉ°Ä®oŸ¼oÁ¦¸¥œ¡·‹µ¦–µªnµ ‡ªµ¤­´¤¡´œ›rėš¸É¤¸„µ¦‹´‡¼n
¦³®ªnµŠ­¤µ·„Ĝ×Á¤œ„´­¤µ·„ÄœÁ¦œ‹rĜ¨´„¬–³ÁnœÁ—¸¥ª„´ r1 ¨³‡ªµ¤­´¤¡´œ›rė¤¸„µ¦‹´‡¼n
Ĝ¨´„¬–³ÁnœÁ—¸¥ª„´ r2
‹µ„œ´ÊœŸ¼o­°œ‹¹Š­¦»žªnµ ‡ªµ¤­´¤¡´œ›rš¸É¤¸„µ¦‹´‡¼n¦³®ªnµŠ­¤µ·„Ĝ×Á¤œ„´­¤µ·„ÄœÁ¦œ‹r
ÁnœÁ—¸¥ª„´ r1 Áž}œ¢{Š„r´œ ­nªœ‡ªµ¤­´¤¡´œ›rš¸É¤¸„µ¦‹´‡¼n¦³®ªnµŠ­¤µ·„Ĝ×Á¤œ„´­¤µ·„ÄœÁ¦œ‹r
ÁnœÁ—¸¥ª„´ r2 ŤnÁž}œ¢{Š„r´œ
2. Ÿ¼o­°œ¥„˜´ª°¥nµŠ‡ªµ¤­´¤¡´œ›rš¸ÉÁ ¸¥œÂ°„ÁŠºÉ°œÅ š´ÊŠš¸ÉÁž}œ¢{Š„r´œÂ¨³Å¤nÁž}œ¢{Š„r´œ
Ánœ
r = {(x, y)~y2 = x + 1}

Ÿ¼o­°œ™µ¤Ÿ¼oÁ¦¸¥œªnµ ‡ªµ¤­´¤¡´œ›r r Áž}œ¢{Š„r´œ®¦º°Å¤n Á¡¦µ³Á®˜»Ä— (Ĝ„¦–¸š¸ÉŸ¼oÁ¦¸¥œ˜°

ªnµ r1 Áž}œ¢{Š„r´œ Ÿ¼o­°œÄ®oŸ¼oÁ¦¸¥œ¡·‹µ¦–µ‡¼n°´œ—´ (3, –2) ¨³ (3, 2) ªnµ Áž}œ­¤µ·„ °Š r1 ®¦º°Å¤n
Ž¹ÉŠŸ¼oÁ¦¸¥œ‹³Á®Èœªnµš´ÊŠ (3, 2) ¨³ (3, –2) ˜nµŠ„ÈÁž}œ­¤µ·„ °Š r ¨³Áž}œ‡¼n°´œ—´š¸É­¤µ·„˜´ª®œoµŽÊε„´œ
˜n­¤µ·„˜´ª®¨´Š˜nµŠ„´œ ‹¹Š­¦»žÅ—oªnµ ‡ªµ¤­´¤¡´œ›r r ŤnÁž}œ¢{Š„r´œ
3. Ÿ¼o­°œÂ¨³Ÿ¼oÁ¦¸¥œnª¥„´œ¥„˜´ª°¥nµŠ„¦µ¢ °Š‡ªµ¤­´¤¡´œ›rš´ÊŠš¸ÉÁž}œ¢{Š„r´œÂ¨³Å¤nÁž}œ
¢{Š„rœ´ ¨oª¦nª¤„´œ®µ®¨´„Á„–”rĜ„µ¦¡·‹µ¦–µ‹µ„„¦µ¢ªnµ ‡ªµ¤­´¤¡´œ›rėÁž}œ¢{Š„rœ´ Ž¹ŠÉ ‹³­¦»žÅ—oªµn
Á¤ºÉ°¨µ„Á­oœ œµœ„´Â„œ Y ¨oª ™oµ¤¸Á­oœ œµœ„´Â„œ Y °¥nµŠœo°¥®œ¹ÉŠÁ­oœš¸É˜´—„¦µ¢ °Š
‡ªµ¤­´¤¡´œ›r¤µ„„ªnµ®œ¹ŠÉ ‹»— ‡ªµ¤­´¤¡´œ›rœœ´Ê ŤnÁž}œ¢{Š„rœ´ š´ŠÊ œ¸ÁÊ ¡¦µ³‹»—˜´—Á®¨nµœ´œÊ ¤¸‡µn x š¸ÁÉ ®¤º°œ„´œ
˜n¤¸ y š¸É˜nµŠ„´œ ˜n™oµÅ¤n¤¸Á­oœ œµœ„´Â„œ Y Á­oœÄ—Á¨¥ š¸É˜´—„¦µ¢¤µ„„ªnµ®œ¹ÉŠ‹»— ­¦»žÅ—oªnµ
‡ªµ¤­´¤¡´œ›rœ´ÊœÁž}œ¢{Š„r´œ
 55

×Á¤œÂ¨³Á¦œ‹r

Ä®oŸ¼oÁ¦¸¥œ¥„˜´ª°¥nµŠ °Š‡ªµ¤­´¤¡´œ›rš¸ÉÁ ¸¥œÄœ¦¼žÁŽ˜ÂÂ‹„‹Š­¤µ·„¤µ®¨µ¥ Ç ˜´ª°¥nµŠ

¨oªÄ®oÁ ¸¥œÁŽ˜Ä®¤n ×¥š¸ÉÁŽ˜š¸É®œ¹ÉŠÁž}œÁŽ˜ °Š­¤µ·„˜´ª®œoµ °ŠÂ˜n¨³‡¼n°´œ—´ ¨³ÁŽ˜š¸É­°ŠÁž}œÁŽ˜
°Š­¤µ·„˜´ª®¨´Š °ŠÂ˜n¨³‡¼n°´œ—´
Ÿ¼o­°œ°„Ÿ¼oÁ¦¸¥œªnµ ÁŽ˜š¸É®œ¹ÉŠÁ¦¸¥„ªnµ ×Á¤œ °Š‡ªµ¤­´¤¡´œ›r ¨³Á¦¸¥„ÁŽ˜š¸É­°Šªnµ Á¦œ‹r
°Š‡ªµ¤­´¤¡´œ›r
Ĝ„¦–¸š¸É‡ªµ¤­´¤¡´œ›r r Á ¸¥œ°¥¼nĜ¦¼žÁŽ˜Â°„ÁŠºÉ°œÅ °Š­¤µ·„ Ÿ¼o­°œ°µ‹Âœ³œÎµª·›¸
„µ¦¡·‹µ¦–µ®µÃ—Á¤œÂ¨³Á¦œ‹rŗo—´Šœ¸Ê

×Á¤œ ×¥ž„˜·ÁŠºÉ°œÅ °Š‡ªµ¤­´¤¡´œ›r‹³„ε®œ—Ä®o y °¥¼nĜ¦¼ž °Š x °¥¼n¨oª —´Šœ´Êœ

1
„µ¦¡·‹µ¦–µÃ—Á¤œ„ȇº°¡·‹µ¦–µªnµ ¤¸‡nµ x ėoµŠš¸ÉšÎµÄ®o®µ‡nµ y ŗo Ánœ Á¤ºÉ°„ε®œ— y = x 2
‹³¡ªnµ x = 2 Á¦µÅ¤n°µ‹®µ‡nµ y ŗo (Á¡¦µ³˜´ª®µ¦Áž}œ 0) ˜n­Îµ®¦´‡nµ x ė Ç š¸É x z 2 ‹³®µ‡nµ y
ŗoÁ­¤° —´Šœ´œÊ ×Á¤œ °Š‡ªµ¤­´¤¡´œ›rœ¸Ê ‹¹ŠÁž}œÁŽ˜ °Š‹Îµœªœ‹¦·ŠÄ— Ç š¸ÅÉ ¤nÁšnµ„´ 2 Ž¹ŠÉ Á ¥¸ œÄœ¦¼žÁŽ˜
°„ÁŠºÉ°œÅ ‡º° {x~x z 2} ×¥¨³­·ÉŠš¸ÉÁ oµÄ‹˜¦Š„´œ‡º° x  R

Á¦œ‹r Á¦œ‹r °Š‡ªµ¤­´¤¡´œ›rė¥n°¤ ¹Êœ°¥¼n„´Ã—Á¤œ °Š‡ªµ¤­´¤¡´œ›rœ´Êœ —´Šœ´Êœ„µ¦¡·‹µ¦–µ

1
Á¦œ‹r °Š‡ªµ¤­´¤¡´œ›r °µ‹šÎµÅž¡¦o°¤„´„µ¦¡·‹µ¦–µÃ—Á¤œ ‹µ„˜´ª°¥nµŠ µo Š˜oœ y = x 2
‹³Á®ÈœÅ—oªµn
y ‹³¤¸‡nµÁž}œÁšnµÄ—„Èŗo¥„Áªoœ 0 (Á«¬­nªœÄ—š¸É˜´ªÁ«¬Å¤nÁšnµ„´«¼œ¥r Á«¬­nªœœ´Êœ‹³Å¤nÁž}œ«¼œ¥r)
—´Šœ´Êœ Á¦œ‹r‹¹ŠÁž}œÁŽ˜ °Š‹Îµœªœ‹¦·ŠÄ— Ç ¥„Áªoœ 0 Ž¹ÉŠÁ ¸¥œÄœ¦¼žÁŽ˜Â°„ÁŠºÉ°œÅ ‡º°
{y~y z 0}
ª·›¸¡·‹µ¦–µÁ¦œ‹r°µ‹šÎµ°¥nµŠÁ—¸¥ª„´Ã—Á¤œ„Èŗo ‡º° Á ¸¥œ x Ĝ¦¼ž °Š y ¨oª—¼ªnµ‡nµ °Š y
‡nµÄ—oµŠš¸ÉšÎµÄ®o®µ‡nµ x ŗo ‹µ„˜´ª°¥nµŠ oµŠ˜oœ¤¸ª·›¸¡·‹µ¦–µÁ¦œ‹rŗo—´Šœ¸Ê
‹µ„ÁŠºÉ°œÅ °Š‡ªµ¤­´¤¡´œ›rš¸É„ε®œ—Ä®o
1
Á¤ºÉ° y = x 2
1
®¦º° x – 2 = y
1
—´Šœ´Êœ x = y
2
 66

‹³Á®Èœªnµ ™oµ y ŤnÁšnµ„´ 0 ‹³šÎµÄ®o®µ‡nµ °Š x š¸É°¥¼nĜ×Á¤œÅ—o Ž¹ÉŠÁ ¸¥œÄœ¦¼žÁŽ˜

°„ÁŠºÉ°œÅ ‡º° {y~y z 0}

®¤µ¥Á®˜» ‡nµ y š¸É®µÅ—o‹³˜o°Š¤¸‡nµ x š¸ÉšÎµÄ®o (x, y) °¥¼nĜ‡ªµ¤­´¤¡´œ›rš¸É„ε®œ—Ä®o

„µ¦®µÃ—Á¤œÂ¨³Á¦œ‹r °Š‡ªµ¤­´¤¡´œ›r Á¤ºÉ°‡ªµ¤­´¤¡´œ›rš¸É„ε®œ—Ä®o°¥¼nĜ¦¼žÁŽ˜Â°„

ÁŠºÉ°œÅ Ÿ¼o­°œ°µ‹Á ¸¥œÁŽ˜ °Š‡ªµ¤­´¤¡´œ›r°„ÁŠºÉ°œÅ œ„¦³—µœ ¨oªÁ ¸¥œ o°‡ªµ¤­nªœš¸É
Áž}œÁŠºÉ°œÅ °Š‡ªµ¤­´¤¡´œ›r¨Šœ„¦³—µ¬Â Ȋš¸É­µ¤µ¦™˜·—œ„¦³—µœÅ—o ¨oªÁž¨¸É¥œ´˜¦‡Îµ™µ¤Åž
Á¦ºÉ°¥ Ç ®¦º°°µ‹‹³Äoª·›¸Á ¸¥œ‡Îµ™µ¤—´Š„¨nµªœ„¦³—µœ ¨oª¨ÁŒ¡µ³­nªœš¸ÉÁž}œÁŠºÉ°œÅ °°„„Èŗo
Ÿ¼o­°œÄ®oŸ¼oÁ¦¸¥œ®µÃ—Á¤œÂ¨³Á¦œ‹r °Š‡ªµ¤­´¤¡´œ›r×¥Á¦¸¥Š¨Îµ—´‡Îµ™µ¤‹µ„Šnµ¥Åž¥µ„ —´Šœ¸Ê
(1) r = {(x, y)  R u R~y = x} (x  R, y  R)
(2) r = {(x, y)  R u R~y = –3} (x  R, y = –3)
(3) r = {(x, y)  R u R~y = 5x – 2} (x  R, y = R)
(4) r = {(x, y)  R u R~y = 7 – 2x} (x  R, y = R)
(5) r = {(x, y)  R u R~y = x2} (x  R, y t 0)
2
(6) r = {(x, y)  R u R~y = (x – 3) } (x  R, y t 0)
(7) r = {(x, y)  R u R~y = x2 – 8} (x  R, y t –8)
(8) r = {(x, y)  R u R~y = ~x~} (x  R, y t 0)
(9) r = {(x, y)  R u R~y = ~x~+ 5} (x  R, y t 5)
(10) r = {(x, y)  R u R~y = ~x~– 7} (x  R, y t –7)
(11) r = {(x, y)  R u R~y = 1x } (x z 0, y z 0)
1
(12) r = {(x, y)  R u R~y = x 5
} (x z 5, y z 0)
(13) r = {(x, y)  R u R~y = x  5 } (x t –5, y t 0)
(14) r = {(x, y)  R u R~y = 7 x } (x d 7, y t 0)
(15) r = {(x, y)  R u R~y = x 2 } (x  R, y t 0)
(16) r = {(x, y)  R u R~y = x 2  5 } (x  R, y t 5 )
(17) r = {(x, y)  R u R~y = 7 x 2 } ( 7 < x < 7 , 0 < y < 7 )
(18) r = {(x, y)  R u R~y = 5  x  2 } (x t –2, y d 5)
 77

Ĝ„µ¦¡·‹µ¦–µÃ—Á¤œœ´Êœ°µ‹¡·‹µ¦–µÁŠºÉ°œÅ „ªoµŠ Ç „n°œ —´Šœ¸Ê

Á¤ºÉ°„ε®œ—Ä®o y = x ‹³˜o°Š¡·‹µ¦–µÁŠºÉ°œÅ °Š x —´Šœ¸Ê
1) x ‹³Áž}œ‹Îµœªœ‹¦·Šª„Å—o®¦º°Å¤n
2) x ‹³Áž}œ«¼œ¥rŗo®¦º°Å¤n
3) x ‹³Áž}œ‹Îµœªœ‹¦·Š¨Å—o®¦º°Å¤n
‹µ„„¦–¸ oµŠ˜oœ­¦»žÅ—oªnµ x Áž}œ‹Îµœªœ‹¦·Š¨Å¤nŗo
—´Šœ´Êœ ×Á¤œ‡º° {x~x t 0}

®¤µ¥Á®˜» ĜµŠ„¦–¸š¸É×Á¤œš¸É„ε®œ—¤µÄ®oÁž}œ­´ÁŽ˜ °Š‹Îµœªœ‹¦·Š ¥´Š‹³˜o°Š¤¸ o°‡ª¦¦³ª´Š°¸„

ªnµš»„‡nµ y š¸Éŗoœ´Êœ‹³šÎµÄ®oŗo x š¸ÉšÎµÄ®o (x, y)  r ®¦º°Å¤n Ánœ
Ä®o r = {(x, y)~y = x2, –2 d x d 2}
‹³Å—o Á¦œ‹r °Š‡ªµ¤­´¤¡´œ›r r ‡º° {y~0 d y d 4}

œ°„‹µ„‹³Äoª·›¸„µ¦š¸É„¨nµª¤µ oµŠ˜oœÄœ„µ¦®µÃ—Á¤œÂ¨³Á¦œ‹r °Š¢{Š„r´œš¸É„ε®œ—Ä®o¨oª

¥´Š­µ¤µ¦™Äo„¦µ¢ °Š¢{Š„r´œ¤µÄoĜ„µ¦®µÃ—Á¤œ ¨³Á¦œ‹r °Š¢{Š„r´œÅ—o°¸„—oª¥ ™oµŸ¼oÁ¦¸¥œ¤¸‡ªµ¤¦¼o
¡ºÊœ“µœÄœÁ¦ºÉ°Š„¦µ¢ °Š¢{Š„r´œ¤µÂ¨oª

„¦µ¢ °Š¢{Š„r´œ
Ĝ®¨´„­¼˜¦ ´Êœ¡ºÊœ“µœÅ—o„ε®œ—Ä®oŸ¼oÁ¦¸¥œ¤¸¤µ˜¦“µœ„µ¦Á¦¸¥œ¦¼oĜnªŠ´Êœš¸É 4 (¤.4 – ¤.6)
Á„¸É¥ª„´„¦µ¢Åªoªnµ Ÿ¼oÁ¦¸¥œ‹³˜o°ŠÄo„¦µ¢ °Š­¤„µ¦ °­¤„µ¦Â¨³¢{Š„r´œÄœ„µ¦Â„ož{®µÅ—o Ž¹ÉŠŸ¼o­°œ
‡ª¦Á¡·É¤š´„¬³ÄœÁ¦ºÉ°Š„¦µ¢Á¡ºÉ°Ä®oŸ¼oÁ¦¸¥œ¤¸‡ªµ¤­µ¤µ¦™ÄœÁ¦ºÉ°Š˜nµŠ Ç Ánœ

1. „¦µ¢ °Š¢{Š„r´œÁ·ŠÁ­oœ (linear function)

1) Ÿ¼o­°œššªœ‡ªµ¤¦¼oÁ¦ºÉ°Š„¦µ¢ °Š‹»— Á¡ºÉ°Ä®oŗo o°­¦»ž °Š‹»—š¸É„¦µ¢˜´—„œ X ¨³Â„œ Y

Ánœ
(1) Ÿ¼o­°œÄ®oŸ¼oÁ¦¸¥œ¥„˜´ª°¥nµŠ‹»— (x, y) š¸É°¥¼nĜ‡ª°—¦´œ˜rš¸É 1 ¡¦o°¤š´ÊŠÄ®oŸ¼oÁ¦¸¥œ°„‡nµ °Š
x ¨³ y Ánœ Ÿ¼o­°œ„ε®œ—‹»— (x, y) = (1, 1) ¨³‹»—°ºÉœ Ç š¸É°¥¼nĜ‡ª°—¦´œ˜rš¸É 1
Ÿ¼oÁ¦¸¥œ‡ª¦°„Å—oªnµ ‹»— (x, y) š¸É°¥¼nĜ‡ª°—¦´œ˜rš¸É 1 ‹³¤¸ x > 0 ¨³ y > 0
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2
x (1, 1)
X
–2 2
–2

(2) ĜšÎµœ°ŠÁ—¸¥ª„´œŸ¼o­°œÄ®oŸ¼oÁ¦¸¥œ¥„˜´ª°¥nµŠ °Š‹»—Äœ‡ª°—¦´œ˜rš¸É 2, 3 ¨³ 4 Á¡ºÉ°®µ

o°­¦»ž —´Šœ¸Ê

‡ª°—¦´œ˜r ‹»— (x, y)

1 x > 0, y > 0
2 x < 0, y > 0
3 x < 0, y < 0
4 x > 0, y < 0

(3) Ÿ¼o­°œÄ®oŸ¼oÁ¦¸¥œ®µ˜´ª°¥nµŠ °Š‹»—š¸É°¥¼nœÂ„œ X ¨³Â„œ Y ¡¦o°¤š´ÊŠ®µ o°­¦»žªnµ

‹»—š¸É°¥¼nœÂ„œ X ‡º°‹»—š¸É y ¤¸‡nµÁšnµ„´«¼œ¥r Ž¹ÉŠ‡º°‹»— (x, 0)
‹»—š¸É°¥¼nœÂ„œ Y ‡º°‹»—š¸É x ¤¸‡nµÁšnµ„´«¼œ¥r Ž¹ÉŠ‡º°‹»— (0, y)

2) „¦µ¢ °Š y = ax + c
(1) Ÿ¼o­°œÄ®oŸ¼oÁ¦¸¥œÁ ¸¥œ„¦µ¢ °Š y = ax + c ×¥Á¦·É¤‹µ„ y = x ¨³ y = ax
Á¤ºÉ° a z 0 ¨³ a z 1 ¨³®µ o°­¦»ž °Š¨´„¬–³ °Š„¦µ¢ y = ax Á¤ºÉ°Áš¸¥„´
„¦µ¢ °Š y = x

Y Y
y = ax, a > 0 y = ax, a < 0

X 0 X
0
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(2) Ÿ¼o­°œÄ®oŸ¼oÁ¦¸¥œÁ ¸¥œ„¦µ¢ °Š y = x ¨³ y = x + c Ánœ

„¦–¸š¸É 1 Y
y = x ¨³ y = x + c Á¤ºÉ° c > 0
y=x 3
2
y = x+1 1
y = x+2 0 X
y = x+3

„¦–¸š¸É 2 Y
y = x ¨³ y = x + c Á¤ºÉ° c < 0
y=x
y = x–1 0 X
–1
y = x–2 –2
y = x–3 –3

‹µ„„¦µ¢ Ÿ¼o­°œÄ®oŸ¼oÁ¦¸¥œ®µ‹»—š¸É„¦µ¢˜´—„œ Y ¨³Â„œ X ¨³®µ o°­¦»žÄ®oŗoªnµ

„¦µ¢ °Š¢{Š„r´œ y = x + c Á¤ºÉ° c z 0 ‹³ œµœ„´„¦µ¢ °Š y = x

3) Á¤ºÉ°Ÿ¼o­°œ„ε®œ— y = ax + c ×¥š¸É a, c z 0 Ä®o

Ÿ¼oÁ¦¸¥œ­µ¤µ¦™Á ¸¥œ„¦µ¢ °Š y = ax + c ×¥°µ«´¥„¦µ¢ °Š y = x Ánœ
Ä®o y = 3x + 1 Ÿ¼oÁ¦¸¥œ‡ª¦‹³¦nµŠ„¦µ¢ °Š y ŗo—´Šœ¸Ê

(1) y = x Y y=x

X
0
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10

(2) y = 3x
Y y = 3x
y=x

X
0

y = 3x + 1
(3) y = 3x + 1 Y y = 3x

1
0 X
–1

„¦µ¢ °Š y = 3x + 1 ‹³ œµœ„´ y = 3x ¨³˜´—„œ X š¸É‹»— (  1 , 0) ˜´—„œ Y

3
š¸É‹»— (0, 1)

4) Á¤º°É Ÿ¼­o °œ„ε®œ—¢{Š„rœ´ š¸°É ¥¼Än œ¦¼ž y = ax + c Á¡·¤É Á˜·¤Â¨³Ä®oŸÁ¼o ¦¸¥œ®µ¢{Š„rœ´ š¸¤É „¸ ¦µ¢ œµœ„´„¦µ¢
°Š¢{Š„rœ´ š¸„É µÎ ®œ—Ä®o ¡¦o°¤š´ŠÊ ®µ‹»—š¸„É ¦µ¢˜´—„œ Y ¨³Â„œ X Ánœ Á¤º°É „ε®œ—Ä®o y = 3x + 1
Ÿ¼oÁ¦¸¥œ‡ª¦¥„˜´ª°¥nµŠ „¦µ¢š¸É œµœ„´ y = 3x + 1 ŗo Ánœ y = 3x, y = 3x + 2, y = 3x – 1
¡¦o°¤š´ÊŠÁ ¸¥œ„¦µ¢ °Š¢{Š„r´œ—´Š„¨nµªÅ—o
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2. „¦µ¢ °Š¢{Š„r´œ„ε¨´Š­°Š (Quadratic function)

Ÿ¼o­°œÄ®oŸ¼oÁ¦¸¥œÁ ¸¥œ„¦µ¢ °Š y = x2 ¨oªÄ®oŸ¼oÁ¦¸¥œÁ ¸¥œ„¦µ¢˜n°Åžœ¸Ê ¨³®µ o°­¦»ž °Š

„¦µ¢š¸ÉÁ ¸¥œÅ—o Á¤ºÉ°Áš¸¥„´„¦µ¢ °Š y = x2 —´Šœ¸Ê
Y

0 X

1. Ÿ¼o­°œÄ®oŸ¼oÁ¦¸¥œÁ ¥¸ œ„¦µ¢ °Š y = ax2 Á¤ºÉ°

1) a > 1 Ánœ Ä®o y = 2x2, y = 3x2, y = 5x2
Y

0 X

Ÿ¼o­°œÄ®oŸ¼oÁ¦¸¥œ®µ o°­¦»ž °Š¨´„¬–³ °Š„¦µ¢ y = ax2 Á¤ºÉ° a > 1 Áš¸¥„´

„¦µ¢ °Š y = x2

1 2 1 2 1 2
2) 0 < a < 1 Ánœ Ä®o y = 2
x , y= 3
x , y= 5
x

Ÿ¼o­°œÄ®oŸ¼oÁ¦¸¥œ®µ o°­¦»ž °Š¨´„¬–³ °Š„¦µ¢ y = ax2 Á¤ºÉ° 0 < a < 1 Áš¸¥„´

„¦µ¢ °Š y = x2
Y

0 X
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12

3) y = ax2, a < 0 Ánœ Ä®o y = –x2 Ÿ¼o­°œÄ®oŸ¼oÁ¦¸¥œÁ ¸¥œ„¦µ¢ °Š y = ax2

Á¤ºÉ° a > 0 ¨³ a < 0 ¨oª®µ o°­¦»ž °Š¨´„¬–³ °Š„¦µ¢š´ÊŠ 2 „¦–¸
Y

0 X

2. Á¤ºÉ°Ÿ¼o­°œ„ε®œ—¢{Š„r´œ y = x2 + c, c > 0
Ÿ¼oÁ¦¸¥œ‡ª¦Á ¸¥œ„¦µ¢ °Š y = x2 + c, c > 0 Áš¸¥„´„¦µ¢ °Š y = x2 ŗo—´Šœ¸Ê
Y
Įo y = x2
y = x2 + 1
3
y = x2 + 2 2
1
y = x2 + 3 0 X

3. Á¤ºÉ°Ÿ¼o­°œ„ε®œ—¢{Š„r´œ y = x2 – c, c > 0
Ÿ¼oÁ¦¸¥œ‡ª¦Á ¸¥œ„¦µ¢ °Š y = x2 – c, c > 0 Áš¸¥„´„¦µ¢ °Š y = x2 ŗo—´Šœ¸Ê
Y
Įo y = x2
y = x2 – 1 0 X
–1
y = x2 – 2 –2
y = x2 – 3 –3

4. Á¤ºÉ°Ÿ¼o­°œ„ε®œ—¢{Š„r´œ y = (x + c)2 , c > 0

Ÿ¼oÁ¦¸¥œ‡ª¦Á ¸¥œ„¦µ¢ °Š y = (x + c)2 , c > 0 Áš¸¥„´„¦µ¢ °Š y = x2 ŗo—´Šœ¸Ê
Y
Įo y = x2
y = (x + 1)2
y = (x + 2)2
y = (x + 3)2 X
–3 –2 –1 0
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5. Á¤ºÉ°Ÿ¼o­°œ„ε®œ— y = (x – c)2 , c > 0

Ÿ¼oÁ¦¸¥œ‡ª¦Á ¸¥œ„¦µ¢ °Š y = (x – c)2 , c > 0 Áš¸¥„´„¦µ¢ °Š y = x2 ŗo—´Šœ¸Ê

Y
Įo y = x2
y = (x – 1)2
y = (x – 2)2
y = (x – 3)2 X
0 1 2 3

Á¤ºÉ°Ÿ¼oÁ¦¸¥œ¤¸š´„¬³Äœ„µ¦Á ¸¥œ„¦µ¢ °Š y = ax2, y = (x – a)2 ¨³ y = x2 + c ¨oª

Ÿ¼­o °œ‡ª¦ „f Ä®oŸÁ¼o ¦¸¥œÁ ¥¸ œ„¦µ¢ °Š¢{Š„rœ´ „ε¨´Š­°Šš¸°É ¥¼Än œ¦¼ž y = a(x – h)2 + k Ánœ Ä®oŸÁ¼o ¦¸¥œ
Á ¸¥œ„¦µ¢ °Š y = 2(x – 1)2 + 2 Áš¸¥„´„¦µ¢ °Š y = x2 —´Šœ¸Ê

1) Á ¸¥œ„¦µ¢ °Š y = x2
Y
y = x2

0 X

2) Á ¸¥œ„¦µ¢ °Š y = (x – 1)2 Áš¸¥„´„¦µ¢ y = x2 ŗo—´Šœ¸Ê

y = (x – 1)2
0 1 X
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3) Á ¸¥œ„¦µ¢ °Š y = 2(x – 1)2 Áš¸¥„´„¦µ¢ °Š y = (x – 1)2 ŗo—´Šœ¸Ê

Y y = 2(x – 1)2

0 1 X

4) Á ¸¥œ„¦µ¢ °Š y = 2(x – 1)2 + 1 Áš¸¥„´„¦µ¢ °Š y = 2(x – 1)2 ŗo—´Šœ¸Ê

Y y = 2(x – 1)2 + 1

1
0 1 X

Ÿ¼o­°œ‡ª¦ f„š´„¬³„µ¦Á ¸¥œ„¦µ¢ °Š y = a(x – h)2 + k Á¡·É¤Á˜·¤Ä®o„´Ÿ¼oÁ¦¸¥œÃ—¥„ε®œ—

­¤„µ¦ÄœšÎµœ°ŠÁ—¸¥ª„´œÁ¡·É¤Á˜·¤ —´Šœ¸Ê
1) a > 0, h > 0, k > 0 Ánœ y = 12 (x 1) 2  3
a > 0, h > 0, k<0 Ánœ y = 3(x – 3)2 – 3
a > 0, h < 0, k>0 Ánœ y = 2(x + 1)2 + 1
a > 0, h < 0, k<0 Ánœ y = (x + 2)2 – 2

2) a < 0, h > 0, k>0 Ánœ y = – 12 (x 1) 2  3

a < 0, h > 0, k<0 Ánœ y = –3(x – 3)2 – 3
a < 0, h < 0, k>0 Ánœ y = –2(x + 1)2 + 1
a < 0, h < 0, k<0 Ánœ y = –(x + 2)2 – 2
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15

Á¤ºÉ ° Ÿ¼o Á ¦¸ ¥ œ¤¸ š´ „ ¬³ÄœÁ¦ºÉ ° Š„¦µ¢Â¨o ª Ÿ¼o ­ °œ‹¹ Š ‡n ° ¥œÎµ‡ªµ¤¦¼o Ä œÁ¦ºÉ ° Š„¦µ¢ °Š¢{ Š„r ´ œ
¤µÄoĜÁ¦ºÉ°Š˜nµŠ Ç Ánœ „µ¦®µÃ—Á¤œÂ¨³Á¦œ‹r °Š¢{Š„r´œ „µ¦®µ‡nµ˜Éε­»—­¼Š­»— „µ¦Â„o­¤„µ¦
¨³°­¤„µ¦—´Š˜´ª°¥nµŠ˜n°Åžœ¸Ê

„µ¦®µ‡nµ˜Éε­»—¨³­¼Š­»—
Á¤ºÉ°Ÿ¼o­°œ„ε®œ—­¤„µ¦ ax2 + bx + c = 0 a z 0 Ä®oŸ¼oÁ¦¸¥œ­µ¤µ¦™°„¨´„¬–³ °Š
„¦µ¢Å—oªnµ „¦µ¢‹³®Šµ¥®¦º°‡ªÉε‹µ„‡nµ °Š a ¨³Á¤ºÉ°Ÿ¼oÁ¦¸¥œ®µ‹»—š¸É„¦µ¢ª„„¨´‹µ„„µ¦Á ¸¥œ­¤„µ¦
ax2 + bx + c = 0 Ä®o°¥¼nĜ¦¼ž a(x + h)2 + k = 0 ®¦º°Äo­¼˜¦„µ¦®µ‹»—ª„„¨´ Ž¹ÉŠ x =  2ba Ÿ¼oÁ¦¸¥œ
‹³­µ¤µ¦™°„Å—oªnµ „¦µ¢ °Š y ¤¸‹»—˜Éε­»— ®¦º°‹»—­¼Š­»— °Š„¦µ¢š¸É‹»—Ä—Å—o

„µ¦Â„o­¤„µ¦
1. Á¤ºÉ°Ÿ¼o­°œ„ε®œ—­¤„µ¦š¸É°¥¼nĜ¦¼ž y = ax2 Ÿ¼oÁ¦¸¥œ‡ª¦œÎµ‡ªµ¤¦¼oÁ¦ºÉ°Š„¦µ¢¤µÄoĜ
„µ¦®µ‡Îµ˜° °Š­¤„µ¦ ax2 = 0 ×¥¡·‹µ¦–µ‹µ„„¦µ¢—´Šœ¸Ê Y
Y Šœ¸ Y
0
X
0
X
0 X
a>0 a<0
a<0
‹µ„„¦µ¢ Ÿ¼oÁ¦¸¥œ‡ª¦°„Å—oªnµ Á¤ºÉ° y = 0 ‹³Å—o x = 0
—´Šœ´Êœ ‡Îµ˜° °Š­¤„µ¦ ax2 = 0 ‡º° x = 0

2. Á¤ºÉ°Ÿ¼o­°œ„ε®œ—­¤„µ¦š¸É°¥¼nĜ¦¼ž y = a(x – c)2 ¨³ y = a(x + c)2 Á¤ºÉ° c > 0 Ÿ¼oÁ¦¸¥œ

‡ª¦Äo‡ªµ¤¦¼oÁ¦ºÉ°Š„¦µ¢¤µ®µ‡Îµ˜° °Š­¤„µ¦ a(x – c)2 = 0 ¨³ a(x + c)2 = 0 ×¥¡·‹µ¦–µ
‹µ„„¦µ¢—´Šœ¸Ê
Y Y

0x xc1 cx2 xc3 X –cx3 –cx 2 –cx 1 x

0
X

y = a(x – c)2, c > 0 y = a(x + c)2, c > 0

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‹µ„„¦µ¢ Ÿ¼oÁ¦¸¥œ‡ª¦®µ‡Îµ˜° °Š­¤„µ¦Å—o—´Šœ¸Ê

Á¤ºÉ° a(x – c)2 = 0 ‹³Å—o x = c
a(x + c)2 = 0 ‹³Å—o x = –c

3. ­Îµ®¦´­¤„µ¦„ε¨´Š­°Šš¸É°¥¼nĜ¦¼ž ax2 + bx + c = 0, a z 0 „µ¦Â„o­¤„µ¦—´Š„¨nµª

 b r b 2  4ac
šÎµÅ—oץčoª·›¸„µ¦šµŠ¡¸‡–·˜ ץčo„µ¦Â¥„˜´ªž¦³„° ®¦º°Äo­¼˜¦ x = 2a
­Îµ®¦´
„µ¦Á ¸¥œ„¦µ¢ °Š y = ax2 + bx + c šÎµÅ—o×¥„µ¦šÎµÄ®o­¤„µ¦š¸É„ε®œ—Ä®o°¥¼nĜ¦¼ž a(x – h)2 + k
‹³Å—o‹»— (h, k) Áž}œ‹»—ª„„¨´ °Š„¦µ¢ ¨³Á¤ºÉ°¡·‹µ¦–µ‡nµ °Š a ‹³š¦µªnµ „¦µ¢Áž}œÁ­oœÃ‡oŠ®Šµ¥ ¹Êœ
®¦º°‡ªÉ娊 Á¤ºÉ°Á ¸¥œ„¦µ¢‹³šÎµÄ®oš¦µªnµ ­¤„µ¦—´Š„¨nµª¤¸‡Îµ˜°š¸ÉÁž}œ‹Îµœªœ‹¦·Š®¦º°Å¤nŗo—´Šœ¸Ê

Y Y
a>0
(–h, k) (h, k)
x x x

0 X ®¦º° 0 X
x x x
(–h, –k) (h, –k) a <0

‹µ„„¦µ¢¡ªnµ Á¤ºÉ° a > 0 ¨³„¦µ¢¤¸‹»—ª„„¨´š¸É‹»— (–h, –k) (0, –k) ¨³‹»— (h, –k) ‹³¤¸
‡Îµ˜°š¸ÉÁž}œ‹Îµœªœ‹¦·Š­°Š‡Îµ˜°ÁnœÁ—¸¥ª„´ „¦µ¢š¸É¤¸‹»— (–h, k) (0, k) ¨³ (h, k) Á¤ºÉ° a < 0
­Îµ®¦´­¤„µ¦š¸ÉŤn¤¸‡Îµ˜°Áž}œ‹Îµœªœ‹¦·Š‹³¤¸„¦µ¢š¸É¤¸‹»—ª„„¨´Â¨³¤¸‡nµ a —´Š£µ¡ oµŠ¨nµŠœ¸Ê

Y
a>0 a>0

x x x
(–h, k) (h, k)
0 X
(–h, –k) (h, –k)
x x x

a<0 a<0
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„µ¦Â„o°­¤„µ¦
„µ¦Â„o°­¤„µ¦Ã—¥Äo‡ªµ¤¦¼oÁ¦ºÉ°Š„¦µ¢¤µnª¥¡·‹µ¦–µ®µ‡Îµ˜° Ÿ¼o­°œ°µ‹Á¦·É¤Ã—¥Ä®o®µ
‡Îµ˜° °Š°­¤„µ¦š¸É°¥¼nĜ¦¼ž x + a < 0 ®¦º° x + a > 0 „n°œ Ž¹ÉŠ­µ¤µ¦™šÎµÅ—o—´Š˜´ª°¥nµŠ˜n°Åžœ¸Ê

˜´ª°¥nµŠš¸É 1 ‹ŠÂ„o°­¤„µ¦ x + 3 d 8
ª·›¸š¸É 1 ‹µ„ x+3 d 8
‹³Å—o x – 5 d 0
Ä®o y = x – 5 Á ¸¥œ„¦µ¢ °Š y ŗo—´Šœ¸Ê
Y y = x–5

x X
0 5
–5

‹µ„„¦µ¢ ¡ªnµ y ®¦º° x – 5 œo°¥„ªnµ®¦º°Ášnµ„´«¼œ¥r 0 Á¤ºÉ° x d 5

ª·›¸š¸É 2 Ä®o y1 = x + 3
¨³ y2 = 8
Á ¸¥œ„¦µ¢ °Š y1 ¨³ y2 ŗo—´Šœ¸Ê

Y y1 = x + 3

x y2 = 8

3
–3 0 5x X

‹µ„„¦µ¢¡ªnµ y1 = y2 ®¦º°„¦µ¢ y1 ˜´—„´„¦µ¢ y2 Á¤ºÉ° x = 5

¨³ y1 ®¦º° x + 3 ¤¸‡nµœo°¥„ªnµ®¦º°Ášnµ„´ y2 ®¦º° 8 Á¤ºÉ° x d 5
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˜´ª°¥nµŠš¸É 2 ‹ŠÂ„o°­¤„µ¦ x2 – 2x – 3 < 0 ×¥°µ«´¥‡ªµ¤¦¼oÁ¦ºÉ°Š„¦µ¢

ª·›¸šÎµ
1) Ÿ¼o­°œÄ®oŸ¼oÁ¦¸¥œ¦nµŠ„¦µ¢‡¦nµª Ç Ã—¥¡·‹µ¦–µ¨´„¬–³ °Š„¦µ¢‹µ„­´¤ž¦³­·š›·Í °Š x2
ÁœºÉ°Š‹µ„­´¤ž¦³­·š›·Í °Š x2 ¤µ„„ªnµ«¼œ¥r
—´Šœ´Êœ „¦µ¢ °Š x2 – 2x – 3 ‹³Áž}œÁ­oœÃ‡oŠ®Šµ¥ ¹ÊœÂ¨³ÁœºÉ°Š‹µ„Ťn­µ¤µ¦™Á ¸¥œ
x2-2x-3 Ä®o°¥¼nĜ¦¼ž (x-c)2 ŗo—´Šœ´Êœ„¦µ¢‹³˜o°Š˜´—„œ X ­°Š‹»—
2) Ÿ¼o­°œÄ®oŸ¼oÁ¦¸¥œ®µ‹»—š¸É„¦µ¢˜´—„œ X ץčoª·›¸„µ¦Â¥„˜´ªž¦³„°Á¡ºÉ°®µ‹»—š¸É
„¦µ¢˜´—„œ X —´Šœ¸Ê
‹µ„ x2 – 2x – 3 = 0
‹³Å—o (x – 3)(x + 1) = 0 ¨³ x = –1, 3
¨³‹µ„ 1) „¦µ¢‹³˜´—„œ X š¸É‹»— (–1, 0) ¨³ (3, 0) —´Šœ¸Ê

–1x 0 x3 X

‹µ„„¦µ¢ Ÿ¼oÁ¦¸¥œ‡ª¦®µ‡Îµ˜°Å—oªnµ x2 – 2x – 3 < 0 Á¤ºÉ° –1 < x < 3

®¤µ¥Á®˜» ĜÁ°„­µ¦Œ´œ¸Ê‹³Äo‡Îµªnµ¦nµŠ„¦µ¢ Á¤ºÉ°˜o°Š„µ¦Ä®oŸ¼oÁ¦¸¥œÁ ¸¥œ„¦µ¢°¥nµŠ‡¦nµª Ç Ã—¥Äo

‡ªµ¤¦¼oÁ¦ºÉ°Š„¦µ¢¤µnª¥Ž¹ÉŠ‹³Å¤n˜o°ŠÄoª·›¸®µ‡nµ x, y Á¡ºÉ°Ä®oŗo‹»— (x, y) ®¨µ¥ Ç ‹»—š¸É¤¸
‹ÎµœªœÄ®o¤µ„¡°š¸É‹³Á ¸¥œ„¦µ¢Å—o
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˜´ª°¥nµŠÂš—­°ž¦³‹Îµš
1. ‹Š®µªnµÁŽ˜ °Š‡¼n°´œ—´Ä—š¸Éšœ¢{Š„r´œ¡¦o°¤Â­—ŠÁ®˜»Ÿ¨ž¦³„°
1) {(0, 1), (1, –2), (2, 0), (3, 2)}
2) {(0, –1), (1, –2), (1, 1), (2, 2), (3, 0)}

2. ‹µ„­¤„µ¦š¸É„ε®œ—Ä®o˜n°Åžœ¸Ê ­¤„µ¦Ä—šœ‡ªµ¤­´¤¡´œ›rš¸ÉÁž}œ¢{Š„r´œ¡¦o°¤š´ÊŠÂ­—ŠÁ®˜»Ÿ¨
ž¦³„°
1) 3y = 2x + 4
2) y = 4 – x2

3. ‹Š®µ‡nµ °Š¢{Š„r´œ‹µ„¢{Š„r´œš¸É„ε®œ—Ä®o˜n°Åžœ¸Ê
1) f(1) ¨³ f(0) Á¤ºÉ° f(x) = –2x – 7
2) f(0) ¨³ f(4) Á¤ºÉ° f(x) = 3 – x
3) f(–2) ¨³ f(0) Á¤ºÉ° f(x) = ~x~ + 4
2x , x t 0
4) f(–1) ¨³ f(2) Á¤ºÉ° f(x) =
2x + 1 , x < 0

4. ‹Š®µÃ—Á¤œÂ¨³Á¦œ‹r °Š‡ªµ¤­´¤¡´œ›r‹µ„„¦µ¢š¸É„ε®œ—Ä®o¡¦o°¤š´ÊŠ®µªnµ¤¸„¦µ¢Ä—oµŠš¸ÉÁž}œ„¦µ¢
°Š¢{Š„r´œ
1) Y y 2) Y
1
y2

1
0–1 X
0 X

3) Y 4) y4 Y

y3
X x X
–1 0 0
–2 x
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5. ‹Š®µÃ—Á¤œÂ¨³Á¦œ‹r °Š¢{Š„r´œ˜n°Åžœ¸Ê
1) f = {(–3, 0), (–1, 4), (0, 2), (2, 2), (4, –1)}
2) y = x 1 5

6. ‹ŠÁ ¸ ¥ œÂšœ‡ªµ¤­´ ¤ ¡´ œ ›r ˜n ° Şœ¸Ê Ä œ¦¼ ž ÁŽ˜ °Š‡¼n °´ œ —´  Á¤ºÉ ° „ε®œ—Ä®o A = {–1, 0, 1}

Áž}œÃ—Á¤œ °Š y
1) y = ~x~
2) y = x 1

7. ‹Š¦nµŠ„¦µ¢ °Š¢{Š„r´œ˜n°Åžœ¸Ê¡¦o°¤š´ÊŠ°„×Á¤œÂ¨³Á¦œ‹r °Š¢{Š„r´œ

1) y = –x2 – 2 2) y = x2 + 2x + 3 3) y = 2~x~

8. ‹Š‹´‡¼n¢{Š„r´œÂ¨³„¦µ¢ °Š¢{Š„r´œš¸É„ε®œ—Ä®o˜n°Åžœ¸Ê
1) y = (x – 4)2 – 3 2) y = –(x – 4)2 + 3
3) y = (x + 4)2 – 3 4) y = –(x + 4)2 + 3

Y Y

3 4
X X
–4 0 –3 0

(„) ()

Y Y

–4 3
X 4 X
0 –3 0

(‡) (Š)
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9. ‹Š®µªnµ ¦¼ž­¸ÉÁ®¨¸É¥¤ŸºœŸoµš¸É¤¸Á­oœ¦°¦¼ž¥µª 120 ÁŽœ˜·Á¤˜¦ ‹³¤¸¡ºÊœš¸É¤µ„š¸É­»—„¸É˜µ¦µŠÁŽœ˜·Á¤˜¦

10. ‹ŠÄo‡ªµ¤¦¼Áo ¦º°É Š„¦µ¢Á¡º°É ­—ŠªnµÅ¤n¤‹¸ µÎ œªœ‹¦·Š­°Š‹ÎµœªœÄ—š¸¤É Ÿ¸ ¨˜nµŠÁšnµ„´ 2 ¨³Ÿ¨‡¼–Ášnµ„´ –3

11. °¼nŽn°¤¦™¥œ˜r®nŠ®œ¹ÉŠ‡·—‡nµ¦·„µ¦ 500 µš ­Îµ®¦´Ÿ¼oš¸ÉÁ oµ¤µÄo¦·„µ¦š»„‡œ ¨³‡·—‡nµÂ¦ŠÁž}œ

´ÉªÃ¤ŠÃ—¥‡·—´ÉªÃ¤Š¨³ 125 µš ‹ŠÁ ¥¸ œ­¤„µ¦Âšœ‡ªµ¤­´¤¡´œ›r¦³®ªnµŠ‡nµ¦·„µ¦Â¨³‹Îµœªœ
´ÉªÃ¤Šš¸ÉŽn°¤¦™¥œ˜rÄ®o¨¼„‡oµ

12. ¦oµœ‡oµÂ®nŠ®œ¹ÉŠÁžd—¦·„µ¦Ä®oÁnµ®œ´Š­º°Ã—¥„ε®œ—°´˜¦µ‡nµÁnµÅªo—´Šœ¸Ê
°´˜¦µ‡nµÁnµÁ¨n¤¨³ ‹Îµœªœª´œš¸ÉÁnµ
(µš)
10 1 – 2 ª´œ
20 3 – 4 ª´œ
30 5 – 7 ª´œ
‹ŠÁ ¸¥œÂšœ‡ªµ¤­´¤¡´œ›r °Š‡nµÁnµ®œ´Š­º°„´‹Îµœªœª´œš¸ÉÁnµ®œ´Š­º°

13. ‹Š®µ‹»—˜Éε­»—®¦º°‹»—­¼Š­»— °Š„¦µ¢ °Š¢{Š„r´œš¸É„ε®œ—Ä®o˜n°Åžœ¸Ê ץčo„¦µ¢

1) y = –x2 – 2 2) y = x2 – 4x

14. ‹ŠÂ„o­¤„µ¦˜n°Åžœ¸Êץčo„¦µ¢
1) y = ~x~ + 1 2) y = –x2 + 4

15. ‹ŠÂ„o°­¤„µ¦˜n°Åžœ¸Êץčo„¦µ¢
1) 2x + 1 < 3 2) x2 + 4x – 5 < 0 3) ~x – 2~ > 0
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ÁŒ¨¥˜´ª°¥nµŠÂš—­°
‡Îµ˜°Äœ o° 1 ¨³ 2 Ÿ¼oÁ¦¸¥œ°µ‹Ä®oÁ®˜»Ÿ¨Ã—¥Äoª·›¸š¸É˜nµŠ‹µ„˜´ª°¥nµŠ‡Îµ˜°š¸É­—ŠÅªoŗo

1. 1)
0 –2
1 0
2 1
3 2

‹µ„Ÿœ£µ¡ ¡ªnµ ­¤µ·„˜n¨³˜´ªÄœÃ—Á¤œ‹´‡¼n„´­¤µ·„ÄœÁ¦œ‹rÁ¡¸¥Š˜´ªÁ—¸¥ª

—´Šœ´Êœ {(0, 1), (1, –2), (2, 0), (3, 2)} Áž}œ¢{Š„r´œ

2) –2
0
–1
1
0
2
1
3
2

‹µ„Ÿœ£µ¡ ¡ªnµ ¤¸­¤µ·„Ĝ×Á¤œ‡º° 1 ‹´‡¼n„´­¤µ·„ÄœÁ¦œ‹r¤µ„„ªnµ 1 ˜´ª

—´Šœ´Êœ {(0, –1), (1, –2), (1, 1), (2, 2), (3, 0)} ŤnÁž}œ¢{Š„r´œ

2 4
2. 1) ‹µ„ 3y = 2x + 4 ‹³Å—o y= 3
x
3
2 4
Á ¸¥œ„¦µ¢ °Š y = 3
x
3
ŗo—´Šœ¸Ê
Y 2 4
y= x
3 3

0 X

‹µ„„¦µ¢ ¡ªnµ Ťn¤¸Á­oœš¸É¨µ„ œµœ„´Â„œ Y Á­oœÄ— ˜´—„¦µ¢ °Š y = 23 x  4

3
¤µ„„ªnµ 1 ‹»—
—´Šœ´Êœ 3y = 2x + 4 Áž}œ¢{Š„r´œ
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2) ‹µ„ y = 4 – x2 Á ¸¥œ„¦µ¢ °Š y = 4 – x2 ŗo—´Šœ¸Ê

Y
y = 4 – x2 4

–2 2 X
0

‹µ„„¦µ¢ ¡ªnµ Ťn¤¸Á­oœ˜¦Šš¸É¨µ„ œµœ„´Â„œ Y Á­oœÄ— ˜´—„¦µ¢ °Š y = 4 – x2 ¤µ„„ªnµ

1 ‹»—
—´Šœ´Êœ y = 4 – x2 Áž}œ¢{Š„r´œ

3. 1) f(x) = –2x – 7
f(1) = –2(1) – 7 = –9
f(0) = –2(0) – 7 = –7

2) f(x) = 3 x
f(0) = 3– 0 = 3
f(4) = 3– 4 = 1

3) f(x) = x 4
f(–2) = ~–2~ + 4 = 6
f(0) = ~0~ + 4 = 4

4)
2x, xt0
f(x) =
2x + 1, x < 0

f(–1) = 2(–1) + 1 = –1
f(2) = 2(2) = 4
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4. 1) Y ‹µ„„¦µ¢ ¡ªnµ Ťn¤¸Á­oœ˜¦Šš¸É¨µ„ œµœ„´

y1 „œ Y Á­oœÄ— ˜´—„¦µ¢ y1 ¤µ„„ªnµ 1 ‹»—
—´Šœ´Êœ y1 Áž}œ¢{Š„r´œ
1 ×Á¤œ °Š y1 ‡º° ÁŽ˜ °Š‹Îµœªœ‹¦·Š
0–1 X
Á¦œ‹r °Š y1 ‡º° {y~y t –1}

2) Y ‹µ„„¦µ¢ ¡ªnµ ¤¸Á­oœ˜¦Šš¸É¨µ„ œµœ„´Â„œ Y

y2 ˜´—„¦µ¢ y2 ¤µ„„ªnµ 1 ‹»— Ž¹ÉŠÂ­—Šªnµ
¤¸‡nµ x š¸ÉšÎµÄ®oÁ„·—‡nµ y š¸É˜nµŠ„´œ
0 X —´Šœ´Êœ y2 ŤnÁž}œ¢{Š„r´œ
×Á¤œ °Š y2 ‡º° ÁŽ˜ °Š‹Îµœªœ‹¦·Š
Á¦œ‹r °Š y2 ‡º° ÁŽ˜ °Š‹Îµœªœ‹¦·Š

3) Y ‹µ„„¦µ¢ ¡ªnµ Ťn¤¸Á­oœ˜¦Šš¸É¨µ„ œµœ„´

„œ Y Á­oœÄ—˜´—„¦µ¢ y3 ¤µ„„ªnµ 1 ‹»—
2 y3 —´Šœ´Êœ y3 Áž}œ¢{Š„r´œ
X ×Á¤œ °Š y3 ‡º° {x~x  R, x z –1}
–1 0
Á¦œ‹r °Š y3 ‡º° {y~y = 2}

4) y4 Y ‹µ„„¦µ¢ ¡ªnµ ¤¸Á­oœ˜¦Šš¸É¨µ„ œµœ„´

„œ Y ˜´—„¦µ¢ y4 ¤µ„„ªnµ 1 ‹»— š¸É‹»— (0, 0)
¨³ (0, –2)
x X —´Šœ´Êœ y4 ŤnÁž}œ¢{Š„r´œ ÁœºÉ°Š‹µ„¤¸ x š¸É
0 Ášnµ„´ 0 š¸ÉšÎµÄ®oÁ„·—‡nµ y š¸É˜nµŠ„´œ
–2 x
×Á¤œ °Š y4 ‡º° {x~x d 0}
Á¦œ‹r °Š y4 ‡º° {y~y t 0 ¨³ y = –2}
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5. 1) f = {(–3, 0), (–1, 4), (0, 2), (2, 2), (4, –1)}
×Á¤œ ‡º° {–3, –1, 0, 2, 4}
Á¦œ‹r ‡º° {–1, 0, 2, 4}
2) f(x) = x 1 5
×Á¤œ ‡º° {x~x  R ¨³ x z –5}
Á¦œ‹r ‡º° {y~y  R ¨³ y z 0}

6. 1) y = ~x~
Ä®o r = {(x, y)~ y = ~x~ ¨³ x  A}
r = {(–1, 1), (0, 0), (1, 1)}
2) y = x 1
Ä®o r = {(x, y) ~y = x 1 ¨³ x  A}
r = {(–1, 0), (0, 1), (1, 2 )}

7. 1) y = –x2 – 2 Y

0 X
–2

×Á¤œ ‡º° ÁŽ˜ °Š‹Îµœªœ‹¦·Š

Á¦œ‹r ‡º° {y~y  R ¨³ y d –2}

2) y = x2 + 2x + 3 Y
= (x2 + 2x + 1) + 2
= (x + 1)2 + 2
2
X
–1 0

×Á¤œ ‡º° ÁŽ˜ °Š‹Îµœªœ‹¦·Š

Á¦œ‹r ‡º° {y~y  R ¨³ y t 2}
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3) y = 2~x~
Y

0 X

×Á¤œ ‡º° ÁŽ˜ °Š‹Îµœªœ‹¦·Š

Á¦œ‹r ‡º° {y~y  R ¨³ y t 0}

8. 1) ¦¼ž (‡) 2) ¦¼ž (Š) 3) ¦¼ž ( ) (4) ¦¼ž („)

9. Ä®o ABCD Áž}œ¦¼ž­¸ÉÁ®¨¸É¥¤ŸºœŸoµš¸É¤¸Á­oœ¦°¦¼ž¥µª 120 ÁŽœ˜·Á¤˜¦

A 60 – x B

x x
D C
60 – x
Ä®o f(x) šœ¡ºÊœš¸É °Š¦¼ž­¸ÉÁ®¨¸É¥¤ ABCD
‹³Å—o f(x) = x(60 – x)
f(x) = 60x – x2
b
Ä®o y = 60x – x2 ®µ‹»—ª„„¨´ °Š„¦µ¢Å—o‹µ„ x =
2a
60
‹³Å—o x = = 30 ¨³ y = 30(60-30) = 900
2
Y
(30, 900)
900

X
0 30 60
‹³Å—oªnµ‹»—š¸É„¦µ¢ª„„¨´‡º° ‹»—š¸É x = 30 ¨³ y = 900 Ž¹ÉŠÁž}œ‹»—š¸É„¦µ¢¤¸‡nµ­¼Š­»—
—´Šœ´œÊ ¦¼ž­¸ÁÉ ®¨¸¥É ¤š¸¤É Á̧­œo ¦°¦¼ž¥µª 120 ÁŽœ˜·Á¤˜¦ ‹³¤¸¡œºÊ š¸¤É µ„š¸­É —» Ášnµ„´ 900 ˜µ¦µŠÁŽœ˜·Á¤˜¦
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10. Ä®o‹Îµœªœ‹¦·Š­°Š‹ÎµœªœÄ— Ç ‡º° x ¨³ y

Á ¸¥œÂšœ‡ªµ¤­´¤¡´œ›r °Š‹Îµœªœ x ¨³ y š¸É¤¸Ÿ¨˜nµŠÁšnµ„´ 2 ŗo—´Šœ¸Ê
x–y = 2 ‹³Å—o y = x – 2
ª·›¸š¸É 1 ‹µ„ xy = –3
‹³Å—o x(x – 2) = –3
2
x – 2x + 3 = 0
(x2 – 2x + 1) + 2 = 0
(x – 1)2 + 2 = 0
Á ¸¥œ„¦µ¢ °Š y = (x – 1)2 + 2 ŗo—´Šœ¸Ê
Y

2
0 1 X

‹µ„„¦µ¢‹³Á®Èœªnµ „¦µ¢ °Š y Ťn˜´—„œ X

­—Šªnµ Ťn¤¸‡Îµ˜°š¸ÉÁž}œ‹Îµœªœ‹¦·Š ®¦º°Å¤n¤¸‹Îµœªœ‹¦·Š­°Š‹ÎµœªœÄ—š¸É¤¸Ÿ¨˜nµŠÁšnµ„´ 2 ¨³
Ÿ¨‡¼–Ášnµ„´ –3
ª·›¸š¸É 2 Á ¸¥œÂšœ‡ªµ¤­´¤¡´œ›r °Š‹Îµœªœ x ¨³ y š¸É¤¸Ÿ¨‡¼–Ášnµ„´ –3 ŗo—´Šœ¸Ê
xy = –3 ‹³Å—o y =  x3
Á ¸¥œ„¦µ¢ °Š y1 = x – 2 ¨³ y2 =  x3 ŗo—´Šœ¸Ê

x y1 = x – 2 y2 = 3

x
–3 –5 1
3 Y
–2 –4 2
–1 –3 3 3
0 –2 ®µ‡nµÅ¤nŗo 2
–2 0 X
1 –1 –3
2 0 3 –3

2
3 1 –1
‹µ„„¦µ¢ ¡ªnµ „¦µ¢ °Š y1 ¨³ y2 Ťn˜´—„´œ
­—Šªnµ Ťn¤¸‹Îµœªœ‹¦·Š­°Š‹ÎµœªœÄ— š¸É¤¸Ÿ¨˜nµŠÁšnµ„´ 2 ¨³Ÿ¨‡¼–Ášnµ„´ –3
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11. Ä®o y Áž}œ‡nµŽn°¤¦™

x Áž}œ‹Îµœªœ´ÉªÃ¤Šš¸ÉŽn°¤¦™
‹³Å—o y = 500 + 125x

12. Ä®o x Áž}œ‹Îµœªœª´œš¸ÉÁnµ®œ´Š­º°

10 , 1 d x d 2
f(x) = 20 , 3 d x d 4
30 , 5 d x d 7

13. 1) Ä®o y = –x2 – 2 Á ¸¥œ„¦µ¢ °Š y ŗo—´Šœ¸Ê

Y
0 X
(0, –2)

‹µ„„¦µ¢ ¡ªnµ ‹»—š¸É„¦µ¢¤¸‡nµ­¼Š­»— ‡º° (0, –2)

2) Ä®o y = x2 – 4x ‹³Å—o y = (x2 – 4x + 4) – 4 = (x – 2)2 – 4

Á ¸¥œ„¦µ¢ °Š y ŗo—´Šœ¸Ê
Y

0 2 X

–4
(2, – 4)
‹µ„„¦µ¢ ¡ªnµ ‹»—š¸É„¦µ¢¤¸‡nµ˜Éε­»— ‡º° ‹»— (2, – 4)
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14. 1) ~x~ + 1 = 0
Įo y = ~x~ + 1
Á ¸¥œ„¦µ¢ °Š y ŗo—´Šœ¸Ê
Y y = ~x~ + 1

1 X
0

‹µ„„¦µ¢ ¡ªnµ Ťn¤¸‡nµ x š¸ÉšÎµÄ®o y = 0

—´Šœ´Êœ Ťn¤¸‹Îµœªœ‹¦·ŠÄ—š¸ÉšÎµÄ®o ~x~ + 1 = 0

2) –x2 + 4 = 0
Ä®o y = –x2 + 4 Á ¸¥œ„¦µ¢ °Š y ŗo—´Šœ¸Ê

Y
4
y1

y2 X
–2 0 2

‹µ„„¦µ¢¡ªnµ „¦µ¢ °Š y ˜´—„œ x ­°Š‹»—

®µ‹»—š¸É„¦µ¢˜´—„œ x ŗo—´Šœ¸Ê
‹µ„ –x2 + 4 = 0
‹³Å—o x2 = 4
x = –2, 2
—´Šœ´Êœ ‡Îµ˜° °Š­¤„µ¦ –x2 + 4 = 0 ‡º° x = –2, 2

15. 1) ‹µ„ 2x + 1 < 3

‹³Å—o 2x – 2 < 0 ®¦º° 2(x – 1) < 0
Ä®o y1 = 2(x – 1)
Á ¸¥œ„¦µ¢ °Š y1 ŗo—´Šœ¸Ê
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Y y1 = 2x – 2

0 X
1
–2

‹µ„„¦µ¢ ¡ªnµ y1 < 0 Á¤ºÉ° x < 1

­—Šªnµ 2x + 1 < 3 Á¤ºÉ° x < 1

2) x2 + 4x – 5 < 0 Y
Ä®o y = x2 + 4x – 5
–5 0 1 X
= (x2 + 4x + 4) – 5 – 4
= (x + 2)2 – 9
Á ¸¥œ„¦µ¢ °Š y = (x + 2)2 – 9 ŗo—´Šœ¸Ê
–9
®µ‹»—š¸É„¦µ¢˜´—„œ X ŗo—´Šœ¸Ê
Ä®o x2 + 4x – 5 = 0
‹³Å—o (x + 5) (x – 1) = 0
x = –5, 1
‹µ„„¦µ¢ ¡ªnµ x2 + 4x – 5 < 0 Á¤ºÉ° –5 < x < 1

3) ~x – 2~ > 0
Ä®o y = ~x – 2~
Á ¸¥œ„¦µ¢ °Š y ŗo—´Šœ¸Ê
Y
y1

X
0 2
‹µ„„¦µ¢ ¡ªnµ y > 0 Á¤ºÉ° x z 2
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ÁŒ¨¥Â f„®´— 1.1

1. 1) Ä®o x šœª´œš¸É ¨³ y šœÁª¨µš¸É¡¦³°µš·˜¥r ¹ÊœÄœÂ˜n¨³ª´œ

Á ¸¥œÂ­—Š‡ªµ¤­´¤¡´œ›r °ŠÁª¨µš¸É¡¦³°µš·˜¥r ¹ÊœÄœÂ˜n¨³ª´œ °Š­´ž—µ®r®œ¹ÉŠÃ—¥Äo˜µ¦µŠ
ŗo—´Šœ¸Ê

x y
1 6.00 œ.
2 6.03 œ.
3 6.01 œ.
4 6.05 œ.
5 6.06 œ.
6 6.02 œ.
7 0.01 œ.

2) œÊ宜´„ °Šœ´„Á¦¸¥œÄœ®o°ŠÁ¦¸¥œš¸É¤¸‡ªµ¤­¼Š 155 ÁŽœ˜·Á¤˜¦

Ä®o „. . ‡. ¨³ Š. šœœ´„Á¦¸¥œÄœ®o°Šš¸É¤¸‡ªµ¤­¼Š 155 Ž¤.
Á ¥¸ œÂ­—Š‡ªµ¤­´¤¡´œ›r °Šœ´„Á¦¸¥œš¸¤É ‡¸ ªµ¤­¼Š 155 Ž¤. ¨³œÊµÎ ®œ´„ („„.) °Šœ´„Á¦¸¥œÂ˜n¨³‡œ
ץčoŸœ£µ¡Å—o—´Šœ¸Ê

œ´„Á¦¸¥œ œÊ宜´„ °Šœ´„Á¦¸¥œ („„.)

„.
40
.
42
‡.
38
Š.

1
3) ¡ºÊœš¸É °Š¦¼ž­µ¤Á®¨¸É¥¤ Ášnµ„´ 2
u “µœ u ­¼Š
Ä®o A šœ¡ºÊœš¸É¦¼ž­µ¤Á®¨¸É¥¤ ¨³ h šœ‡ªµ¤­¼Š °Š¦¼ž­µ¤Á®¨¸É¥¤
1
‹³Å—o A = u 10 u h ®¦º° A = 5h
2
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2. 1) ‡nµÃ—¥­µ¦¦™‡·—‹µ„‡nµÃ—¥­µ¦ ´Êœ˜oœ 35 µš ¦ª¤„´‡nµÃ—¥­µ¦Ž¹ÉŠ‡·—‹µ„¦³¥³šµŠš¸É¦™ª·ÉŠ

„·Ã¨Á¤˜¦¨³ 1.5 µš
Ä®o x Áž}œ¦³¥³šµŠš¸É¦™ª·ÉŠ („·Ã¨Á¤˜¦)
y Áž}œ‡nµÃ—¥­µ¦¦™ (µš)
Á ¸¥œ‡ªµ¤­´¤¡´œ›r °Š‡nµÃ—¥­µ¦„´¦³¥³šµŠš¸É¦™ª·ÉŠÅ—o—´Šœ¸Ê
y = 35 + 1.5x

2) ‡ªµ¤¥µª °ŠÁ­oœšÂ¥Š¤»¤ °Š¦¼ž­¸ÉÁ®¨¸É¥¤‹´˜»¦´­Ž¹ÉŠ¥µª—oµœ¨³ a ®œnª¥

Ä®o ABCD Áž}œ¦¼ž­¸ÉÁ®¨¸É¥¤‹´˜»¦´­Ž¹ÉŠ¤¸—oµœ¥µª—oµœ¨³ a ®œnª¥

Ä®o Á­oœšÂ¥Š¤»¤ °Š ABCD ¥µª x ®œnª¥

A a B
‹µ„š§¬‘¸š °Š¡¸šµÃ„¦´­ ‹³Å—o
x a x2 = a2 + a2
x2 = 2a2
D C ‹³Å—o x = 2a

—´Šœ´Êœ ‡ªµ¤­´¤¡´œ›r °Š‡ªµ¤¥µª °ŠÁ­oœšÂ¥Š¤»¤ °Š¦¼ž­¸ÉÁ®¨¸É¥¤‹´˜»¦´­„´‡ªµ¤¥µª °Š—oµœ

°Š¦¼ž­¸ÉÁ®¨¸É¥¤‹´˜»¦´­Äœ¦¼ž­¤„µ¦ ‡º° x = 2a

3) ‡nµÄoÚ¦«´¡šrÁ‡¨ºÉ°œš¸ÉĜ˜n¨³Á—º°œŽ¹ÉŠ‡·—‹µ„‡nµÄo‹nµ¥ÁºÊ°Š˜oœ 200 µš ¨³‡nµÄoÚ¦«´¡šr

œµš¸¨³ 3 µš
Ä®o x Áž}œÁª¨µš¸ÉčoÚ¦«´¡šr (œµš¸)
y Áž}œ‡nµÄoÚ¦«´¡šrÁ‡¨ºÉ°œš¸É (µš)
Á ¸ ¥ œ‡ªµ¤­´ ¤¡´œ ›r °Š‡nµ čoÚ¦«´¡ šrÁ‡¨ºÉ° œš¸É Ä œÂ˜n¨³Á—º ° œ„´ Áª¨µš¸É Ä oÚ¦«´ ¡ šr
ŗo—´Šœ¸Ê
y = 200 + 3x
 33
33

3. Ä®o A šœÃ—Á¤œ ¨³ B šœÁ¦œ‹r °Š‡ªµ¤­´¤¡´œ›rš¸É„ε®œ—Ä®o—oª¥ÂŸœ£µ¡—´Šœ¸Ê

1) A B Áž}œ¢{Š„r´œ Á¡¦µ³­¤µ·„˜n¨³˜´ªÄœ
a 1 ×Á¤œ‹´‡¼n„´­¤µ·„ÄœÁ¦œ‹rÁ¡¸¥Š˜´ªÁ—¸¥ª
b 2
c 3

2) A B Áž}œ¢{Š„r´œ Á¡¦µ³­¤µ·„˜n¨³˜´ªÄœ
a 1 ×Á¤œ‹´‡¼n„´­¤µ·„ÄœÁ¦œ‹rÁ¡¸¥Š˜´ªÁ—¸¥ª
b 2
c 3

A B
3) a 1 ŤnÁž}œ¢{Š„r´œ
b
c
2
3 Á¡¦µ³¤¸­¤µ·„Ĝ×Á¤œ ‡º° b
d 4 ‹´‡¼n„´­¤µ·„ÄœÁ¦œ‹r¤µ„„ªnµ 1 ˜´ª

A B
4) a 1 Áž}œ¢{Š„r´œ Á¡¦µ³­¤µ·„˜n¨³˜´ªÄœ
b
c
2
3 ×Á¤œ‹´‡¼n„´­¤µ·„ÄœÁ¦œ‹rÁ¡¸¥Š˜´ªÁ—¸¥ª
d 4

4. 1) Áž}œ¢{Š„r´œ
2) ŤnÁž}œ¢{Š„r´œ Á¡¦µ³¤¸­¤µ·„Ĝ×Á¤œ ‡º° a ¨³ b ‹´‡¼n„´­¤µ·„ÄœÁ¦œ‹r¤µ„„ªnµ 1 ˜´ª
3) Áž}œ¢{Š„r´œ
4) ŤnÁž}œ¢{Š„r´œ Á¡¦µ³¤¸­¤µ·„Ĝ×Á¤œ ‡º° a ‹´‡¼n„´­¤µ·„ÄœÁ¦œ‹r¤µ„„ªnµ 1 ˜´ª
 34
34

5. 1) {(2, 10), (3, 15), (4, 20)} Áž}œ¢{Š„r´œ

A B
2 10
3 15
4 20

2) {(–7, 3), (–2, 1), (–2, 4), (0, 7)} ŤnÁž}œ¢{Š„r´œ Á¡¦µ³¤¸­¤µ·„Ĝ×Á¤œ‹´‡¼n„´­¤µ·„
ĜÁ¦œ‹r¤µ„„ªnµ 1 ˜´ª

A B
–7 1
–2 3
4
0 7

3) {(–2, 1), (0, 1), (2, 1), (4, 1), (–3, 1)} Áž}œ¢{Š„r´œ

A
–3 B
–2
0 1
2
4

4) {(5, 0), (3, –1), (0, 0), (5, –1), (3, –2)} ŤnÁž}œ¢{Š„r´œÁ¡¦µ³¤¸­¤µ·„Ĝ×Á¤œ‹´‡¼n„´­¤µ·„
ĜÁ¦œ‹r¤µ„„ªnµ 1 ˜´ª

A B
0 –2
3 –1
5 0
 35
35

6. Ä®o A = {a, b, c} ¨³ B = {1, 2}

Á ¸¥œÂŸœ£µ¡Âšœ¢{Š„r´œš¸É¤¸Ã—Á¤œÁž}œÁŽ˜ A ¨³Á¦œ‹rÁž}œÁŽ˜ B ŗo®¨µ¥Â ˜´ª°¥nµŠÁnœ

A B A B
a 1 a 1
b ®¦º° b
c 2 c 2

(1) (2)

A B A B
a 1 a 1
b ®¦º° b
c 2 c 2

(3) (4)

7. „ε®œ—Ä®o A ¨³ B Áž}œÁŽ˜š¸É¤¸­¤µ·„ 3 ˜´ª ‹³Á ¸¥œÂŸœ£µ¡Âšœ¢{Š„r´œ¤¸Ã—Á¤œÁž}œÁŽ˜ A

¨³Á¦œ‹rÁž}œÁŽ˜ B ŗo®¨µ¥Â —´Š˜´ª°¥nµŠ˜n°Åžœ¸Ê
Ä®o A = {a, b, c} ¨³ B = {1, 2, 3}

A B A B
a 1 a 1
b 2 b 2
c 3 c 3
(1) (2)

A B A B
a 1 a 1
b 2 b 2
c 3 c 3
(3) (4)

A B A B
a 1 a 1
b 2 b 2
c 3 c 3
(5) (6)
 36
36

8. Ä®o Df = {–2, –1, 0, 1, 2} Á ¸¥œÁŽ˜ °Š‡¼n°´œ—´š¸Éšœ¢{Š„r´œ f ŗo—´Šœ¸Ê

1) Įo f(x) = x2
‹³Å—o f = {(–2, 4), (–1, 1), (0, 0), (1, 1), (2, 4)}
2x
2) Įo f(x) = 2
x 1
‹³Å—o f = {(–2,  54 ), (–1, –1), (0, 0), (1, 1) (2, 4 )}
5
3) Įo f(x) = x  2
‹³Å—o f = {(–2, 0), (–1, 1), (0, 2 ), (1, 3 ), (2, 2)}
4) Įo f(x) = ~x + 1~
‹³Å—o f = {(–2, 1), (–1, 0), (0, 1), (1, 2), (2, 3)}

9. 1)
‹µ„Ÿœ£µ¡
a 1
f(a) = 2
b 2
f(b) = 4
c 3
f(c) = 3
d 4
f(d) = 1

2)
‹µ„Ÿœ£µ¡
a 1
f(a) = 1
b 2
f(b) = 4
c 3
f(c) = 1
d 4
f(d) = 3

10. 1) Áž}œ¢{Š„r´œ Á¡¦µ³Å¤n¤¸Á­oœ˜¦Šš¸É¨µ„ œµœ„´Â„œ Y Á­oœÄ—š¸É˜´—„¦µ¢¤µ„„ªnµ 1 ‹»—

2) Áž}œ¢{Š„r´œ Á¡¦µ³Å¤n¤¸Á­oœ˜¦Šš¸É¨µ„ œµœ„´Â„œ Y Á­oœÄ—š¸É˜´—„¦µ¢¤µ„„ªnµ 1 ‹»—
3) ŤnÁž}œ¢{Š„r´œ Á¡¦µ³¤¸Á­oœ˜¦Šš¸É¨µ„ œµœ„´Â„œ Y š¸É˜´—„¦µ¢¤µ„„ªnµ 1 ‹»—
4) ŤnÁž}œ¢{Š„r´œ Á¡¦µ³¤¸Á­oœ˜¦Šš¸É¨µ„ œµœ„´Â„œ Y š¸É˜´—„¦µ¢¤µ„„ªnµ 1 ‹»—
 37
37

11. 1) ×Á¤œ ‡º° ÁŽ˜ °Š‹Îµœªœ‹¦·Š

Á¦œ‹r ‡º° {y~y t –2}
2) ×Á¤œ ‡º° ÁŽ˜ °Š‹Îµœªœ‹¦·Š
Á¦œ‹r ‡º° {y~y t 0}
3) ×Á¤œ ‡º° {x~x t 1}
Á¦œ‹r ‡º° {y~y t 0}
4) ×Á¤œ ‡º° ÁŽ˜ °Š‹Îµœªœ‹¦·Š
Á¦œ‹r ‡º° {y~y d 3}

12. 1) f(–1) = 3
f(0) = 0
f(1) = –3
2) g(–2) = 0
g(0) = –4

13. 1) Ä®o g(x) = x2 – 2x ‹³Å—o

(1) g(2) = 0 (2) g(–3) = 15
2) Ä®o f(s) = 1 ‹³Å—o
s 1
1
(1) f(4) = (2) f(0) = 1
5

14. 1) ×Á¤œ ‡º° {x~x  R} Á¦œ‹r ‡º° {y~y  R}

2) ×Á¤œ ‡º° {x~x  R} Á¦œ‹r ‡º° {y~y  R}
3) ×Á¤œ ‡º° {x~x  R} Á¦œ‹r ‡º° {y~y = 1 }
2
4) ×Á¤œ ‡º° {x~x t 2} Á¦œ‹r ‡º° {y~y t 0}
5) ×Á¤œ ‡º° {x~x t –2} Á¦œ‹r ‡º° {y~y t 0}
6) ×Á¤œ ‡º° {x~x  R} Á¦œ‹r ‡º° {y~y t 0}
7) ×Á¤œ ‡º° {x~x  R} Á¦œ‹r ‡º° {y~y t –1}
8) ×Á¤œ ‡º° {x~x  R} Á¦œ‹r ‡º° {y~y t 0}
9) ×Á¤œ ‡º° {x~x  R} Á¦œ‹r ‡º° {y~y t 0}
10) ×Á¤œ ‡º° {x~x  R} Á¦œ‹r ‡º° {y~y t 0}
 38
38

ÁŒ¨¥Â f„®´— 1.2

1. 1) y1 = 5x + 3 ¨³ y2 = 5x – 3
Y y2
3

0 X
y1 –3

2) y1 = –x + 3 ¨³ y2 = –x – 3

y2 y1 Y
3

–3 3 X
–3

3) y1 = 5 – x ¨³ y2 = 5 + x

y1 Y y2

–5 0 5 X

4) y1 = x + 2 ¨³ y2 = –x – 2

y2 Y y1

2
0–2 X
–2
 39
39

2. 1) ( ) 2) („) 3) (‡)

3. 1) ‹³®µªnµ ‹»— (3, 5) °¥¼nœ„¦µ¢ °Š y ®¦º°Å¤n ŗo—´Šœ¸Ê

‹µ„ y = 2 x 1
7
®µ‡nµ y Á¤ºÉ° x = 3
‹³Å—o y = 2 (3)  1
7
6
y= 1
7
6
œ´Éœ‡º° Á¤ºÉ° x = 3 ‹³Å—o y = 1
7
­—Šªnµ ‹»— (3, 1 6 ) °¥¼nœ„¦µ¢ °Š y ˜n‹»— (3, 5) Ťn°¥¼nœ„¦µ¢
7

Y
(3, 5)
x
(3, 1 6 )
2 7
x

0 3 X

2) ‹³®µªnµ ‹»— (– 4, –5) °¥¼nœ„¦µ¢ °Š y ®¦º°Å¤n ŗo—´Šœ¸Ê

‹µ„ y = –7 – 2x
®µ‡nµ y Á¤ºÉ° x = – 4
‹³Å—o y = –7 – 2(– 4)
y= 1
­—Šªnµ Á¤ºÉ° x ¤¸‡nµÁšnµ„´ – 4 ‹³Å—o y = 1
­—Šªnµ ‹»— (– 4, 1) °¥¼nœ„¦µ¢ ˜n‹»— (– 4, –5) Ťn°¥¼nœ„¦µ¢

Y
(– 4, 1) x 1
–4 0 X

x –5
(– 4, –5)
 40
40

3) ÁœºÉ°Š‹µ„š»„‹»—œ„¦µ¢ y = –1
‡º°‹»— (x, –1) Á¤ºÉ° x Áž}œ‹Îµœªœ‹¦·ŠÄ— Ç
—´Šœ´Êœ ‹»— (4, –5) ‹³Å¤n°¥¼nœ„¦µ¢ y = –1 —´Š¦¼ž

0 4
yX= –1
–5 x
(4, –5)

4. 1) Ä®o x šœœÊ宜´„ °Š­·œ‡oµ¤¸®œnª¥Áž}œ„·Ã¨„¦´¤

f(x) šœ‡nµ œ­nŠ­·œ‡oµ¤¸®œnª¥Áž}œµš
‡nµ œ­nŠ­·œ‡oµ‹µ„„¦»ŠÁš¡¤®µœ‡¦Åž¥´Š‹´Š®ª´—°¥¼nĜÁ ˜µ¥Â—œ£µ‡Ä˜oÁšnµ„´‡nµ œ­nŠÁºÊ°Š˜oœ
150 µš ª„—oª¥‡nµ œ­nŠš¸É‡·—˜µ¤œÊ宜´„­·œ‡oµ„·Ã¨„¦´¤¨³ 5 µš
‹³Å—o f(x) = 150 + 5x

f(x) ‡nµ œ­nŠ­·œ‡oµ

x f(x)
0 150
1 155 170 x

2 160 165 x

3 165 160 x

4 170 155 x
150 x

x œÊ宜´„­·œ‡oµ
0 1 2 3 4 5
 41
41

2) Ä®o x šœ¥°— µ¥­·œ‡oµ

f(x) šœ¦µ¥¦´ °Š¡œ´„Šµœ
¦µ¥¦´ °Š¡œ´„Šµœ µ¥­·œ‡oµ °Š¦·¬´šÂ®nŠ®œ¹ÉŠÁšnµ„´ 6,000 µš ª„—oª¥ 5% °Š
¥°— µ¥­·œ‡oµ
‹³Å—o f(x) = 6,000 + 0.05x

x f(x) f(x) ¦µ¥¦´ °Š¡œ´„Šµœ

0 6,000
1,000 6,050
6,200 x
2,000 6,100 x
3,000 6,150 6,100 x
4,000 6,200 x
6,000 x

x
1,000 2,000 3,000 4,000 ¥°— µ¥­·œ‡oµ

3) ‡ªµ¤¥µªš¸É¤¸®œnª¥Áž}œœ·Êª Ášnµ„´ 2.54 Ášnµ °Š‡ªµ¤¥µªš¸É¤¸®œnª¥Áž}œÁŽœ˜·Á¤˜¦

Ä®o x Áž}œ‡ªµ¤¥µªš¸É¤¸®œnª¥Áž}œœ·Êª
Ä®o y Áž}œ‡ªµ¤¥µªš¸É¤¸®œnª¥Áž}œÁŽœ˜·Á¤˜¦
‹³Å—o y = 2.54x
Y
x y
0 0 x
10
1 2.54
8 x
2 5.08
6
3 7.62 x
4
4 10.16 x
2
X
0 1 2 3 4 5
 42
42

5. 1) ¦·¬´šÂ®nŠ®œ¹ÉŠ‹nµ¥‡nµ‹oµŠÄ®o„´¡œ´„Šµœ Ž¹ÉŠ‡·—‹µ„‡nµÁ¸Ê¥Á¨¸Ê¥ŠÂ¨³‡nµ¡µ®œ³Ä®o„´¡œ´„Šµœ µ¥
š»„‡œ‡œ¨³Ášnµ Ç „´œ ¨³‡nµ‡°¤¤·­´œ (‡·—Áž}œ¦o°¥¨³) ‹µ„¥°— µ¥š¸É¡œ´„ŠµœÂ˜n¨³‡œ µ¥Å—o
ž¦µ„’ªnµ Á¤ºÉ°Á—º °œš¸É Ÿnµœ¤µ œµ¥ „ ŗo¦´ÁŠ·œ‹µ„¦·¬´š 34,000 µš ×¥š¸ÉÁ µ¤¸¥°— µ¥
200,000 µš œµ¥ ŗo¦´ÁŠ·œ‹µ„¦·¬´š 28,000 µš ¨³Á µ¤¸¥°— µ¥ 150,000 µš

Ä®o A šœ‹ÎµœªœÁŠ·œš¸É¡œ´„Šµœ µ¥Å—o¦´‹µ„¦·¬´š

b šœ¥°— µ¥ °Š¡œ´„ŠµœÂ˜n¨³‡œ
c šœ‡nµÁ¸Ê¥Á¨¸Ê¥ŠÂ¨³‡nµ¥µœ¡µ®œ³š¸É¡œ´„ŠµœÅ—o¦´‹µ„¦·¬´š
x šœ‡nµ‡°¤¤·­´œ (‡·—Áž}œ¦o°¥¨³)
‹³Å—o A = c + bx
œµ¥ „ ŗo¦´ÁŠ·œ‹µ„¦·¬´š 34,000 µš ×¥š¸ÉÁ µ¤¸¥°— µ¥ 200,000 µš
‹³Å—o 34,000 = c + 200,000 x --------------- (1)
œµ¥ ŗo¦´ÁŠ·œ‹µ„¦·¬´š 28,000 µš ×¥š¸ÉÁ µ¤¸¥°— µ¥ 150,000 µš
‹³Å—o 28,000 = c + 150,000 x --------------- (2)
(1) – (2) 6,000 = 50,000 x
12
x = 100
12
œ´Éœ‡º° ¦·¬´š‹nµ¥‡nµ‡°¤¤·­´œÄ®o„´¡œ´„Šµœ Ášnµ„´ 100 ®¦º° ¦o°¥¨³ 12 ‹µ„¥°— µ¥

12
2) šœ‡nµ x = 100 ¨ŠÄœ­¤„µ¦ (1) ‹³Å—o
12
34,000 = c + 200,000 100
34,000 = c + 24,000
c = 10,000 µš
œ´Éœ‡º° ¦·¬´š‹nµ¥‡nµÁ¸Ê¥Á¨¸Ê¥ŠÂ¨³‡nµ¡µ®œ³Ä®o„´¡œ´„Šµœ µ¥‡œ¨³ 10,000 µš

3) Á ¸¥œ­¤„µ¦Âšœ¦µ¥Å—oš¸É¡œ´„ŠµœÅ—o¦´ÄœÂ˜n¨³Á—º°œÅ—o—´Šœ¸Ê
Ä®o s šœ¥°— µ¥š¸É¡œ´„Šµœ µ¥Å—o
‹³Å—o f(s) šœÁŠ·œ‡nµ‹oµŠ °Š¡œ´„Šµœš¸É¤¸¥°— µ¥Ášnµ„´ s
12
f(s) = 10,000 + 100 (s)
 43
43

6. 1) ¥°— µ¥­·œ‡oµœ·—Ä®¤n °Š¦·¬´š°¥¼nš¸É 12,000 ·Êœ / že ¦·¬´š˜o°Š„µ¦Ä®o¥°— µ¥­·œ‡oµÁ¡·É¤ ¹Êœ

že¨³ 10% °Š¥°— µ¥ž{‹‹»´œ Á ¸¥œ­¤„µ¦Âšœ¥°— µ¥­·œ‡oµ °ŠÂ˜n¨³žeŗo—´Šœ¸Ê
Ä®o x šœ‹Îµœªœže
‹³Å—o f(x) šœ¥°— µ¥­·œ‡oµ °Šžeš¸É x
10
f(x) = 12,000 + 12,000( 100 )x
= 12,000 + 1,200x
x
= 12,000(1 + )
10
2) Įo x = 5
5
f(5) = 12,000(1 + )
10
= 12,000 u 3
2
= 18,000 ·Êœ

ÁŒ¨¥Â f„®´— 1.3.1

1. ‹ŠÁ ¸¥œ„¦µ¢ °Š¢{Š„r´œ„ε¨´Š­°Šš¸É„ε®œ—Ä®o˜n°Åžœ¸Ê°¥nµŠ‡¦nµª Ç

Y
1) y = 2x2

0 X

2) y = –2x2 Y
0
X
 44
44

3) y = 2x2 + 1 Y

1 X
0

4) y = 2x2 – 1 Y

X
0 –1

5) y = –2x2 + 1 Y
1
0 X

2
Y
6) y = –2x – 1
0 –1 X
 45
45

Y
7) y = (x – 1)2

0 1 X

8) y = (x + 1)2
Y

X
–1 0

9) y = (x – 1)2 – 1
Y

1 X
–1 0

10) y = (x + 1)2 + 1
Y

1
–1 0 X
 46
46

2. 1) y1 = x2 Y
y2 = 2x2
y3 = 5x2 y3 y1
y4 y
y4 = 11x2 0 X2

Y y1
2) y1 = x2 y2
1 2
y2 = x
2 y3
1 2
y3 = x X
5 0

Y y
2 1
3) y1 = 2x
y2 = –2x2 0 X
y2

Y y1
4) y1 = 0.5x2
y2 = –0.5x2 0 X

y2

Y y1 y2 y3
2
5) y1 = (x – 3)
y2 = (x – 4)2
y3 = (x – 5)2 X
0 345
 47
47

6) y1 = –(x + 1)2 –3 –2 –1 Y X
y2 = –(x + 2)2 0
y3 = –(x + 3)2
y3 y2 y1

y3
Y
7) y1 = x2 y1 y2
y2 = (x – 1)2 2
y3 = (x – 1)2 + 2 01 X

y2
Y y1
8) y1 = x2
y2 = (x + 1)2 y3
y3 = (x + 1)2 – 1 –1 –1 X

y3
Y
9) y1 = x2 y1
y2
y2 = (x – 1)2
y3 = (x – 1)2 + 1 1
0 1 X

Y
1 y3
10) y1 = –x2 0 y2 X
y2 = –(x – 1)2
y1
y3 = –(x – 1)2 + 1
 48
48

y3
11) y1 = x2 y1 y2
Y
y2 = (x – 2)2 X
y3 = 5(x – 2)2 0 2
y4 = 5(x – 2)2 – 5 –5 y4

y4
Y
12) y1 = x2 y2
y2 = (x + 3)2
y3 y1
y3 = 8(x + 3)2
y4 = 8(x + 3)2 + 3 X
–3 0

Y
13) y1 = x2 y2 –7 y1
y2 = (x + 4)2 X
–4 0
y3 = –(x + 4)2 y3
y4
y4 = –(x + 4)2 + 7

14) y = –(x + 4)2 – 7 Y

–4 0 X
–7

15) y = (x + 4)2 + 7
Y
7

–4 0 X
 49
49

16) y = (x + 4)2 – 7 Y
–4 0 X

–7

17) y = 3(x – 3)2 + 3 Y

0 3 X

18) y = –2(x + 2)2 + 1

Y
1
–2 0 X

3. 1) y = (x – 4)2 – 3

0 X
4
–3

()
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2) y = –(x – 4)2 + 3

0 X
4

(„)

3) y = (x + 4)2 – 3
Y

–4 0 X
–3

(Š)

4) y = –(x + 4)2 + 3
Y
3

0 X
–4

(‡)
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5) y = 2(x – 2)2
Y

0 2 X

(Ž)

6) y = (x + 3)2 – 4
Y

–3 0 3 X

-4

()

1
7) y =  ( x  1) 2  3
2

–1 0 X
–3

(Œ)
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8) y = –2(x + 3)2 + 2

Y
2
–3 0 X

(‹)

9) y = x2 – 2x + 3 Y
= (x2 – 2x + 1) + 2
= (x – 1)2 + 2
2
0 1 X

()

10) y = 2x2 – 4x + 5 Y
= 2(x2 – 2x) + 5
= 2(x2 – 2x + 1) +5 – 2 3
= 2(x – 1)2 + 3
X
-1 0 1
()
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4. 1) ‹µ„ y = x2 – 2x – 3 šÎµÄ®o°¥¼nĜ¦¼ž„ε¨´Š­°Š­¤¼¦–rŗo—´Šœ¸Ê
y = (x2 – 2x + 1) – 3 – 1
y = (x – 1)2 – 4
‹³Å—o h = 1 ¨³ k = – 4
—´Šœ´Êœ ‹»—ª„„¨´ °Š„¦µ¢‡º° ‹»— (1, – 4)
ÁœºÉ°Š‹µ„­´¤ž¦³­·š›·Í °Š x2 ¤¸‡nµ¤µ„„ªnµ«¼œ¥r —´Šœ´Êœ „¦µ¢ °Š y ‹³Áž}œÁ­oœÃ‡oŠ®Šµ¥ ¹Êœ
Á ¸¥œ„¦µ¢ °Š y ŗo—´Šœ¸Ê

0 1 X

–4 x
(1, – 4)

2) ‹µ„ y = x2 – 4x + 8 šÎµÄ®o°¥¼nĜ¦¼ž„ε¨´Š­°Š­¤¼¦–rŗo—´Šœ¸Ê
y = (x2 – 4x + 4) + 8 – 4
y = (x – 2)2 + 4
‹³Å—o h = 2 ¨³ k = 4
—´Šœ´Êœ ‹»—ª„„¨´ °Š„¦µ¢‡º° ‹»— (2, 4)
ÁœºÉ°Š‹µ„­´¤ž¦³­·š›·Í °Š x2 ¤¸‡nµ¤µ„„ªnµ«¼œ¥r —´Šœ´Êœ „¦µ¢ °Š y ‹³Áž}œÁ­oœÃ‡oŠ®Šµ¥ ¹Êœ
Á ¸¥œ„¦µ¢ °Š y ŗo—´Šœ¸Ê

4 x
(2, 4)
0 2 X
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3) ‹µ„ y = 2x2 + 4x + 8 šÎµÄ®o°¥¼nĜ¦¼ž„ε¨´Š­°Š­¤¼¦–rŗo—´Šœ¸Ê

y = 2(x2 + 2x + 4)
= 2[(x2 + 2x + 1) + 3]
= 2[(x + 1)2 + 3]
= 2(x + 1)2 + 6
‹³Å—o h = –1 ¨³ k = 6
—´Šœ´Êœ ‹»—ª„„¨´ °Š„¦µ¢‡º° ‹»— (–1, 6)
ÁœºÉ°Š‹µ„­´¤ž¦³­·š›·Í °Š x2 ¤¸‡nµ¤µ„„ªnµ«¼œ¥r —´Šœ´Êœ „¦µ¢ °Š y ‹³Áž}œÁ­oœÃ‡oŠ®Šµ¥ ¹Êœ
Á ¸¥œ„¦µ¢ °Š y ŗo—´Šœ¸Ê

x 6
(–1, 6)
–1 0 X

4) ‹µ„ y = 3x2 + 12x + 3 šÎµÄ®o°¥¼nĜ¦¼ž„ε¨´Š­°Š­¤¼¦–rŗo—´Šœ¸Ê

y = 3x2 + 12x + 3
= 3(x2 + 4x + 1)
= 3[(x2 + 4x + 4) + 1 – 4]
= 3[(x + 2)2 – 3]
= 3(x + 2)2 – 9
‹³Å—o h = –2 ¨³ y = –9
—´Šœ´Êœ ‹»—ª„„¨´ °Š„¦µ¢‡º° (–2, –9)
ÁœºÉ°Š‹µ„­´¤ž¦³­·š›·Í °Š x2 ¤¸‡nµ¤µ„„ªnµ«¼œ¥r —´Šœ´Êœ „¦µ¢ °Š y ‹³Áž}œÁ­oœÃ‡oŠ®Šµ¥ ¹Êœ
Á ¸¥œ„¦µ¢ °Š y ŗo—´Šœ¸Ê

–2 Y
0 X

x –9
(–2, –9)
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5) ‹µ„ y = –x2 + 2x + 1 šÎµÄ®o°¥¼nĜ¦¼ž„ε¨´Š­°Š­¤¼¦–rŗo—´Šœ¸Ê

y = –(x2 – 2x – 1)
= –[(x2 – 2x + 1) – 1 – 1]
= –[(x – 1)2 – 2]
= –(x – 1)2 + 2
—´Šœ´Êœ ŗo h = 1 ¨³ k = 2
—´Šœ´Êœ ‹»—ª„„¨´ °Š„¦µ¢‡º° ‹»— (1, 2) ÁœºÉ°Š‹µ„­´¤ž¦³­·š›·Í °Š x2 ¤¸‡nµœo°¥„ªnµ«¼œ¥r
—´Šœ´Êœ „¦µ¢ °Š y ‹³Áž}œÁ­oœÃ‡oŠ‡ªÉ娊Á ¸¥œ„¦µ¢ °Š y ŗo—´Šœ¸Ê

Y
(1, 2)
2 x

0 1 X

5. 1) y = –3x2 + 6x + 3
b
ÁœºÉ°Š‹µ„‹»—ª„„¨´ °Š„¦µ¢ y = ax2 + bx + c , a z 0 ‡º° ‹»—š¸É x =
2a
‹µ„ y = –3x2 + 6x + 3 ‹³Å—o a = –3 ¨³ b = 6
 ( 6)
¨³ x = =1
2(3)
y = –3(1)2 + 6(1) + 3
= –3 + 6 + 3
= 6
—´Šœ´Êœ ‹»—ª„„¨´ °Š„¦µ¢‡º° ‹»— (1, 6)
ÁœºÉ°Š‹µ„ ­´¤ž¦³­·š›·Í °Š x2 ¤¸‡nµÁž}œ¨
—´Šœ´Êœ ‹»—ª„„¨´ °Š„¦µ¢ ‹³Áž}œ‹»—­¼Š­»— °Š„¦µ¢ Á ¸¥œ„¦µ¢ °Š y ŗo—´Šœ¸Ê

Y
(1, 6)
6 x

0 1 X
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2) y = 2x2 – 4x
b
ÁœºÉ°Š‹µ„‹»—ª„„¨´ °Š„¦µ¢ y = ax2 + bx + c , a z 0 ‡º° ‹»—š¸É x Ášnµ„´ 
2a
‹µ„ y = 2x2 – 4x ‹³Å—o a = 2 ¨³ b = – 4
(4)
¨³ x =  =1
2( 2)

y = 2(1)2 – 4(1)
= –2
—´Šœ´Êœ ‹»—ª„„¨´ °Š„¦µ¢ ‡º° ‹»— (1, –2)
ÁœºÉ°Š‹µ„­´¤ž¦³­·š›·Í °Š x2 ¤¸‡nµÁž}œª„
—´Šœ´Êœ ‹»—ª„„¨´ °Š„¦µ¢ ‹³Áž}œ‹»—˜Éε­»— °Š„¦µ¢ Á ¸¥œ„¦µ¢ °Š y ŗo—´Šœ¸Ê

1
0 X
–2 x
(1, –2)

3) y = 2x2 + 4x + 2
b
ÁœºÉ°Š‹µ„‹»—ª„„¨´ °Š„¦µ¢ y = ax2 + bx + c, a z 0 ‡º° ‹»—š¸É x Ášnµ„´
2a
‹µ„ y = 2x2 + 4x + 2 ‹³Å—o a = 2 ¨³ b = 4
 ( 4)
¨³ x = = –1
2(2)
y = 2(–1)2 + 4(–1) + 2
= 2–4+2
= 0
—´Šœ´Êœ ‹»—ª„„¨´ °Š„¦µ¢‡º° ‹»— (–1, 0)
ÁœºÉ°Š‹µ„ ­´¤ž¦³­·š›·Í °Š x2 ¤¸‡nµÁž}œª„
—´Šœ´Êœ ‹»—š¸É„¦µ¢ª„„¨´‹³Áž}œ‹»—˜Éε­»— °Š„¦µ¢ Á ¸¥œ„¦µ¢ °Š y ŗo—´Šœ¸Ê
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(–1, 0) 0
x X

4) y = 2x2 – 2x – 24
b
ÁœºÉ°Š‹µ„‹»—š¸É„¦µ¢ª„„¨´ °Š„¦µ¢ y = ax2 + bx + c, a z 0 ‡º° ‹»—š¸É x =
2a
‹µ„ y = 2x2 – 2x – 24 ‹³Å—o a = 2 ¨³ b = –2
 (2) 2 1
¨³ x = = =
2(2) 4 2
1 1
y = 2( ) 2  2( )  24
2 2
1
=  1  24
2
= –24 12
—´Šœ´Êœ ‹»—ª„„¨´ °Š„¦µ¢‡º° ‹»— ( 12 ,  24 12 )
ÁœºÉ°Š‹µ„ ­´¤ž¦³­·š›·Í °Š x2 ¤¸‡nµÁž}œª„
—´Šœ´Êœ ‹»—š¸É„¦µ¢ª„„¨´ ‡º°‹»—˜Éε­»— °Š„¦µ¢ Á ¸¥œ„¦µ¢ °Š y ŗo—´Šœ¸Ê

Y
0 1 X

x
1 1
( ,  24 )
2 2
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ÁŒ¨¥Â f„®´— 1.3.2 (1)

1. 1) ‹µ„ x2 = 16
‹³Å—o 2
x – 16 = 0
Ä®o y = x2 – 16 Á ¸¥œ„¦µ¢ °Š y ŗo—´Šœ¸Ê
Y

X
x x
–4 0 4

x
(0, –16)
‹µ„¦¼ž „¦µ¢ °Š y ˜´—„œ X ­°Š‹»— ¨³Á¤ºÉ° y = 0 , x = – 4, 4
—´Šœ´Êœ x2 – 16 = 0 ®¦º° x2 = 16 Á¤ºÉ° x = – 4, 4

2) ‹µ„ 3x2 = 27
‹³Å—o 3x2 – 27 = 0
Ä®o y = 3x2 – 27 Á ¸¥œ„¦µ¢ °Š y ŗo—´Šœ¸Ê

Y
x
–3 x 0 3 X

x
(0, –27)

‹µ„¦¼ž „¦µ¢ °Š y ˜´—„œ X ­°Š‹»— Á¤ºÉ° y = 0 , x = –3, 3

—´Šœ´Êœ 3x2 – 27 = 0 ®¦º° 3x2 = 27 Á¤ºÉ° x = –3, 3

3) ‹µ„ 2x2 = 8
‹³Å—o 2
2x – 8 = 0
Ä®o y = 2x2 – 8 Á ¸¥œ„¦µ¢ °Š y ŗo—´Šœ¸Ê
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–2x 0 x2 X

–8 x (0, –8)

‹µ„„¦µ¢ y = 0 Á¤ºÉ° x = –2, 2

—´Šœ´Êœ 2x2 – 8 = 0 ®¦º° 2x2 = 8 Á¤ºÉ° x = –2, 2

4) ‹µ„ x2 = 0
Ä®o y = x2 Á ¸¥œ„¦µ¢ °Š y ŗo—´Šœ¸Ê

0x (0, 0) X

‹µ„¦¼ž „¦µ¢ °Š y ˜´—„œ X š¸É‹»— (0, 0) ®¦º° y = 0 , x = 0

œ´Éœ‡º° x2 = 0 Á¤ºÉ° x = 0

5) ‹µ„ x2 = –8
‹³Å—o 2
x +8 = 0
Ä®o y = x2 + 8 Á ¸¥œ„¦µ¢ °Š y ŗo—´Šœ¸Ê

8 x (0, 8)
X
0
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‹µ„„¦µ¢ ¡ªnµ y t 8
œ´Éœ‡º° Ťn¤¸ x ‡nµÄ—š¸ÉšÎµÄ®o y = 0
—´Šœ´Êœ Ťn¤¸‡nµ y š¸ÉÁšnµ„´«¼œ¥r ®¦º°Å¤n¤¸‹Îµœªœ‹¦·Š x ėš¸ÉšÎµÄ®o x2 + 8 = 0
‹¹ŠÅ¤n¤¸‡Îµ˜° °Š x2 + 8 = 0 ®¦º° x2 = –8 š¸ÉÁž}œ‹Îµœªœ‹¦·Š

2. 1) ‹µ„ x2 + 8x + 16 = 0
‹³Å—o (x + 4)2 = 0
Ä®o y = (x + 4)2 Á ¸¥œ„¦µ¢ °Š y ŗo—´Šœ¸Ê
Y

0 X
(– 4, 0)

‹µ„¦¼ž „¦µ¢ °Š y ˜´—„œ X š¸É‹»— (– 4, 0)

—´Šœ´Êœ x2 + 8x + 16 = 0 ¤¸‡Îµ˜°š¸ÉÁž}œ‹Îµœªœ‹¦·Šš¸ÉÁšnµ„´œ­°Š‡Îµ˜° ‡º° x = – 4

2) ‹µ„ 8x2 = 16x – 3

‹³Å—o 8x2 – 16x + 3 = 0
8(x2 – 2x) + 3 = 0
8(x2 – 2x + 1) + 3 – 8 = 0
8(x – 1)2 – 5 = 0
Ä®o y = 8(x – 1)2 – 5 Á ¸¥œ„¦µ¢ °Š y ŗo—´Šœ¸Ê
Y
1
X

–5 (1, –5)

‹µ„¦¼ž „¦µ¢ °Š y ˜´—„œ X ­°Š‹»—

—´Šœ´Êœ 8x2 + 8x + 16 ¤¸‡Îµ˜°š¸ÉÁž}œ‹Îµœªœ‹¦·Š­°Š‡Îµ˜°
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3) ‹µ„ 6x2 = 4x + 3
‹³Å—o 6x2 – 4x – 3 = 0
b
ÁœºÉ°Š‹µ„„¦µ¢ °Š y = ax2 + bx + c, a z 0 ¤¸‹»—ª„„¨´š¸É x Ášnµ„´
2a
Ä®o y = 6x2 – 4x – 3 ‹³Å—o a = 6 ¨³ b = – 4
( 4) 1
x= =
2(6) 3
1 1
y= 6( ) 2  4( )  3
3 3
2 4
=  3
3 3
 11
=
3
ÁœºÉ°Š‹µ„­´¤ž¦³­·š›r °Š x2 ¤¸‡nµÁž}œª„
1 11
—´Šœ´Êœ „¦µ¢ °Š y ‹³Áž}œÁ­oœÃ‡oŠ®Šµ¥ ¹Êœ ¨³¤¸‹»—ª„„¨´š¸É‹»— ( , ) —´Š¦¼ž
3 3

0 X

–5 x
1 11
( , )
3 3

‹µ„¦¼ž „¦µ¢ °Š y ˜´—„œ X ­°Š‹»—

—´Šœ´Êœ 6x2 = 4x + 3 ¤¸‡Îµ˜°š¸ÉÁž}œ‹Îµœªœ‹¦·Š­°Š‡Îµ˜°

4) ‹µ„ 2x2 – 4x + 1 = 0
‹³Å—o 2(x2 – 2x) + 1 = 0
2(x2 – 2x + 1) + 1 – 2 = 0
2(x – 1)2 – 1 = 0
Ä®o y = 2(x – 1) – 1 ÁœºÉ°Š‹µ„­´¤ž¦³­·š›·Í °Š x2 ¤¸‡nµÁž}œª„
2

—´Šœ´Êœ „¦µ¢ °Š y ‹³¤¸¨´„¬–³Áž}œÁ­oœÃ‡oŠÂ¨³®Šµ¥ ¹Êœ ¨³¤¸‹»— (1, –1) Áž}œ‹»—š¸É„¦µ¢

ª„„¨´ —´Š¦¼ž
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1 X
0 x
–1 (1, –1)

‹µ„¦¼ž„¦µ¢˜´—„œ X ­°Š‹»—
—´Šœ´Êœ 2x2 – 4x + 1 = 0 ¤¸‡Îµ˜°š¸ÉÁž}œ‹Îµœªœ‹¦·Š­°Š‡Îµ˜°

5) ‹µ„ –8x2 – 24 = 0
Ä®o y = –8x2 – 24
Á ¸¥œ„¦µ¢ °Š y ŗo—´Šœ¸Ê
Y

0 X
–24

‹µ„¦¼ž „¦µ¢ °Š y = –8x2 – 24 Ťn˜´—„œ X

—´Šœ´Êœ –8x2 – 24 = 0 Ťn¤‡¸ 嘰š¸ÉÁž}œ‹Îµœªœ‹¦·Š

3. 1) –(x + 1)2 + 1 = 0
Ä®o y = –(x + 1)2 + 1 Á ¸¥œ„¦µ¢ °Š y ŗo—´Šœ¸Ê

(–1, 1) 1
–1 0 X

‹µ„¦¼ž ‹³Á®Èœªnµ„¦µ¢ °Š y ˜´—„œ X ­°Š‹»—

—´Šœ´Êœ ­¤„µ¦ –(x + 1)2 + 1 = 0 ¤¸‡Îµ˜°š¸ÉÁž}œ‹Îµœªœ‹¦·Š­°Š‡Îµ˜°
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2) 7(x + 2)2 = 0
Ä®o y = 7(x + 2)2 Á ¸¥œ„¦µ¢ °Š y ŗo—´Šœ¸Ê
Y

0 X
(–2, 0)

‹µ„¦¼ž ‹³Á®Èœªnµ„¦µ¢ °Š y ˜´—„œ X ®œ¹ÉŠ‹»—

—´Šœ´Êœ ­¤„µ¦ 7(x + 2)2 = 0 ¤¸‡Îµ˜°š¸ÉÁž}œ‹Îµœªœ‹¦·Š­°Š‡Îµ˜°š¸ÉÁšnµ„´œ

3) ‹µ„ (x – 4)2 = – 4 ‹³Å—o (x – 4)2 + 4 = 0

Ä®o y = (x – 4)2 + 4 Á ¸¥œ„¦µ¢ °Š y ŗo—´Šœ¸Ê
Y

0 4 X

‹µ„¦¼ž ‹³Á®Èœªnµ„¦µ¢ °Š y Ťn˜´—„œ X

—´Šœ´Êœ ­¤„µ¦ (x – 4)2 = – 4 Ťn¤¸‡Îµ˜°š¸ÉÁž}œ‹Îµœªœ‹¦·Š

4) ‹µ„ (x + 7)2 = 3 ‹³Å—o (x + 7)2 – 3 = 0

Ä®o y = (x + 7)2 – 3 Á ¸¥œ„¦µ¢ °Š y ŗo—´Šœ¸Ê
Y

–7 0 X
(–7, –3) –3
‹µ„¦¼ž ‹³Á®Èœªnµ„¦µ¢ °Š y ˜´—„œ X ­°Š‹»—
—´Šœ´Êœ ­¤„µ¦ (x + 7)2 = 3 ¤¸‡µÎ ˜°š¸ÉÁž}œ‹Îµœªœ‹¦·Š­°Š‡Îµ˜°
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4. 1) (1) ×Á¤œ °Š¢{Š„r´œ‡º° {x _ x  R}

Á¦œ‹r °Š¢{Š„r´œ‡º° {y _ y t 0}
(2) ‹»—ª„„¨´ °Š„¦µ¢‡º°‹»— (– 4, 0)
(3) „¦µ¢¤¸‡nµ˜Éε­»—š¸É y = 0

2) (1) ×Á¤œ °Š¢{Š„r´œ‡º° ^x _ x  R`

Á¦œ‹r °Š¢{Š„r´œ‡º° {y _ y t – 4}
(2) ‹»—ª„„¨´ °Š„¦µ¢‡º°‹»— (–3 , – 4)
(3) „¦µ¢¤¸‡nµ˜Éε­»—š¸É y = – 4

3) (1) ×Á¤œ °Š¢{Š„r´œ‡º° {x _ x  R}

Á¦œ‹r °Š¢{Š„r´œ‡º° {y _ y d 2}
(2) ‹»—ª„„¨´ °Š„¦µ¢‡º°‹»— (–3, 2)
(3) „¦µ¢¤¸‡nµ­¼Š­»—š¸É y = 2

4) (1) ×Á¤œ °Š¢{Š„r´œ‡º° ^x _ x  R`

Á¦œ‹r °Š¢{Š„r´œ‡º° {y _ y d –3}
(2) ‹»—ª„„¨´ °Š„¦µ¢‡º°‹»— (–1, –3)
(3) „¦µ¢¤¸‡nµ­¼Š­»—š¸É y = –3

5) (1) ×Á¤œ °Š¢{Š„r´œ‡º° ^x _ x  R`

Á¦œ‹r °Š¢{Š„r´œ‡º° {y _ y t –1}
(2) ‹»—ª„„¨´ °Š„¦µ¢‡º°‹»— (2, –1)
(3) „¦µ¢¤¸‡nµ˜Éε­»—š¸É y = –1

5. 1) ‹µ„ y = x2 – 8x + 15 Á ¸¥œ y Ä®o°¥¼nĜ¦¼ž a(x – h)2 + k ŗo—´Šœ¸Ê

(x2 – 8x + 15) = (x2 – 8x + 16) + 15 – 16
= (x – 4)2 – 1
‹³Å—o a = 1, h = 4 ¨³ k = –1
ÁœºÉ°Š‹µ„ a > 0 —´Šœ´Êœ „¦µ¢ °Š y ‹³®Šµ¥ ¹ÊœÂ¨³¤¸‹»—ª„„¨´š¸É‹»— (4, –1)
Á ¸¥œ„¦µ¢ °Š y = (x – 4)2 – 1 °¥nµŠ‡¦nµª Ç Å—o—´Šœ¸Ê
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0 X
x
(4, –1)
‹µ„„¦µ¢¡ªnµ
1) Df = {x~x  R}
Rf = {y~ y t –1}
2) ‹»—ª„„¨´ °Š„¦µ¢ ‡º° ‹»— (4, –1)
3) ‹»—ª„„¨´ °Š„¦µ¢Áž}œ‹»—š¸É„¦µ¢¤¸‡nµ˜Éε­»—š¸É y Ášnµ„´ –1
4) „¦µ¢˜´—„œ X ­°Š‹»—®µ‹»—š¸É„¦µ¢˜´—„œ X ŗo‹µ„
Ä®o x2 – 8x + 15 = 0
(x – 3)(x – 5) = 0
x = 3, 5
‹³Å—oªnµ „¦µ¢˜´—„œ X š¸É‹»— (3, 0) ¨³ (5, 0)

2) ‹µ„ y = x2 – 2x – 4 Á ¸¥œ y Ä®o°¥¼nĜ¦¼ž a(x – h)2 + k ŗo—´Šœ¸Ê

x2 – 2x – 4 = (x2 – 2x + 1) – 4 – 1
= (x – 1)2 – 5
‹³Å—o a = 1 , h = 1 ¨³ k = –5
ÁœºÉ°Š‹µ„ a > 0 —´Šœ´Êœ „¦µ¢ °Š f ‹³®Šµ¥ ¹ÊœÂ¨³¤¸‹»—ª„„¨´š¸É‹»— (1, –5)
Á ¸¥œ„¦µ¢ °Š y = (x – 1)2 – 5 °¥nµŠ‡¦nµª Ç Å—o—´Šœ¸Ê
Y

–2 X
0 1

–5
(1, –5)
1) ‹µ„„¦µ¢¡ªnµ Df = {x~x  R}
Rf = {y~y t –5}
2) ‹»—ª„„¨´ °Š„¦µ¢ ‡º° ‹»— (1, –5)
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3) ‹»—ª„„¨´ °Š„¦µ¢Áž}œ‹»—š¸É„¦µ¢ ¤¸‡nµ˜Éε­»—š¸É y Ášnµ„´ –5

 b r b 2  4ac
4) „¦µ¢˜´—„œ X ­°Š‹»— ®µ‹»—š¸É„¦µ¢˜´—„œ X ŗo‹µ„­¼˜¦ x = 2a
‹µ„ x2 – 2x – 4 = 0 ‹³Å—oªnµ a = 1 b = –2 c = –4
 (2) r (2) 2  4(1)( 4)
‹³Å—o x =
2(1)
2 r 4 16
= 2
= 1r 5
‹³Å—oªnµ „¦µ¢˜´—„œ X š¸É‹»— (1 – 5 , 0) ¨³ (1 + 5 , 0)

3) ‹µ„ y = x2 + 8x + 13 Á ¸¥œ y Ä®o°¥¼nĜ¦¼ž a(x – h)2 + k ŗo—´Šœ¸Ê

x2 + 8x + 13 = (x2 + 8x + 16) + 13 – 16
= (x + 4)2 – 3
‹³Å—o a = 0, h = – 4 ¨³ k = –3
ÁœºÉ°Š‹µ„ a > 0 —´Šœ´Êœ „¦µ¢ °Š y ‹³®Šµ¥ ¹ÊœÂ¨³¤¸‹»—ª„„¨´š¸É‹»— (– 4, –3)
Á ¸¥œ„¦µ¢ °Š y = (x + 4)2 – 3 °¥nµŠ‡¦nµª Ç Å—o—´Šœ¸Ê
Y

0 X
–4
x –3
(– 4, – 3)
‹µ„„¦µ¢¡ªnµ
1) Df = {x~x  R}
Rf = {y~y  R, y t –3}
2) ‹»—ª„„¨´ °Š„¦µ¢ ‡º° ‹»— (– 4, –3)
3) ‹»—ª„„¨´ °Š„¦µ¢Áž}œ‹»—š¸É„¦µ¢¤¸‡nµ˜Éε­»—š¸É y Ášnµ„´ –3
 b r b 2  4ac
4) „¦µ¢˜´—„œ X ­°Š‹»— ®µ‹»—š¸É„¦µ¢˜´—„œ X ŗo‹µ„­¼˜¦ x = 2a
‹µ„ x2 + 8x + 13 = 0 ŗoªnµ a = 1, b = 8, c = 13
 8 r 8 2  4(1)(13)
x = 2(1)
 8 r 64  52
= 2
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 8r 12
= 2
 8r 2 3
= =  4r 3
2
‹³Å—oªnµ „¦µ¢˜´—„œ X š¸É‹»— (– 4 – 3 , 0) ¨³ (– 4 + 3 , 0)

4) ‹µ„ y = 2x2 + 4x + 4 Á ¸¥œ y Ä®o°¥¼nĜ¦¼ž a(x – h)2 + k ŗo—´Šœ¸Ê

2x2 + 4x + 4 = 2(x2 + 2x + 2)
= 2[(x2 + 2x + 1) + 2 – 1]
= 2[(x + 1)2 + 1]
= 2(x + 1)2 + 2
‹³Å—o a = 2, h = –1 ¨³ k = 2
ÁœºÉ°Š‹µ„ a > 0 —´Šœ´Êœ „¦µ¢ °Š y ‹³Áž}œÁ­oœÃ‡oŠ®Šµ¥ ¹ÊœÂ¨³¤¸‹»—ª„„¨´š¸É‹»— (–1, 2)
Á ¸¥œ„¦µ¢ °Š y = 2(x + 1)2 + 2 °¥nµŠ‡¦nµª Ç Å—o—´Šœ¸Ê
Y

x 2
(–1, 2)
–1 0 X

‹µ„„¦µ¢¡ªnµ
1) Df = {x~x  R}
Rf = {y~y  R, y t 2}
2) ‹»—ª„„¨´ °Š„¦µ¢‡º° ‹»— (–1, 2)
3) ‹»—ª„„¨´ °Š„¦µ¢Áž}œ‹»—š¸É„¦µ¢¤¸‡nµ˜Éε­»—š¸É y Ášnµ„´ 2
4) ‹µ„„¦µ¢¡ªnµ „¦µ¢Å¤n˜´—„œ X

5) ‹µ„ y = 3x2 – 12x + 6 Á ¸¥œ y Ä®o°¥¼nĜ¦¼ž a(x – h)2 + k ŗo—´Šœ¸Ê

3x2 – 12x + 6 = 3(x2 – 4x + 2)
= 3[(x2 – 4x + 4) + 2 – 4]
= 3[(x – 2)2 – 2]
= 3(x – 2)2 – 6
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‹³Å—o a = 3, h = 2 ¨³ k = –6
ÁœºÉ°Š‹µ„ a > 0 —´Šœ´Êœ „¦µ¢ °Š y ‹³Áž}œÁ­oœÃ‡oŠ®Šµ¥ ¹Êœ ¨³¤¸‹»—ª„„¨´š¸É‹»— (2, –6)
Á ¸¥œ„¦µ¢ °Š y = 3(x – 2)2 – 6 °¥nµŠ‡¦nµª Ç Å—o—´Šœ¸Ê
Y

0 X
2

–6 (2,x–6)
‹µ„„¦µ¢¡ªnµ
1) Df = {x~x  R}
Rf = {y~y  R, y t –6}
2) ‹»—ª„„¨´ °Š„¦µ¢‡º° ‹»— (2, –6)
3) ‹»—ª„„¨´ °Š„¦µ¢Áž}œ‹»—š¸É y ¤¸‡nµ˜Éε­»—š¸É y Ášnµ„´ –6
b 2  4ac
4) ‹µ„„¦µ¢¡ªnµ „¦µ¢˜´—„œ X ­°Š‹»— ®µ‹»—š¸É„¦µ¢˜´—„œ X ŗo‹µ„­¼˜¦ x =  b r 2a
‹µ„ 3x2 – 12x + 6 = 0 ŗoªnµ a = 3, b = –12, c = 6
 (12) r (12) 2  4(3)(6)
x = 2(3)
12 r 144  72
= 6
72
= 2r
6
6 2
= 2r
6
= 2r 2
‹³Å—oªnµ „¦µ¢˜´—„œ X š¸É‹»— (2 + 2 , 0) ¨³ (2 – 2 , 0)

6) ‹µ„ y = x(x – 1) – 1 Á ¸¥œ y Ä®o°¥¼nĜ¦¼ž a(x – h)2 + k ŗo—´Šœ¸Ê

x(x – 1) – 1 = x2 – x – 1
= (x2 – x + 14 ) – 1 – 14
1 5
= (x  ) 2 
2 4
1 5
‹³Å—o a = 1, h = 2
¨³ k = 
4
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ÁœºÉ°Š‹µ„ a > 0 —´Šœ´Êœ „¦µ¢ °Š y ‹³Áž}œÁ­oœÃ‡oŠ®Šµ¥ ¹Êœ ¨³¤¸‹»—ª„„¨´‡º°‹»— ( 12 ,  54 )

Á ¸¥œ„¦µ¢ °Š y = x(x – 1) – 1 ŗo—´Šœ¸Ê

–2 0 2 X
x
–2 ( 1 ,  5 )
2 4

‹µ„„¦µ¢¡ªnµ
1) Df = {x~x  R}
5
Rf = {y~y  R, y t }
4
2) ‹»—ª„„¨´ °Š„¦µ¢‡º° ‹»— ( 1 , 
5
)
2 4
3) ‹»—ª„„¨´ °Š„¦µ¢Áž}œ‹»—š¸É„¦µ¢¤¸‡nµ˜Éε­»—š¸É y Ášnµ„´  5
4
 b r b 2  4ac
4) „¦µ¢˜´—„œ X ­°Š‹»— ®µ‹»—š¸É„¦µ¢˜´—„œ X ŗo‹µ„­¼˜¦ x = 2a
‹µ„ x2 – x – 1 = 0 ŗoªnµ a = 1, b = –1, c = –1

 (1) r (1) 2  4(1)(1)

x =
2(1)
1r 1 4
=
2
1r 5
=
2

‹³Å—oªnµ „¦µ¢˜´—„œ X š¸É‹»— ( 1 5

, 0) ¨³ ( 1 5
, 0)
2 2

7) ‹µ„ y = x2 – 4x – 7 Á ¸¥œ y Ä®o°¥¼nĜ¦¼ž a(x – h)2 + k ŗo—´Šœ¸Ê

x2 – 4x – 7 = (x2 – 4x + 4) – 7 – 4
= (x – 2)2 – 11 = 0
‹³Å—o a = 1, h = 2 ¨³ k = –11
ÁœºÉ°Š‹µ„ a > 0 —´Šœ´Êœ „¦µ¢ °Š y ‹³Áž}œÁ­oœÃ‡oŠ®Šµ¥ ¹ÊœÂ¨³¤¸‹»—ª„„¨´‡º°‹»— (2, –11)
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Á ¸¥œ„¦µ¢ °Š y = (x – 2)2 – 11 ŗo—´Šœ¸Ê

Y
0 2 X

–11 x
(2, –11)

‹µ„„¦µ¢¡ªnµ
1) Df = {x~x  R}
Rf = {y~y  R, y t –11}
2) ‹»—ª„„¨´ °Š„¦µ¢ ‡º° ‹»— (2, –11)
3) ‹»—ª„„¨´ °Š„¦µ¢Áž}œ‹»—š¸É„¦µ¢¤¸‡nµ˜Éε­»—š¸É y Ášnµ„´ –11
 b r b 2  4ac
4) „¦µ¢˜´—„œ X ­°Š‹»— ®µ‹»—š¸É„¦µ¢˜´—„œ X ŗo‹µ„­¼˜¦ x = 2a
‹µ„ x2 – 4x – 7 = 0 ŗoªnµ a = 1, b = – 4, c = –7
 ( 4 ) r ( 4 ) 2  4(1)(7)
x =
2(1)
= 4 r 16  28
2
= 4 r 2 11
2
= 2r 11
‹³Å—oªnµ „¦µ¢˜´—„œ X š¸É‹»— (2 + 11 , 0) ¨³ (2 – 11 , 0)

8) ‹µ„ y = x2 – 2x + 5 = 0 Á ¸¥œ y Ä®o°¥¼nĜ¦¼ž a(x – h)2 + k ŗo—´Šœ¸Ê

x2 – 2x + 5 = (x2 – 2x + 1) + 5 – 1
= (x – 1)2 + 4
‹³Å—o a = 1, h = 1 ¨³ k = 4
ÁœºÉ°Š‹µ„ a > 0 —´Šœ´Êœ „¦µ¢ °Š y ‹³Áž}œÁ­oœÃ‡oŠ®Šµ¥ ¹ÊœÂ¨³¤¸‹»—ª„„¨´‡º°‹»— (1, 4)
Á ¸¥œ„¦µ¢ °Š y = (x – 1)2 + 4 ŗo—´Šœ¸Ê
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4 x
(1, 4)
0 1 X

‹µ„„¦µ¢¡ªnµ
1) Df = {x~x  R}
Rf = {y~y  R, y t 4}
2) ‹»—ª„„¨´ °Š„¦µ¢ ‡º° ‹»— (1, 4)
3) ‹»—ª„„¨´ °Š„¦µ¢Áž}œ‹»—š¸É„¦µ¢¤¸‡nµ˜Éε­»—š¸É y Ášnµ„´ 4
4) „¦µ¢Å¤n˜´—„œ X

6. Y

x1x 0 xx
2
X

y1 x

ª·›¸šÎµ ‹»— x1 ¨³ x2 ‡º° ‹»—š¸É„¦µ¢˜´—„œ X

®µ‹»— x1, x2 ×¥„ε®œ—Ä®o y = 0
Ä®o x2 – 2x – 8 = 0
(x + 2)(x – 4) = 0
x = –2, 4
—´Šœ´Êœ x1 = –2 ¨³ x2 = 4
‹µ„ y = x2 – 2x – 8 Á ¸¥œ y Ä®o°¥¼nĜ¦¼ž a(x – h)2 + k ŗo—´Šœ¸Ê
= (x2 – 2x + 1) – 8 – 1
= (x – 1)2 – 9
‹³Å—o a = 1, h = 1, k = –9
¨³‹»—ª„„¨´ °Š„¦µ¢ ‡º° ‹»— (1, –9)
—´Šœ´Êœ ‹»—š¸ÉÁž}œ‡nµ˜Éε­»— °Š„¦µ¢ ‡º° ‹»—š¸É y1 Ášnµ„´ –9
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7. 1) y = (x – 3)(x – 6) Y
Ä®o (x – 3)(x – 6) = 0
‹³Å—o x = 3, 6
0 X
3
6

Y
2) y = (x – 6)(x + 4)
Ä®o (x – 6)(x + 4) = 0 –4 0 6 X
‹³Å—o x = – 4, 6

3) y = x(5 – x) Y
Ä®o x(5 – x) = 0
‹³Å—o x = 0, 5

0 5 X

4) y = x2 + 2 Y

2
0 X

‹µ„„¦µ¢ ¡ªnµ Ťn¤¸‡Îµ˜°š¸ÉÁž}œ‹Îµœªœ‹¦·Š

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5) y = x2 + 4x + 12
= (x2 + 4x + 4) + 8 Y
= (x + 2)2 + 8
8
4
–2 0 X

‹µ„¦µ¢ ¡ªnµ Ťn¤¸‡Îµ˜°š¸ÉÁž}œ‹Îµœªœ‹¦·Š

6) y = 2x2 – 12x + 6 Y
Ä®o 2x2 – 12x + 6 = 0 X
0 3
‹³Å—o x2 – 6x + 3 = 0
2
–6
x =  (6) r (6)  4(1)(3)
2(1) –12
= 6 r 24 = 3 r 6
2
x = 3 r 6 ¨³ 3  6

7) y = –x2 – 2x – 1 Y
y = –(x2 + 2x + 1)
= –(x + 1)2 (–1, 0)
X
‹µ„„¦µ¢ ¡ªnµ Á¤ºÉ° y = 0
‹³Å—o x = –1

8) y = 15 + 2x – x2 Y(1, 16)
x
Ä®o 15 + 2x – x2 = 0
‹³Å—o (x – 5)(x + 3) = 0
x = –3, 5
–3 0 1 5 X
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ÁŒ¨¥Â f„®´— 1.3.2 (2)

1. 1) x2 t 1
Ä®o y1 = x2 ¨³ y2 = 1
Á ¸¥œ„¦µ¢ °Š y1 ¨³ y2 ŗo—´Šœ¸Ê

Y y1

1 y2 = 1
x
–1x 0 1 X

‹µ„„¦µ¢ ¡ªnµ x2 t 1 Á¤ºÉ° x t 1 ®¦º° x d –1

2) 4x2  1
Ä®o y1 = 4x2 ¨³ y2 = 1
Á ¸¥œ„¦µ¢ °Š y1 ¨³ y2 ŗo—´Šœ¸Ê

Y y1

y2 = 1
–1 1
x x X
1 1
 1
22 2

1 1
‹µ„„¦µ¢ ¡ªnµ 4x2 < 1 Á¤ºÉ° 
2
< x<
2
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3) ‹µ„ 5 – x2 ! 1
‹³Å—o 5 – x2 – 1 > 0
4 – x2 > 0
Ä®o y = 4 – x 2
Á ¸¥œ„¦µ¢ °Š y ŗo—´Šœ¸Ê
Y
4

–2 0 2 X

‹µ„„¦µ¢ ¡ªnµ y > 0 Á¤ºÉ° –2 < x < 2

®¦º°Ä®o y1 = 5 – x2 ¨³ y2 = 1 Á ¥¸ œ„¦µ¢ °Š y1 ¨³ y2 ŗo—´Šœ¸Ê
Y
5

1 y2
–2 x 0 x 2 X

‹µ„„¦µ¢ ¡ªnµ y1 > y2 Á¤ºÉ° –2 < x < 2

4) –(x – 1)(x + 5) d 0
Ä®o y = –(x – 1)(x + 5)
ÁœºÉ°Š‹µ„­´¤ž¦³­·š›·Í °Š x2 ¤¸‡nµÁž}œ¨ —´Šœ´Êœ „¦µ¢ °Š y Áž}œÁ­oœÃ‡oŠ‡ªÉ娊
¨³˜´—„œ X š¸É‹»— (–5, 0) ¨³ (1, 0) —´Š¦¼ž
Y

–5 x 0 x1 X

‹µ„„¦µ¢ ¡ªnµ y d 0 Á¤ºÉ° x d –5 ®¦º° x t 1

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2. 1) ‹µ„ x2 – x – 2 t 0
‹³Å—o (x – 2)(x + 1) t 0
ÁœºÉ°Š‹µ„­´¤ž¦³­·š›·Í °Š x2 ¤¸‡nµÁž}œª„
—´Šœ´Êœ „¦µ¢ °Š y Áž}œÁ­oœÃ‡oŠ®Šµ¥ ¹Êœ ¨³˜´—„œ X š¸É‹»— (–1, 0) ¨³ (2, 0)
¦nµŠ„¦µ¢ y °¥nµŠ‡¦nµª Ç Å—o—´Šœ¸Ê
Y

–1x 0 x2 X

‹µ„¦¼ž x2 – x – 2 t 0 Á¤ºÉ° x d –1 ®¦º° x t 2

2) ‹µ„ x2 – 3x – 1 < 3
‹³Å—o x2 – 3x – 4 < 0
(x – 4)(x + 1) < 0
Ä®o y = (x – 4)(x + 1)
ÁœºÉ°Š‹µ„­´¤ž¦³­·š›·Í °Š x2 ¤¸‡nµ¤µ„„ªnµ«¼œ¥r —´Šœ´Êœ „¦µ¢ °Š y Áž}œÁ­oœÃ‡oŠ
¨³®Šµ¥ ¹Êœ ¨³˜´—„œ X š¸É‹»— (4, 0) ¨³ (–1, 0) Á ¸¥œ„¦µ¢ °Š y ŗo—´Šœ¸Ê

–1 0 4 X

‹µ„¦¼ž y < 0 Á¤ºÉ° –1 < x < 4

3) ‹µ„ x2 + 2x d 3
‹³Å—o x(x + 2) d 3
Ä®o y1 = x(x + 2) ¨³ y2 = 3
ÁœºÉ°Š‹µ„­´¤ž¦³­·š›·Í °Š x2 ¤¸‡nµÁž}œª„
—´Šœ´Êœ „¦µ¢ °Š y1 ‹³¤¸¨´„¬–³Áž}œÁ­oœÃ‡oŠ®Šµ¥ ¹ÊœÂ¨³˜´—„œ X š¸É‹»— (0, 0) ¨³ (–2, 0)
®µ‹»—š¸É„¦µ¢ y1 ˜´—„¦µ¢ y2 ŗo—´Šœ¸Ê
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Įo y1 = y2
‹³Å—o x2 + 2x = 3
x2 + 2x – 3 = 0
(x + 3)(x – 1) = 0
x = 1, –3
Á ¥¸ œ„¦µ¢ °Š y1 ¨³ y2 ŗo—´Šœ¸Ê
Y y1
(–3, 3) (1, 3) y = 3
2

x
–3 0 1x X

‹µ„¦¼ž„¦µ¢ °Š y1 ˜´—„´„¦µ¢ °Š y2 š¸É‹»— (1, 3) ¨³ (–3, 3)

¨³ y1 d y2 ®¦º° x2 – 2x d 3 Á¤ºÉ° –3 d x d 1

4) –x2 – 6x d 7x
‹³Å—o –x2 – 6x – 7x d 0
–x2 – 13x d 0
–x(x + 13) d 0
ÁœºÉ°Š‹µ„­´¤ž¦³­·š›·Í °Š x2 ¤¸‡nµÁž}œ¨
—´Šœ´Êœ „¦µ¢ °Š y1 ‹³Áž}œÁ­oœÃ‡oŠ‡ªÉ娊 ¨³˜´—„œ X š¸É‹»— (0, 0) ¨³ (–13, 0) —´Š¦¼ž

45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5

‹µ„„¦µ¢ ‹³Å—oªnµ y d 0 Á¤ºÉ° x d –13 ®¦º° x t 0

®¤µ¥Á®˜» „µ¦®µ‡Îµ˜° °Š°­¤„µ¦Ã—¥Äo‡ªµ¤¦¼oÁ¦ºÉ°Š„¦µ¢ °µ‹‹³Äoª·›¸š¸É˜nµŠ‹µ„š¸É­—ŠÅªo

Ž¹ÉŠÄœÁŒ¨¥Â f„®´—»—œ¸Êŗo­—ŠÅªoÁ¡¸¥Šª·›¸Á—¸¥ª
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ÁŒ¨¥Â f„®´— 1.3.3

1. 1) Ä®o x Áž}œ‹Îµœªœœ´‹ÎµœªœÂ¦„ Ž¹ÉŠÁ¤ºÉ°ª„„´‹Îµœªœœ´‹Îµœªœš¸É­°Š ‹³¤¸Ÿ¨Ášnµ„´ 45
¨³ y Áž}œ‹Îµœªœœ´‹Îµœªœš¸É­°Š
‹³Å—o x + y = 45
¨³ y = 45 – x

2) Ä®o xy Áž}œŸ¨‡¼– °Š‹Îµœªœœ´š´ÊŠ­°Š‹Îµœªœ

‹³Å—o xy = x(45 – x)
= 45x – x2

3) Ä®o 45x – x2 = 164

‹³Å—o x2 – 45x + 164 = 0
(x – 4)(x – 41) = 0
—´Šœ´Êœ ‡nµ °Š‹Îµœªœœ´š¸É¤¸Ÿ¨ª„Ášnµ„´ 45 ¨³¤¸Ÿ¨‡¼–Ášnµ„´ 164 ‡º° 4 ¨³ 41

4) Ä®o x ¨³ y Áž}œ‹Îµœªœœ´š¸É¤¸Ÿ¨ª„Ášnµ„´ 45

—´Šœ´Êœ ‡nµ °Š x ¨³ y Áž}œÅžÅ—o˜´ÊŠÂ˜n 1 ™¹Š 44
—´Šœ´Êœ x ¤¸‡nµ¤µ„š¸É­»—‡º° 44 Á¤ºÉ° y = 1

2. ®µ‡nµ¤µ„š¸É­»— °Š xy2 Á¤ºÉ° x + y2 = 6 ץčo‡ªµ¤¦¼oÁ¦ºÉ°Š„¦µ¢Å—o—´Šœ¸Ê

‹µ„ x + y2 = 6
‹³Å—o y2 = 6 – x
®µ‡nµ °Š xy2 Ĝ¦¼ž °Š x ŗo×¥„µ¦Âšœ‡nµ y2 = 6 – x
‹³Å—o xy2 = x(6 – x)
Ä®o g = x(6 – x)
¡·‹µ¦–µ x(6 – x) ¡ªnµ ­´¤ž¦³­·š›·Í °Š x2 ¤¸‡nµÁž}œ¨ —´Šœ´Êœ „¦µ¢ °Š g ‹³Áž}œ
Á­oœÃ‡oŠ‡ªÉ娊 ¨³˜´—„œ X š¸É‹»— (0, 0) ¨³ (6, 0) —´Š¦¼ž
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Y
9

X
3
(0, 0) (6, 0)

®µ‹»—š¸É„¦µ¢ g ¤¸‡nµ­¼Š­»—×¥¡·‹µ¦–µ‹µ„‹»—ª„„¨´ °Š g = x(6 – x)

6
„¦µ¢ g š¸É¤¸‹»—ª„„¨´š¸É x =  2ba ‹³Å—o x = =3
2(1)
Ä®o x = 3 ‹³Å—o y = x(6 – x)
= 3(6 – 3)
=9
—´Šœ´Êœ „¦µ¢ °Š g ‹³¤¸‹»—ª„„¨´š¸É‹»— (3, 9)
œ´Éœ‡º° xy2 ‹³¤¸‡nµ­¼Š­»—Ášnµ„´ 9

3. 1) Á¤ºÉ° x šœ‹Îµœªœ­·œ‡oµš¸É µ¥Å—o

Ä®o y Áž}œ¦µ¥Å—o‹µ„„µ¦ µ¥­·œ‡oµ x ·Êœ
y = [(100 – 0.1(x)] x
= 100x – 0.1x2

2) ‹µ„ y = 100x – 0.1x2 ¡ªnµ ­´¤ž¦³­·š›·Í °Š x2 ¤¸‡nµÁž}œ¨

—´Šœ´Êœ „¦µ¢ °Š y ‹³Áž}œÁ­oœÃ‡oŠ‡ªÉ娊 ®µ‹»—ª„„¨´Ž¹ÉŠÁž}œ‹»—­¼Š­»— °Š„¦µ¢ y
ŗo—´Šœ¸Ê
ÁœºÉ°Š‹µ„„¦µ¢ °Š y = ax2 + bx + c ¤¸‹»—ª„„¨´š¸É x = 2ab
‹µ„ y = 100x – 0.1x2 ‹³Å—o a = –0.1 ¨³ b = 100
 (100)
x = = 500
2(0.1)
¨³ y = 100(500) – 0.1(500)2
= 25,000
 80
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Á ¸¥œ„¦µ¢ °Š y ŗo—´Šœ¸Ê
Y
(500, 25000)
25000 x

X
0 500

‹µ„„¦µ¢ ‹»—š¸É„¦µ¢ª„„¨´ ‡º° ‹»—š¸Éšœ¦µ¥Å—o¤¸‡nµ¤µ„š¸É­»—

Á¤ºÉ° x = 500
­—Šªnµ ‹³˜o°Š µ¥­·œ‡oµ 500 ·Êœ ‹¹Š‹³¤¸¦µ¥Å—o¤µ„š¸É­»—

3) ‹µ„„¦µ¢ ¦µ¥Å—o¤µ„š¸É­»—‹µ„„µ¦ µ¥­·œ‡oµ 500 ·Êœ Ášnµ„´ 25,000 µš

4. 1) Ä®o x šœ‹Îµœªœ‡¦´ÊŠš¸ÉÁ¡·É¤‡nµÁnµ 200 µš

y šœ¦µ¥Å—o‹µ„„µ¦Ä®oÁnµ®o°Š¡´„
¨³¦µ‡µ®o°Š¡´„‹³Ášnµ„´ 4000 + 200x µš Á¤ºÉ°‹Îµœªœ®o°Šš¸É¤¸Ÿ¼oÁ oµ¡´„Ášnµ„´ 80 – x ®o°Š
‹³Å—o y = (80 – x)(4,000 + 200x)
= 320,000 + 16,000x – 4,000x – 200x2
= –200x2 + 12,000x + 320,000

2) Įo y = 375,000
‹³Å—o 375,000 = – 2002x + 12,000x + 320,000
200x2 – 12,000x + 55,000 = 0
200(x2 – 60x + 275) = 0
200(x – 55)(x – 5) = 0
x = 5, 55
—´Šœ´Êœ ™oµ˜o°Š„µ¦Ä®o¤¸¦µ¥Å—oÁ—º°œ¨³ 375,000 µš
Á‹oµ °Š®o°Š¡´„˜o°Š‡·—‡nµÁnµ®o°ŠÅ—o 2 ‡º°
š¸É 1 4,000 + 200(5) = 5,000 µš Ž¹ÉŠ‹³¤¸®o°Š¡´„Á®¨º° 5 ®o°Š
š¸É 2 4,000 + 200(55) = 15,000 µš Ž¹ÉŠ‹³¤¸®o°Š¡´„Á®¨º° 55 ®o°Š
 81
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3) ®µ¦µ‡µ®o°Š¡´„š¸É‹³šÎµÄ®oÁ„·—¦µ¥Å—o¤µ„š¸É­»—ץčo„¦µ¢Å—o—´Šœ¸Ê
‹µ„ y = –200x2 + 12,000x + 320,000
ÁœºÉ°Š‹µ„­´¤ž¦³­·š›·Í °Š x2 ¤¸‡nµÁž}œ¨ —´Šœ´Êœ „¦µ¢ °Š y ‹³Áž}œÁ­oœÃ‡oŠÂ¨³‡ªÉ娊
‹»—ª„„¨´ °Š„¦µ¢ y ‹³Áž}œ‹»—š¸É y ¤¸‡nµ­¼Š­»— ®µ‹»—ª„„¨´ Ž¹ÉŠ x =  2ba ŗo—´Šœ¸Ê
‹µ„ y = –200x2 + 12,000x + 320,000
‹³Å—o a = –200, b = 12,000
 12,000  12,000
¨³ x= = = 30
2( 200)  400
—´Šœ´Êœ ‹³˜o°Š˜´ÊŠ¦µ‡µ®o°Š¡´„Ášnµ„´ 4000 + 200(30) ®¦º° 10,000 µš ‹¹Š‹³¤¸¦µ¥Å—o
¤µ„š¸É­»—

4) ®µ¦µ¥Å—o¤µ„š¸É­»—š¸ÉÁ‹oµ °Š®°¡´„‹³Å—o¦´ ‹µ„

y = –200(x)2 + 12,000x + 320,000 šœ‡nµ x = 30 ‹³Å—o
= –200(30)2 + 12,000(30) + 320,000
= 500,000 µš
—´Šœ´Êœ ¦µ¥Å—o¤µ„š¸É­»—š¸ÉÁ‹oµ °Š®°¡´„‹³Å—o¦´‡º° 500,000 µš Á¤ºÉ°˜´ÊŠ¦µ‡µ®o°Š¡´„
®o°Š¨³ 10,000 µš ×¥‹³¤¸®o°Š¡´„Á®¨º° 30 ®o°Š ‹µ„®o°Š¡´„š¸É¤¸ 80 ®o°Š

5. 1) Ä®o x ‡º°‹Îµœªœ‡¦´ÊŠš¸É¨—¦µ‡µ‡nµ˜´ÌªÄ®o 5 µš Á¤ºÉ°¤¸¨¼„š´ª¦rÁ„·œ 75 ‡œ

Ä®o ‹Îµœªœ¨¼„‡oµ °Š¦·¬´šÁšnµ„´ 75 + x
¦µ‡µ˜´Ìª­Îµ®¦´¨¼„‡oµÁšnµ„´ 475 – 5x
Ä®o y Ášnµ„´¦µ¥Å—o‹µ„„µ¦‹´—š´ª¦r
‹³Å—o y = (75 + x)(475 – 5x)
= –5x2 + 100x + 35,625
= –5(x2 – 20x – 7,125)
ÁœºÉ°Š‹µ„ y = –5x2 + 100x + 35,625 ¤¸­´¤ž¦³­·š›r °Š x2 Áž}œ‡nµ¨
—´Šœ´Êœ „¦µ¢ °Š y ‹³Áž}œÁ­oœÃ‡oŠ‡ªÉ娊 ¨³‹»—š¸É„¦µ¢ª„„¨´‹³Áž}œ‹»—š¸É y ¤¸‡nµ­¼Š­»—
b
®µ‹»—š¸É„¦µ¢ª„„¨´ Ž¹ÉŠ x = ŗo—´Šœ¸Ê
2a
‹µ„ y = –5x2 + 100x + 35,625 ‹³Å—o a = –5 ¨³ b = 100
 100
x= = 10
2(5)
y = –5(10)2 + 100(10) + 35,625 ®¦º° 36,125
 82
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Á ¸¥œ„¦µ¢ °Š y ŗo—´Šœ¸Ê

(10, 36125)
x

‹µ„„¦µ¢ ‹»—š¸É„¦µ¢ª„„¨´‡º° ‹»— (10, 36125)

‹»—š¸É y ¤¸‡nµ­¼Š­»—‡º° 36,125 Á¤ºÉ° x = 10
—´Šœ´Êœ ‹Îµœªœ¨¼„‡oµš¸É‹³šÎµÄ®oŸ¼o‹´—š´ª¦r¤¸¦µ¥Å—o¤µ„š¸É­»—‡º° (75 + 10) ®¦º° 85 ‡œ

2) ‹µ„„¦µ¢ ¦µ¥Å—o¤µ„š¸É­»— °Š„µ¦‹´—š´ª¦r‡¦´ÊŠœ¸ÊÁšnµ„´ 36,125 µš

ÁŒ¨¥Â f„®´— 1.4

x Y y = 3x
1. 1) y = 3

1
0 X

‹µ„„¦µ¢ ×Á¤œ °Š¢{Š„r´œ‡º° ÁŽ˜ °Š‹Îµœªœ‹¦·Š (R)

Á¦œ‹r °Š¢{Š„r´œ‡º° {y~y > 0}
 83
83

x
§1·
2) y = ¨ ¸
©3¹
x
§1·
y= ¨ ¸
©3¹

‹µ„„¦µ¢ ×Á¤œ °Š¢{Š„r´œ‡º° ÁŽ˜ °Š‹Îµœªœ‹¦·Š

Á¦œ‹r °Š¢{Š„r´œ‡º° {y~y > 0}

3) y = 2x + 1
Y y = 2x ++ 1

2
1
0 X

‹µ„„¦µ¢ ×Á¤œ °Š¢{Š„r´œ‡º° ÁŽ˜ °Š‹Îµœªœ‹¦·Š

Á¦œ‹r °Š¢{Š„r´œ‡º° {y~y > 1}

4) y = 3x – 1
Y y =- 3x – 1

X
–1 0

‹µ„„¦µ¢ ×Á¤œ °Š¢{Š„r´œ‡º° ÁŽ˜ °Š‹Îµœªœ‹¦·Š

Á¦œ‹r °Š¢{Š„r´œ‡º° {y~y > –1}
 84
84

5) y = 2x+1 y = 2x + 1

×Á¤œ °Š¢{Š„r´œ‡º° ÁŽ˜ °Š‹Îµœªœ‹¦·Š

Á¦œ‹r °Š¢{Š„r´œ‡º° {y~y > 0}

x
2. ‹µ„ f(x) = 4,000(1.3) 10 Ĝ 10 že˜n°Åž ž¦³µ„¦ÄœÁ¤º°ŠÂ®nŠœ¸Ê ‹³Ášnµ„´ f(10)
10
f(10) = 4,000(1.3) 10
= 4,000(1.3)
= 5,200 ‡œ
Ĝ 20 že˜n°Åž ž¦³µ„¦ÄœÁ¤º°ŠÂ®nŠœ¸Ê‹³Ášnµ„´ f(20)
20
f(20) = 4,000(1.3) 10

= 4,000(1.3)2
= 6,760 ‡œ

3. ‹µ„ f(x) = 850,000(1.08)n

‹ÎµœªœÁŠ·œš¸É‹nµ¥‡ºœÄ®o›œµ‡µ¦Á¤ºÉ°‡¦ 5 že ‹³Ášnµ„´ f(5)
f(5) = 850,000(1.08)5
| 1,248,928.865 µš
‡·—Áž}œ—°„Á¸Ê¥ 1,248,928.865 – 850,000 ®¦º°ž¦³¤µ– 398,928.87 µš

4. ‹µ„ A(t) = 10(0.8)t ž¦·¤µ–¥µš¸ÉÁ®¨º°°¥¼nĜ¦nµŠ„µ¥®¨´Š‹µ„š¸É‡œÅ o„·œ¥µÅžÂ¨oª 8 ´ÉªÃ¤Š

Ášnµ„´ A(8)
A(8) = 10(0.8)8
| 10(0.168)
| 1.7 ¤·¨¨·„¦´¤
—´Šœ´Êœ ™oµ‡œÅ o„·œ¥µœ·—œ¸ÊÁ oµÅž 8 ´ÉªÃ¤Š‹³¤¸¥µÁ®¨º°°¥¼nĜ¦nµŠ„µ¥ž¦³¤µ– 1.7 ¤·¨¨·„¦´¤
 85
85

5. Ä®o v(t) = 0.78C(0.8)t-1 šœ¦µ‡µ °Š¦™Á¤ºÉ°Áª¨µŸnµœÅž t že

™oµŽºÊ°¦™¤µÄœ¦µ‡µ 800,000 µš ¦µ‡µž¦³¤µ– °Š¦™‡´œœ¸Ê Á¤ºÉ°Áª¨µŸnµœÅž 3 že
‹³Ášnµ„´ v(3)
Á¤ºÉ° C = 800,000 ¨³ t = 3
‹³Å—o V(3) = 0.78(800,000)(0.83-1)
= 0.78(800,000)(0.82)
= 399,360 µš ®¦º°ž¦³¤µ– 400,000 µš
Á¤ºÉ°Áª¨µŸnµœÅž 5 že Ä®o t = 5
‹³Å—o V(5) = 0.78(800,000)(0.85-1)
= 0.78(800,000)(0.84)
= 255,590.4 µš ®¦º°ž¦³¤µ– 256,000 µš
Á¤ºÉ°Áª¨µŸnµœÅž 10 že Ä®o t = 10
‹³Å—o V(10) = 0.78(800,000)(0.810-1)
= 0.78(800,000)(0.89)
| 83,751 µš ®¦º°ž¦³¤µ– 84,000 µš

®¤µ¥Á®˜» ¦µ‡µš¸Éž¦³¤µ–Áž}œ„µ¦ž¦³¤µ–‡nµÄœ®¨´„¡´œ

6. ‹µ„S = P(1 + i)n

Á¤ºÉ° S šœ ÁŠ·œ¦ª¤Â—°„Á¸Ê¥š˜oœ
P šœ ÁŠ·œ˜oœ
i šœ °´˜¦µ—°„Á¸Ê¥˜n°Šª—
n šœ ‹ÎµœªœŠª—š¸É‡·——°„Á¸Ê¥š˜oœ
0.03
Ä®o P = 100,000, i = , n = 3u4 ®¦º° 12 Šª—
4
0.03 3u4
S = 100,000(1  )
4
= 100,000(1.0075)12
| 100,000(1.09380) µš
| 109,380 µš
—´Šœ´Êœ ™oµ µ„ÁŠ·œ 100,000 µš ĜÁª¨µ 3 že ×¥‡·——°„Á¸Ê¥š˜oœ 3% ˜n°že
š»„ Ç 3 Á—º°œ ‹³Å—o—°„Á¸Ê¥š´ÊŠ®¤—ž¦³¤µ– 109,380 – 100,000 ®¦º° 9,380 µš
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7. ‹µ„ S = P(1 + i)n

Įo P = 50,000
0.12
i = = 0.01
12
n = 6
‹³Å—o S = 50,000(1 + 0.01)6
= 50,000(1.01)6
| 50,000(1.06152)
| 53,076 µš
—´Šœ´Êœ Á µ˜o°Š‹nµ¥ÁŠ·œ¦ª¤Ä®o„´¦·¬´šÁž}œÁŠ·œž¦³¤µ– 53,076 µš

8. ‹µ„S = P(1 + i)n

P = 10,000 µš
i = 0.01
n = 12
S = 10,000(1 + 0.01)12
= 10,000(1.01)12
| 10,000(1.1268) µš
| 11,268 µš

—´Šœ´Êœ Á¤ºÉ°­·Êœže¡œ´„Šµœš¸É„¼oÁŠ·œ˜o°Š‹nµ¥ÁŠ·œ¦ª¤ž¦³¤µ– 11,268 µš

®¤µ¥Á®˜» ‡nµž¦³¤µ–š¸Éŗo‹µ„„µ¦ÄoÁ‡¦ºÉ°Š‡·—Á¨ °µ‹Â˜„˜nµŠ„´œ š´ÊŠœ¸Ê ¹Êœ°¥¼n„´ªnµ Á‡¦ºÉ°Š‡·—Á¨

š¸ÉčoÁž}œÁ‡¦ºÉ°Šš¸É­—ŠŸ¨Å—o„¸É®¨´„
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ÁŒ¨¥Â f„®´—š¸É 1.5

1. 1) ‹µ„ y = ~x~ + c
Ä®o c = – 3 ‹³Å—o y = ~x~ – 3 Á ¸¥œ„¦µ¢ °Š y ŗo—´Šœ¸Ê

0 X
–3

‹µ„„¦µ¢ ×Á¤œ ‡º° ÁŽ˜ °Š‹Îµœªœ‹¦·Š

Á¦œ‹r ‡º° {y~y t –3}

Ä®o c = 1 ‹³Å—o y = ~x~ + 1 Á ¸¥œ„¦µ¢ °Š y ŗo—´Šœ¸Ê

1
0 X

‹µ„„¦µ¢ ×Á¤œ ‡º°ÁŽ˜ °Š‹Îµœªœ‹¦·Š

Á¦œ‹r ‡º° {y~y t 1}
 88
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2) y = ~x – c~
Ä®o c = –3 ‹³Å—o y = ~x + 3~ Á ¸¥œ„¦µ¢ °Š y ŗo—´Šœ¸Ê
Y

–3 0 X

‹µ„„¦µ¢ ×Á¤œ ‡º° ÁŽ˜ °Š‹Îµœªœ‹¦·Š

Á¦œ‹r ‡º° {y~y t 0}

Ä®o c=1 ‹³Å—o y = ~x – 1~ Á ¸¥œ„¦µ¢ °Š y ŗo—´Šœ¸Ê

Y

0 1 X

‹µ„„¦µ¢ ×Á¤œ ‡º° ÁŽ˜ °Š‹Îµœªœ‹¦·Š

Á¦œ‹r ‡º° {y~y t 0}

3) y = ~x + c~ – 2
Ä®o c = –3 ‹³Å—o y = ~x – 3~ – 2 Á ¸¥œ„¦µ¢ °Š y ŗo—´Šœ¸Ê
Y

0 X
–2

‹µ„„¦µ¢ ×Á¤œ ‡º° ÁŽ˜ °Š‹Îµœªœ‹¦·Š

Á¦œ‹r ‡º° {y~y t –2}
 89
89

Ä®o c = 1 ‹³Å—o y = ~x + 1~ – 2 Á ¸¥œ„¦µ¢ °Š y ŗo—´Šœ¸Ê

–1 X
–2

‹µ„„¦µ¢ ×Á¤œ ‡º° ÁŽ˜ °Š‹Îµœªœ‹¦·Š

Á¦œ‹r ‡º° {y~y t –2}

2. 1) ‹µ„ ~3 + x~ = 0 Ä®o y = ~3 + x~ Á ¸¥œ„¦µ¢ °Š y ŗo—´Šœ¸Ê

–3 0 X

‹µ„„¦µ¢ ¡ªnµ Á¤ºÉ° y = 0, x = –3

—´Šœ´Êœ ~3 + x~ = 0 Á¤ºÉ° x = –3

2) ‹µ„ ~x – 5 ~ = 0 Ä®o y = ~x – 5~ Á ¸¥œ„¦µ¢ °Š y ŗo—´Šœ¸Ê

0 5 X

‹µ„„¦µ¢ ¡ªnµ Á¤ºÉ° y = 0 , x = 5

—´Šœ´Êœ ~x – 5~ = 0 Á¤ºÉ° x = 5
 90
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3) ‹µ„ ~5 – x ~ = 0
Ä®o y = ~5 – x ~ Á ¸¥œ„¦µ¢ °Š y ŗo—´Šœ¸Ê
Y

0 5 X

‹µ„„¦µ¢¡ªnµ Á¤ºÉ° y = 0 , x = 5
—´Šœ´Êœ ~5 – x ~ = 0 Á¤ºÉ° x = 5

4) ‹µ„ ~ x ~– 1 = 0 Ä®o y = ~x~ – 1 Á ¸¥œ„¦µ¢ °Š y ŗo—´Šœ¸Ê

X
–1

‹µ„„¦µ¢¡ªnµ y = 0 Á¤ºÉ° x = –1, 1

—´Šœ´Êœ ~x~ – 1 = 0 Á¤ºÉ° x = 1 ®¦º° x = –1

5) ‹µ„ ~x+7~= 7 ‹³Å—o ~ x + 7 ~ – 7 = 0

Ä®o y = ~x + 7 ~ – 7 Á ¸¥œ„¦µ¢ °Š y ŗo—´Šœ¸Ê
Y

–14 0 X

–7

‹µ„„¦µ¢¡ªnµ Á¤ºÉ° y = 0 , x = 0 ®¦º° –14

—´Šœ´Êœ ~x + 7 ~ – 7 = 0 ®¦º° ~x + 7 ~ = 7 Á¤ºÉ° x = 0 ®¦º° x = –14
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3. 1) Ä®o y = ~x+7~ Á ¸¥œ„¦µ¢ °Š y ŗo—´Šœ¸Ê

–7 0 X

‹µ„„¦µ¢‹³¡ªnµ Á¤ºÉ° x t –7 , ~x + 7~ t 0

2) Ä®o y = ~ 5 – x ~ Á ¸¥œ„¦µ¢ °Š y ŗo—´Šœ¸Ê

0 5 X

‹µ„„¦µ¢‹³¡ªnµ Á¤ºÉ° x t 5, ~5 – x~ t 0

3) Ä®o y = ~2–x~ Á ¸¥œ„¦µ¢ °Š y ŗo—´Šœ¸Ê

0 2 X

‹µ„„¦µ¢ ¡ªnµ Á¤ºÉ° x < 2 , ~2 – x~ > 0

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ÁŒ¨¥Â f„®´— 1.6

1. Á ¸¥œ„¦µ¢ °Š¢{Š„r´œ f ŗo—´Šœ¸Ê Á­oœž¦³ œµœ„´Â„œ Y Á ¸¥œÅªoÁ¡ºÉ°nª¥Ä®o°nµœ„¦µ¢

ŗo´—Á‹œ¥·ÉŠ ¹Êœ ˜nŤnčn­nªœ®œ¹ÉŠ °Š„¦µ¢

Y (µš)

20
18
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0 50 100 250 500 1,000 1,500 2,000 X
(„¦´¤)
 93

2.
¡·„´—œÊ宜´„ °´˜¦µ (µš)
ŤnÁ„·œ 1,000 „¦´¤ 15.00
Á„·œ 1,000 „¦´¤ ‡·— 1,000 „¦´¤¨³ 10.00
(Á«¬ °Š 1,000 „¦´¤ Ä®oœ´Áž}œ 1,000 „¦´¤)

‹µ„˜µ¦µŠÁ ¸¥œ„¦µ¢ °Š¢{Š„r´œ f ŗo—´Šœ¸Ê (Á­oœž¦³ œµœ„´Â„œ Y Á ¸¥œÅªoÁ¡ºÉ°

nª¥Ä®o°nµœ„¦µ¢Å—o´—Á‹œ¥·ÉŠ ¹Êœ ˜nŤnčn­nªœ®œ¹ÉŠ °Š„¦µ¢)

Y (µš)

55

45

35

25

15

10

1,000 2,000 3,000 4,000 5,000 X

(„¦´¤)
 šš¸É 2
°´˜¦µ­nªœ˜¦¸Ã„–¤·˜·
( 12 ´ÉªÃ¤Š )

ÁœºÊ°®µ­µ¦³Á¦ºÉ°Š °´˜¦µ­nªœ˜¦¸Ã„–¤·˜·°¥¼nĜ­µ¦³®¨´„Á¦ºÉ°Š„µ¦ª´— ץĜ®œ´Š­º°Á¦¸¥œÅ—o

„¨nµª™¹Š°´˜¦µ­nªœ °Š‡ªµ¤¥µª °Š—oµœ °Š¦¼ž­µ¤Á®¨¸É¥¤¤»¤Œµ„ Ž¹ÉŠÅ—o„n Ŏœr ÇŎœr ¨³
šœÁ‹œ˜r °Š¤»¤š¸É¤¸ œµ—¦³®ªnµŠ 0q ™¹Š 90q ¨³„µ¦°nµœ‡nµ °Š°´˜¦µ­nªœ˜¦¸Ã„–¤·˜·—´Š„¨nµª‹µ„
˜µ¦µŠ¦ª¤š´ÊŠ˜´ª°¥nµŠ„µ¦Â„ož{®µš¸ÉÁ„¸É¥ª„´„µ¦ª´—
­Îµ®¦´ÅŽœr ÇŎœr ¨³ÂšœÁ‹œ˜r °Š¤»¤š¸¤É ¸ œµ— 0q ¨³ 90q Ťnŗo„¨nµªÅªoĜ®œ´Š­º°Á¦¸¥œ
ÁœºÉ°Š‹µ„Ťn­µ¤µ¦™®µÃ—¥Äo¦¼ž­µ¤Á®¨¸É¥¤¤»¤Œµ„ ˜n‹³˜o°Š°µ«´¥šœ·¥µ¤š¸É˜o°ŠÄoªŠ„¨¤®œ¹ÉŠ®œnª¥
Ž¹ÉŠŸ¼oÁ¦¸¥œš¸ÉÁ¨º°„Á¦¸¥œª·µ‡–·˜«µ­˜¦r¦µ¥ª·µÁ¡·É¤Á˜·¤‹³Å—oÁ¦¸¥œÁ¦ºÉ°Š—´Š„¨nµª

Ÿ¨„µ¦Á¦¸¥œ¦¼oš¸É‡µ—®ª´Š
®µ°´˜¦µ­nªœ˜¦¸Ã„–¤·˜· °Š¤»¤š¸É„ε®œ—Ä®o ¨³œÎµÅžÄo„ož{®µÅ—o

Ÿ¨„µ¦Á¦¸¥œ¦¼o—´Š„¨nµªÁž}œŸ¨„µ¦Á¦¸¥œ¦¼šo ­¸É °—‡¨o°Š„´¤µ˜¦“µœ„µ¦Á¦¸¥œ¦¼o ªn Š´œÊ šµŠ—oµœ‡ªµ¤¦¼o

Ĝ„µ¦Á¦¸¥œ„µ¦­°œš»„‡¦´ÊŠŸ¼o­°œ˜o°Š‡Îµœ¹Š™¹Š¤µ˜¦“µœ„µ¦Á¦¸¥œ¦¼ošµŠ—oµœš´„¬³Â¨³„¦³ªœ„µ¦šµŠ
‡–·˜«µ­˜¦rš‹¸É µÎ Áž}œÂ¨³­°—š¦„„·‹„¦¦¤ ž{®µ ®¦º°‡Îµ™µ¤š¸ÁÉ ­¦·¤­¦oµŠš´„¬³„¦³ªœ„µ¦Á®¨nµœ´œÊ —oª¥
œ°„‹µ„œ´Êœ‡ª¦ž¨¼„ {ŠÄ®oŸ¼oÁ¦¸¥œšÎµŠµœ°¥nµŠÁž}œ¦³ ¤¸¦³Á¸¥ª·œ´¥ ¦°‡° ¤¸‡ªµ¤¦´Ÿ·—°
¤¸ª·‹µ¦–µ–¨³¤¸‡ªµ¤ÁºÉ°¤´ÉœÄœ˜´ªÁ°Š
 95

o°Á­œ°Âœ³
1. Ĝ„·‹„¦¦¤š¸ÉÁ­œ°Âœ³ÅªoÄ®oŸ¼oÁ¦¸¥œÅ—o o°­¦»žªnµ °´˜¦µ­nªœ˜¦¸Ã„–¤·˜·‹³Áž}œ‡nµ‡Š˜´ªœ´Êœ Áž}œÁ¡¸¥Š
Á‡¦ºÉ°Š¤º°nª¥Ä®oŸ¼oÁ¦¸¥œÁ„·—‡ªµ¤Á oµÄ‹ÄœÁ¦ºÉ°Š—´Š„¨nµªÅ—o—¸ ¹Êœ ˜n™oµŸ¼oÁ¦¸¥œ¤¸¡ºÊœ“µœÁ¦ºÉ°Š°´˜¦µ­nªœ
š¸ÁÉ šnµ„´œ °Š¦¼ž­µ¤Á®¨¸¥É ¤š¸‡É ¨oµ¥„´œ—¸°¥¼Ân ¨oª Ÿ¼Áo ¦¸¥œ„È°µ‹‹³­µ¤µ¦™­¦»žÅ—oªµn °´˜¦µ­nªœ˜¦¸Ã„–¤·˜·
°Š¤»¤š¸ÉÁšnµ„´œ‹³¤¸‡nµÁšnµ„´œÁ­¤°
2. Ĝ„µ¦œÎµ‡nµ °Š°´˜¦µ­nªœ˜¦¸Ã„–¤·˜·¤µÄoœ´Êœ Ÿ¼oÁ¦¸¥œ­µ¤µ¦™Äo˜µ¦µŠŽ¹ÉŠÂ­—Š‡nµ °ŠÅŽœr ÇŎœr
¨³ÂšœÁ‹œ˜r °Š¤»¤š¸É¤¸‡nµ˜´ÊŠÂ˜n 0q ™¹Š 89q ŗo ×¥Ÿ¼o­°œÄ®oŸ¼oÁ¦¸¥œ‹Îµ‡nµ °Š°´˜¦µ­nªœ˜¦¸Ã„–¤·˜·
°Š¤»¤Á¡¸¥ŠµŠ‡nµ Ánœ

¤»¤ sin cos tan

30q 1 3 3
2 2 3
45q 2 2 1
2 2
60q 3 1
3
2 2

3. Ĝ„µ¦œÎµ‡ªµ¤¦¼oÁ¦ºÉ°Š°´˜¦µ­nªœ˜¦¸Ã„–¤·˜·ÅžÄo Ÿ¼oÁ¦¸¥œ‡ª¦¤¸š´„¬³Äœ„µ¦Â„ož{®µš¸ÉÁ„¸É¥ª„´„µ¦®µ
‡ªµ¤¥µª °Š—oµœ °Š¦¼ž °Š­µ¤Á®¨¸É¥¤¤»¤Œµ„ ץčo°´˜¦µ­nªœ˜¦¸Ã„–¤·˜·Á­¸¥„n°œ Ž¹ÉŠŸ¼o­°œ°µ‹
f„š´„¬³Ã—¥Ä®oŸ¼oÁ¦¸¥œšÎµÃ‹š¥ršÎµœ°ŠÁ—¸¥ª„´˜´ª°¥nµŠ˜n°Åžœ¸Ê
‹Š®µ‡nµ x ‹µ„¦¼ž­µ¤Á®¨¸É¥¤¤»¤Œµ„š¸É„ε®œ—Ä®o˜n°Åžœ¸Ê

1) 2) 3)

18 12
x
x
39q 75q 21q
x 942
4) 5) 6)
51q
x x x 44q
32 16
25q
140
 96

„·‹„¦¦¤Á­œ°Âœ³

1. °´˜¦µ­nªœ˜¦¸Ã„–¤·˜·
Á¡ºÉ°Ä®oŸ¼oÁ¦¸¥œÁ„·—‡ªµ¤Á oµÄ‹Á¦ºÉ°Š°´˜¦µ­nªœ˜¦¸Ã„–¤·˜·Ž¹ÉŠÁž}œ‡nµ‡Š˜´ª ×¥‡nµ—´Š„¨nµª‹³
¹Êœ°¥¼n„´ œµ— °Š¤»¤ Ÿ¼o­°œ°µ‹Äo„·‹„¦¦¤—´Šœ¸Ê
1) Ÿ¼o­°œÄ®oŸ¼oÁ¦¸¥œÁ ¸¥œ¦¼ž ' ¤»¤Œµ„ ABC š¸É¤¸¤»¤ C Ášnµ„´ 90q ¨³¤»¤ A Ášnµ„´ 30q
ץĮo¦¼ž­µ¤Á®¨¸É¥¤Â˜n¨³¦¼ž¤¸‡ªµ¤¥µª °Š—oµœ BC ˜nµŠ„´œ Ánœ
B

3 ®œnª¥ B
A
A 30q
C
30q
5 ®œnª¥

30q B C
A C 2 ®œnª¥

‡ªµ¤¥µª °Š—oµœ˜¦Š µo ¤¤»¤ A BC

‹µ„œ´ÊœÄ®oŸ¼oÁ¦¸¥œ®µ°´˜¦µ­nªœ °Š ‡ªµ¤¥µª °Š—oµœ˜¦Š µo ¤¤»¤ C Ž¹ÉŠÁšnµ„´ AB

­Îµ®¦´‡ªµ¤¥µª °Š—oµœ AB ®µÅ—o‹µ„„µ¦ª´— ‹µ„œ´Êœ‹¹ŠÄ®oŸ¼oÁ¦¸¥œnª¥„´œ­¦»ž‡nµ °Š

°´˜¦µ­nªœ—´Š„¨nµª

2) Ÿ¼o­°œÄ®oŸ¼oÁ¦¸¥œšÎµ„·‹„¦¦¤š¸É„¨nµª¤µŽÊε ×¥„ε®œ— œµ— °Š¤»¤Â¨³°´˜¦µ­nªœ˜¦¸Ã„–¤·˜·

°ºÉœ‹œŸ¼oÁ¦¸¥œ­µ¤µ¦™­¦»žÅ—oªnµ ‡nµ °ŠÅŽœr ÇŎœr ¨³ÂšœÁ‹œ˜r‹³Áž}œ‡nµ‡Š˜´ª Ž¹ÉŠ ¹Êœ°¥¼n„´ œµ—
°Š¤»¤

®¤µ¥Á®˜» œ°„‹µ„‹³Äo ª· ›¸ „ µ¦š¸É „ ¨n µ ª¤µÂ¨o ª Ÿ¼o ­ °œ°µ‹Ä®o Ÿ¼o Á ¦¸ ¥ œÁ ¸ ¥ œ¦¼ ž ­µ¤Á®¨¸É ¥ ¤¤» ¤ Œµ„
š¸É¤¸ œµ— °Š¤»¤ A Ášnµ„´œ —´Šœ¸Ê
 97

30q
A 3 5 10 12 15 C

‹µ„œ´ÊœŸ¼o­°œ‹¹ŠÄ®oŸ¼oÁ¦¸¥œ®µ‡nµ °Š°´˜¦µ­nªœ˜¦¸Ã„–¤·˜·Ã—¥Äo„µ¦ª´—‡ªµ¤¥µª °Š—oµœ °Š

¦¼ž­µ¤Á®¨¸É¥¤ Á¡ºÉ°®µ o°­¦»žªnµ °´˜¦µ­nªœ˜¦¸Ã„–¤·˜· °Š¤»¤š¸É¤¸ œµ—Ášnµ„´œ‹³¤¸‡nµÁšnµ„´œ
 98

˜´ª°¥nµŠÂš—­°ž¦³‹Îµš

1. ‹Š®µ°´˜¦µ­nªœ˜¦¸Ã„–¤·˜·‹µ„¦¼ž­µ¤Á®¨¸É¥¤¤»¤Œµ„š¸É„ε®œ—Ä®o—´Šœ¸Ê

B
1) 1) sin A
2) cos B
c 3) tan A
a
4) tan B

A C
b

2)
B

1) sin A ¨³ sin B

25 2) cos A ¨³ cos B
20
3) tan A ¨³ tan B

A 15 C

3) C
1) sin A ¨³ sin B
8 15
2) cos A ¨³ cos B
3) tan A ¨³ tan B
B 17 A
 99

2. ‹µ„¦¼ž­µ¤Á®¨¸É¥¤¤»¤Œµ„š¸É„ε®œ—Ä®o ‹Š®µ‡nµ °Š x

1) 2)

18 12
x
30q 60q
x

3) 4)

x 32
60q xq 42
42 50

5) 6)

3 xq 10
7
xq
25

3. ‹µ„¦¼ž­µ¤Á®¨¸É¥¤¤»¤Œµ„ ABC š¸É„ε®œ—Ä®o ‹Š®µ

1) sin T 2) cos T
3) tan T 4) ‡ªµ¤¥µª °Š—oµœ AC

A C
T

50 21

B
 100

4. ‹Š®µ‡nµ °Š a, b ®¦º° c ‹µ„¦¼ž­µ¤Á®¨¸É¥¤¤»¤Œµ„š¸É„ε®œ—Ä®o—´Šœ¸Ê

1) C 2) A
60q
b a 7 c

30q 60q C B
A 8 B a

B
3) C 4)
45q
30
6 b a
45q 45q
B c A C A
b

5. Ä®o ' ABC Áž}œ¦¼ž­µ¤Á®¨¸É¥¤—oµœÁšnµš¸É¤¸—oµœ AB ¥µª 18 ®œnª¥ AD nŠ‡¦¹ÉŠ¤»¤ A

¨³ AD A BC ‹Š®µ‡ªµ¤¥µª °Š AD
C

A 18 B

6. 1)

30q
100 Á¤˜¦

‹µ„¦¼ž ‹Š®µ‡ªµ¤­¼Š °Š˜oœÅ¤o

 101

2)

60q

12 Á¤˜¦

‹µ„¦¼ž ‹Š®µªnµoµœš¸É°¥¼nœ˜oœÅ¤o°¥¼n­¼Š‹µ„¡ºÊœ—·œÁšnµÅ¦

3)
x
30q
30 Á¤˜¦

‹µ„¦¼ž ‹Š®µ‡ªµ¤­¼Š °Šž¦³£µ‡µ¦

 102

ÁŒ¨¥˜´ª°¥nµŠÂš—­°

1. ®µ°´˜¦µ­nªœ˜¦¸Ã„–¤·˜·‹µ„¦¼ž­µ¤Á®¨¸É¥¤¤»¤Œµ„š¸É„ε®œ—Ä®oŗo—´Šœ¸Ê

B a
1) 1) sin A =
c
a
2) cos B =
c
c a
a 3) tan A =
b
b
4) tan B =
a
A C
b

2)
B
20 4 15 3
sin A = = , sin B = =
25 5 25 5
25 15 3 20 4
20 cos A = = , cos B = =
25 5 25 5
20 4 15 3
tan A = = , tan B = =
15 3 20 4
A 15 C

3) C
8 15
sin A = , sin B =
8 15 17 17
15 8
cos A = , cos B =
17 17
A tan A = 8 15
B 17 , tan B =
15 8
 103

2. ‹µ„¦¼ž­µ¤Á®¨¸É¥¤¤»¤Œµ„š¸É„ε®œ—Ä®o ®µ‡nµ °Š x ŗo—´Šœ¸Ê

x
1) sin 30q =
18

18 x = 18 sin 30q = 18 u 0.50 = 9

x
30q

x
2) cos 60q =
12
x = 12 cos 60q = 12 u 0.5 = 6
12
60q
x
x
3) tan 60q =
42
x = 42 tan 60q = 42 u 1.732 = 72.744
x
60q
42
32
4) tan xq = = 0.64
50
tan 33q = 0.649
32
x | 33q
Xq
50
3
5) cos xq = = 0.42
7
3 cos 65q = 0.423
Xq 7
x | 65q

10
6) sin xq = = 0.40
25
10
sin 24q = 0.407
Xq
25 x | 24q
 104

3. ‹µ„¦¼ž­µ¤Á®¨¸É¥¤¤»¤Œµ„ ABC š¸É„ε®œ—Ä®o ®µ‡nµ˜n°Åžœ¸Êŗo—´Šœ¸Ê

A C
T

50 21

B
1) sin T
21
‹µ„¦¼ž sin T = ®¦º° 0.42
50
2) cos T
‹µ„˜µ¦µŠ sin 25q = 0.423
‹³Å—oªnµ T ¤¸‡nµž¦³¤µ– 25q
‹µ„˜µ¦µŠ cos 25q = 0.906
3) tan T
tan T = tan 25q
‹µ„˜µ¦µŠ tan 25q = 0.466
4) ‡ªµ¤¥µª °Š—oµœ AC
cos T = AC
50
AC = 50 cos T
= 50 cos 25q
= 50 u 0.906
= 45.3

4. ®µ‡nµ °Š a, b ®¦º° c ‹µ„¦¼ž­µ¤Á®¨¸É¥¤¤»¤Œµ„š¸É„ε®œ—Ä®oŗo—´Šœ¸Ê

a
1) C sin 30q = 8
, a = 8 sin 30q
= 8u 12 = 4
b a b
sin 60q = 8
, b = 8 sin 60q
30q 60q = 8 u 0.866 = 6.928
A 8 B
 105

a
2) tan 60q =
7
60q
a = 7 u 1.732
= 12.124
š
B = 90q – 60q = 30q
sin B = sin 30q = 7c
c = 7 sin 30q
= 7 u 0.5 = 3.5
3) sin A = 6c
C
c = 6 = 6 $
6 b sin A sin 45

= 6 = 8.487
q 45q A 0.707
B 45 c ÁœºÉ°Š‹µ„ ' ABC Áž}œ¦¼ž­µ¤Á®¨¸É¥¤®œoµ‹´Éª
š š
( A = B = 45q)
—´Šœ´Êœ b = 6

b
4) B sin 45q =
30
45q b = 30 sin 45q = 30 u 0.707
30 = 21.21
a š
A = 90q – 45q = 45q
š š
A = B = 45q
C b A
—´Šœ´Êœ ' ABC Áž}œ¦¼ž­µ¤Á®¨¸É¥¤®œoµ‹´Éª
‹³Å—o a = b = 21.21

5. Ä®o ' ABC Áž} œ ¦¼ ž ­µ¤Á®¨¸É ¥ ¤—o µ œÁšn µ š¸É ¤¸ —o µ œ AB ¥µª 18 ®œn ª ¥ AD n Š ‡¦¹É Š ¤» ¤ A
¨³ AD A BC ®µ‡ªµ¤¥µª °Š AD ŗo—´Šœ¸Ê
C

A 18 B
 106

ÁœºÉ°Š‹µ„ ' ABC Áž}œ¦¼ž­µ¤Á®¨¸É¥¤—oµœÁšnµ

‹³Å—oªnµ AB = AC = BC = 18 ®œnª¥
š š š
¨³ C A B = A B C = B C A = 60q
ÁœºÉ°Š‹µ„ AB = AC
¦¼ž ' ABC ‹¹ŠÁž}œ¦¼ž­µ¤Á®¨¸É¥¤®œoµ‹´Éª ¨³‹µ„­¤´˜· °Š¦¼ž­µ¤Á®¨¸É¥¤®œoµ‹´Éª
Á­oœš¸ÉnŠ‡¦¹ÉŠ¤»¤¥°— °Š¦¼ž­µ¤Á®¨¸É¥¤®œoµ‹´Éª‹³ÂnŠ‡¦¹ÉŠ“µœ °Š¦¼ž­µ¤Á®¨¸É¥¤®œoµ‹´Éª—oª¥
œ´Éœ‡º° BD = CD = 182 ®¦º° 9 ®œnª¥
¡·‹µ¦–µ¦¼ž ' ABD š¸É¤¸¤»¤ D Áž}œ¤»¤Œµ„
sin B = AD
18 D
AD = 18 sin B
9
= 18 sin 60q
‹µ„˜µ¦µŠ sin 60q = 0.866 A 18 B
‹³Å—o AD = 18 u 0.866
= 15.588 ®œnª¥

6. 1) Ä®o x šœ‡ªµ¤­¼Š °Š˜oœÅ¤o

tan 30q = x
100
x = 100 u tan 30q
30q
100 Á¤˜¦ = 100 u 0.577 ®¦º° 57.77 Á¤˜¦
—´Šœ´Êœ ‡ªµ¤­¼Š °Š˜oœÅ¤oÁšnµ„´ 57.77 Á¤˜¦

2) Ä®o x šœ‡ªµ¤­¼Š °Šoµœš¸É°¥¼nœ˜oœÅ¤o

‹µ„¡ºÊœ—·œ
60q tan 60q = x
12
x = 12 tan 60q
x
= 12 u 1.732
12 Á¤˜¦ = 20.784 Á¤˜¦
—´Šœ´œÊ oµœ°¥¼­n Š¼ ‹µ„¡ºœÊ —·œž¦³¤µ– 20.8 Á¤˜¦
 107

3) Ä®o x šœ‡ªµ¤­¼Š °Šž¦³£µ‡µ¦

tan 30q = x
30
x = 30 tan 30q
x = 30 u 0.577
30q = 17.31 Á¤˜¦
30 Á¤˜¦ —´Šœ´Êœ ž¦³£µ‡µ¦­¼Šž¦³¤µ– 17.3 Á¤˜¦
 108

ÁŒ¨¥Â f„®´— 2.1

5 12
1. 1) B sin A = cos A =
13 13
12 5
sin B = cos B =
13 13 13
5 5 12
tan A = tan B =
12 5

C 12 A

4 3 4
2) C A sin A = cos A =
5 5
4 3
sin B = cos B =
3 5 5
5 3 4
tan A = tan B =
4 3
B

C 4 5
3) sin A = cos A =
41 41
4 5 5 4
sin B = cos B =
41 41
B A 4 5
tan A = tan B =
41 5 4

BC
2. 1) sin A =
AB
B C AC
2) sin B =
AB
AC
3) cos A =
AB
BC
4) cos B =
AB
A AC
5) tan B =
BC
BC
6) tan A =
AC
 109

3. C

b a

A c B
a a
1) sin A = c
2) cos B = c
b b
3) cos A = c
4) sin B = c

4. 1) sin 32q = 0.530 2) sin 4q = 0.070

3) sin 81q = 0.988 4) sin 17q = 0.292
5) cos 29q = 0.875 6) tan 18q = 0.325
7) tan 81q = 6.314 8) sin 51.5q | 0.7825
9) cos 67.5q | 0.383 10) tan 42.5q | 0.9165

5. 1) sin T = 0.53
‹µ„˜µ¦µŠ sin 32q = 0.53
‹³Å—o T = 32q
2) sin T = 0.899
‹µ„˜µ¦µŠ sin 64q = 0.899
‹³Å—o T = 64q
3) sin T = 2 ®¦º° 0.4
5
‹µ„˜µ¦µŠ sin 24q = 0.407
‹³Å—o T = 24q (×¥ž¦³¤µ–)
4) sin T = 5 ®¦º° 0.625
8
‹µ„˜µ¦µŠ sin 39q = 0.629
‹³Å—o T = 39q (×¥ž¦³¤µ–)
5) sin T = 15 ®¦º° 0.652
23
‹µ„˜µ¦µŠ sin 41q = 0.656
‹³Å—o T = 41q (×¥ž¦³¤µ–)
 110

6. 1) cos T = 0.5
‹µ„˜µ¦µŠ cos 60q = 0.500
‹³Å—o T = 60q
2) cos T = 0.99
‹µ„˜µ¦µŠ cos 8q = 0.990
‹³Å—o T = 8q
3) cos T = 0.75
‹µ„˜µ¦µŠ cos 41q = 0.755
‹³Å—o T = 41q (×¥ž¦³¤µ–)
4) cos T = 3 ®¦º° 0.6
5
‹µ„˜µ¦µŠ cos 53q = 0.602
‹³Å—o T = 53q (×¥ž¦³¤µ–)
5) cos T = 9 ®¦º° 0.692
13
‹µ„˜µ¦µŠ cos 46q = 0.695
‹³Å—o T = 46q (×¥ž¦³¤µ–)

7. 1) tan T = 0.404
‹µ„˜µ¦µŠ tan 22q = 0.404
‹³Å—o T = 22q
2) tan T = 4.011
‹µ„˜µ¦µŠ tan 76q = 4.011
‹³Å—o T = 76q
3) tan T = 9 ®¦º° 2.250
4
‹µ„˜µ¦µŠ tan 66q = 2.246
‹³Å—o T = 66q (×¥ž¦³¤µ–)
4) tan T = 4 ®¦º° 0.571
7
‹µ„˜µ¦µŠ tan 30q = 0.577
‹³Å—o T = 30q (×¥ž¦³¤µ–)
5) tan T = 28 ®¦º° 2.154
13
‹µ„˜µ¦µŠ tan 65q = 2.145
‹³Å—o T = 65q (×¥ž¦³¤µ–)
 111

8. ®µ‡nµ °Š¤»¤ T Á¤ºÉ°„ε®œ—‡nµ °Š°´˜¦µ­nªœ˜¦¸Ã„–¤·˜·Å—o—´Šœ¸Ê

1) cos T = 0.616 ‹µ„˜µ¦µŠ cos 52q = 0.616 ‹³Å—o T = 52q
2) tan T = 0.488 ‹µ„˜µ¦µŠ tan 26q = 0.488 ‹³Å—o T = 26q
3) sin T = 0.982 ‹µ„˜µ¦µŠ sin 79q = 0.982 ‹³Å—o T = 79q
4) tan T = 2.356 ‹µ„˜µ¦µŠ tan 67q = 2.356 ‹³Å—o T = 67q
5) cos T = 0.707 ‹µ„˜µ¦µŠ cos 45q = 0.707 ‹³Å—o T = 45q

9. ª·›¸š¸É 1 ‹µ„š§¬‘¸šžešµÃ„¦´­
9 B AB2 + BC2 = AC2
A
BC2 = AC2 – AB2
= 152 – 92
15 = 144
BC = r12
C

ÁœºÉ°Š‹µ„ BC Áž}œ‡ªµ¤¥µª °Š—oµœ °Š¦¼ž­µ¤Á®¨¸É¥¤ —´Šœ´Êœ BC = 12

‹µ„¦¼ž sin A = BC = 12 ®¦º° 0.8
AC 15
BC 12
tan A = = ®¦º° 1.33
AB 9
BC 12
cos C = = ®¦º° 0.8
AC 15
AB 9
tan C = = ®¦º° 0.75
BC 12

ª·›¸š¸É 2
9
‹µ„¦¼ž cos A = ®¦º° 0.6
15
‹µ„˜µ¦µŠ cos 53q = 0.602
š
‹³Å—o A = 53q (×¥ž¦³¤µ–)
š
¨³ C = 180q – 90q – 53q = 37q (×¥ž¦³¤µ–)
¡·‹µ¦–µ®µ‡nµ °Š°´˜¦µ­nªœ˜¦¸Ã„–¤·˜· °Š¤»¤ ‹µ„˜µ¦µŠÅ—o—´Šœ¸Ê
sin A = sin 53q = 0.799 | 0.8
tan A = tan 53q = 1.327 | 1.33
 112

cos C = cos 37q = 0.799 | 0.8

tan C = tan 37q = 0.754 | 0.75
‹³¡ªnµ ‡nµ °Š°´˜¦µ­nªœ˜¦¸Ã„–¤·˜·š¸É®µÅ—oš´ÊŠ­°Šª·›¸¤¸‡nµÄ„¨oÁ‡¸¥Š„´œ

x
10. 1) ‹µ„¦¼ž sin 45q =
14
45q
x = 14 sin 45q
14 x ‹µ„˜µ¦µŠ sin 45q = 0.707
‹³Å—o x = 14 u 0.707
= 9.898

x
2) ‹µ„¦¼ž tan 30q =
5 3
5 3
x = 5 3 tan 30q
30q x § 3 ·
= 5 3¨ ¸
¨ 3 ¸
© ¹
y = 5
5 3
‹µ„¦¼ž cos 30q =
y
5 3
y =
cos 30 $
5 3
=
3
2
= 10
 113

x
3) ‹µ„¦¼ž cos 60q =
8
x = 8 cos 60q
y 8 ‹µ„˜µ¦µŠ cos 60q = 0.500
‹³Å—o x = 8 u 0.500
60q
x = 4
y
‹µ„¦¼ž sin 60q =
8
y = 8 sin 60q
‹µ„˜µ¦µŠ sin 60q = 0.866
‹³Å—o y = 8 u 0.866
= 6.928
y
‹µ„¦¼ž tan 45q =
z
y 6.928
y z = ®¦º°
tan 45q tan 45q
45q ‹µ„˜µ¦µŠ tan 45q = 1.0
z ‹³Å—o z = 6.928

x
4) ‹µ„¦¼ž sin 60q =
8
x = 8 sin 60q
x y
‹µ„˜µ¦µŠ sin 60q = 0.866
30q 60q ‹³Å—o x = 8 u 0.866
8 = 6.928
‹µ„¦¼ž sin 30q = y
8
y = 8 sin 30q
‹µ„˜µ¦µŠ sin 30q = 0.50
‹³Å—o y = 8 u 0.5
= 4

1
11. Ä®o ABC Áž}œ¦¼ž­µ¤Á®¨¸É¥¤¤»¤Œµ„ š¸É¤¸¤»¤ C Áž}œ¤»¤Œµ„ ¨³ cos A =
2
1
A ‹µ„¦¼ž cos A =
2
2
1 ¨³ sin B = cos A
B 1
C ‹³Å—o sin B = ®¦º° 0.5
2
 114

š
‹µ„˜µ¦µŠ sin 30q = 0.5 ‹³Å—o B = 30q
š
cos 60q = 0.5 ‹³Å—o A = 60q
1) sin A = sin 60q
‹µ„˜µ¦µŠ sin 60q = 0.866
2) tan A = tan 60q
‹µ„˜µ¦µŠ tan 60q = 1.732
3) sin B = cos A = 1 ®¦º° 0.5
2
4) cos B = sin A = 0.866
5) tan B = tan 30q
‹µ„˜µ¦µŠ tan 30q = 0.577

12. 1) 8
A 2 4 B

6
1 3
D C

‹µ„¦¼ž ' ABD Áž}œ¦¼ž­µ¤Á®¨¸É¥¤¤»¤Œµ„

‹µ„š§¬‘¸šžešµÃ„¦´­ BD2 = AB2 + AD2
BD2 = 82 + 62
BD2 = 64 + 36
BD2 = 100
BD = r 10 ®œnª¥
˜nÁœºÉ°Š‹µ„ BD Áž}œ‡ªµ¤¥µª °Š—oµœ °Š¦¼ž­µ¤Á®¨¸É¥¤ —´Šœ´Êœ
BD = 10 ®œnª¥
AB 8 4
2) sin 1̂ = = ®¦º°
BD 10 5
AD 6 3
3) cos 1̂ = = ®¦º°
BD 10 5
AD 6 3
4) sin 2̂ = = ®¦º°
BD 10 5
AB 8 4
5) cos 2̂ = = ®¦º°
BD 10 5
 115

ÁœºÉ°Š‹µ„ ABCD Áž}œ¦¼ž­¸ÉÁ®¨¸É¥¤—oµœ œµœÂ¨³Áž}œ¦¼ž­¸ÉÁ®¨¸É¥¤¤»¤Œµ„

—´Šœ´Êœ BC = 6 ®œnª¥ ¨³ DC = 8 ®œnª¥

BC 6 3
6) sin 3̂ = = ®¦º°
BD 10 5

CD 8 4
7) cos 3̂ = = ®¦º°
BD 10 5

CD 8 4
8) sin 4̂ = = ®¦º°
BD 10 5

4
9) ‹µ„ sin 1̂ = ®¦º° 0.8
5
‹µ„˜µ¦µŠ sin 53q = 0.799
‹³Å—o 1̂ | 53q

3
10) ‹µ„ sin 2̂ = ®¦º° 0.6
5
‹µ„˜µ¦µŠ sin 37q = 0.602
‹³Å—o 2̂ | 37q
®¦º° ‹µ„ 1̂ | 53q
1̂+ 2̂ = 90q
53q + 2̂ | 90q
—´Šœ´Êœ 2̂ | 37q

3
11) ‹µ„ sin 3̂ = ®¦º° 0.6
5
‹µ„˜µ¦µŠ sin 37q = 0.602
‹³Å—o 3̂ | 37q

4
12) ‹µ„ sin 4̂ = ®¦º° 0.8
5
‹µ„˜µ¦µŠ sin 53q = 0.799
‹³Å—o 4̂ | 53q
 116

13. B

c
a

C b A

1) tan A = 2 ¨³ a = 10 ®œnª¥

a
‹µ„¦¼ž tan A =
b
10
2 =
b
10
‹³Å—o b =
2
25
=
2
= 5 2 ®œnª¥

1
2) tan A = ¨³ b = 3 ®œnª¥
4
a
‹µ„¦¼ž tan A =
b
1 a
=
4 3
3
‹³Å—o a = ®œnª¥
4

3) a = 5 ®œnª¥ ¨³ b = 12 ®œnª¥

a
‹µ„¦¼ž sin A =
c
®µ‡ªµ¤¥µª—oµœ c ‹µ„š§¬‘¸šžešµÃ„¦´­ c2 = a2 + b2
c2 = 52 + 122
c2 = 25 + 144
c2 = 169
c = r 13
 117

˜nÁœºÉ°Š‹µ„ c Áž}œ‡ªµ¤¥µª °Š—oµœ °Š¦¼ž­µ¤Á®¨¸É¥¤

—´Šœ´Êœ c = 13 ®œnª¥
5
—´Šœ´Êœ sin A =
13

2
4) cos B = ¨³ a = 5 ®œnª¥
3
a
cos B =
c
2 5
=
3 c
5u3
c = ®¦º° 7.5 ®œnª¥
2

5) a = 4 ®œnª¥ ¨³ c = 6 ®œnª¥

b
‹µ„¦¼ž tan B =
a
®µ‡ªµ¤¥µª—oµœ b ×¥°µ«´¥š§¬‘¸šžešµÃ„¦´­ c2 = a2 + b2
62 = 42 + b2
b2 = 62 – 42
b2 = 36 – 16
b2 = 20
b = r2 5
˜nÁœºÉ°Š‹µ„ b Áž}œ‡ªµ¤¥µª °Š—oµœ °Š¦¼ž­µ¤Á®¨¸É¥¤ —´Šœ´Êœ b = 2 5 ®œnª¥
2 5 5
—´Šœ´Êœ tan B = ®¦º°
4 2

14. 1)
B
‹µ„¦¼ž
BG = 12 ®œnª¥ ¨³ GH = 8 ®œnª¥
Ä®o¤»¤ B = T
G H
D E

A C
 118

¡·‹µ¦–µ ' BGH

GH
sin T =
BG
B 8
T
=
12 12
= 0.667
G H ‹µ„˜µ¦µŠ sin 42q = 0.669
8
‹³Å—o T | 42q

¡·‹µ¦–µ ' BDE

B Ä®o—oµœ BE ¥µª x ®œnª¥
T cos T = BE
BD
x
cos 42q =
15 15
x
‹µ„˜µ¦µŠ cos 42q = 0.743
x
0.743 =
15
D E x = 0.743 u 15 ®¦º° 11.145
‹³Å—o BE ¥µª 11.145 ®œnª¥

2) ™oµ AC = 9 ®œnª¥ DE = 6 ®œnª¥ ¨³ AB = 15 ®œnª¥

B
T

15 ®œnª¥
D E
6 ®œnª¥
T C
A 9 ®œnª¥
 119

®µ‡ªµ¤¥µª—oµœ BC ×¥°µ«´¥š§¬‘¸šžešµÃ„¦´­
AB2 = AC2 + BC2
152 = 92 + BC2
BC2 = 152 – 92
BC2 = 225 – 81
BC2 = 144
BC = r12
ÁœºÉ°Š‹µ„ BC Áž}œ‡ªµ¤¥µª °Š—oµœ °Š¦¼ž­µ¤Á®¨¸É¥¤ —´Šœ´Êœ BC = 12 ®œnª¥
EC = BC – BE = 12 – 11.145 = 0.855 ®œnª¥

3) ™oµ¤»¤ A = 50q ¨³ BH = 4 ®œnª¥

4 ®œnª¥
50 q
G H
ÁœºÉ°Š‹µ„ ' ABC ¨³ ' BGH Áž}œ¦¼ž­µ¤Á®¨¸É¥¤‡¨oµ¥
—´Šœ´Êœ  = Ĝ = 50q

‹µ„¦¼ž tan 50q = 4

GH
‹µ„˜µ¦µŠ tan 50q = 1.192
‹³Å—o 1.192 = 4
GH
4
GH =
1.192
GH = 3.356 ®œnª¥
 120

4) B ™oµ AB = 10 2 ®œnª¥
10 2 ¨³ AC = 6 5 ®œnª¥

A T
C
6 5

¡·‹µ¦–µ ' ABC Ä®o¤»¤ A = T

6 5
cos T = = 0.949
10 2
‹µ„˜µ¦µŠ cos 18q = 0.951
—´Šœ´Êœ T | 18q
ÁœºÉ°Š‹µ„ ¤»¤£µ¥Äœ °Š ' ABC = 180q
—´Šœ´Êœ AB̂C | 180q – 90q – 18q | 72q

15. „ε®œ—Ä®o¦¼ž­µ¤Á®¨¸É¥¤—oµœÁšnµ DEF ¤¸—oµœ DG Áž}œ­nªœ­¼Š ¨³ DE ¥µª 18 ®œnª¥ —´Š¦¼ž

F
18 ®œnª¥
G

D E
18 ®œnª¥

ÁœºÉ°Š‹µ„¦¼ž ' DEF Áž}œ¦¼ž­µ¤Á®¨¸É¥¤—oµœÁšnµ

‹³Å—oªnµ ¤»¤£µ¥Äœ °Š¦¼ž­µ¤Á®¨¸É¥¤—oµœÁšnµ‹³Ášnµ„´ 60q
š
¡·‹µ¦–µ¦¼ž ' DGE š¸É¤¸ E = 60q
‹³Å—o sin E = DG
18
DG
sin 60q =
18
DG = 18 sin 60q
= 18 u 0.866
= 15.588
 121

16. „ε®œ—Ä®o¦¼ž­µ¤Á®¨¸É¥¤®œoµ‹´Éª JKL LM Áž}œ­nªœ­¼Š ¨³ JL =16 ®œnª¥ —´Š¦¼ž

L

16 ®œnª¥

J K
M
š š
ÁœºÉ°Š‹µ„ ' JKL Áž}œ¦¼ž­µ¤Á®¨¸É¥¤®œoµ‹´Éª ‹³Å—o J = K
š š
Įo J = K
= T
‹³Å—o 180q = 90q + T + T
T = 45q
¡·‹µ¦–µ¦¼ž ' JLM
sin J = LM
16
LM = 16 sin 45q
‹µ„˜µ¦µŠ sin 45q = 0.707
‹³Å—o LM = 16 u 0.707
= 11.312 ®œnª¥

17. „ε®œ—Ä®o¦¼ž­µ¤Á®¨¸É¥¤ ABC ¤¸ BC A AC  = 27q BC = 10 ®œnª¥

A

27q

C B
10 ®œnª¥
¡·‹µ¦–µ ' ABC ®µ‡ªµ¤¥µª—oµœ AB ŗo—´Šœ¸Ê
sin A = BC
AB
10
sin 27q =
AB
10
AB =
sin 27q
‹µ„˜µ¦µŠ sin 27q = 0.454
 122

10
‹³Å—o AB =
0.454
|22.03 ®œnª¥
®µ‡ªµ¤¥µª—oµœ AC ŗo—´Šœ¸Ê
tan A = BC
AC
10
tan 27q =
AC
10
AC =
tan 27q
‹µ„˜µ¦µŠ tan 27q = 0.510
10
AC =
0.510
AC | 19.61
‹³Å—o ‡ªµ¤¥µª¦°¦¼ž ' ABC = AB + BC + AC
| 22.03 + 10 + 19.61
| 51.64 ®œnª¥

18. „ε®œ—Ä®o‡ªµ¤¥µª—oµœ °Š¦¼ž­µ¤Á®¨¸É¥¤®œoµ‹´Éª¦¼ž®œ¹ÉŠ¥µª 14, 14 ¨³ 18 ÁŽœ˜·Á¤˜¦

A

14 14

T T
B C
18
AD nŠ‡¦¹ÉŠ¤»¤ BÂC °Š¦¼ž­µ¤Á®¨¸É¥¤ ABC Ž¹ÉŠÁž}œ¦¼ž­µ¤Á®¨¸É¥¤®œoµ‹´Éª

T T
B D C

AD nŠ‡¦¹ÉŠ¤»¤ BÂC ¨³ ' ABC Áž}œ¦¼ž­µ¤Á®¨¸É¥¤®œoµ‹´Éª šÎµÄ®o AD nŠ‡¦¹ÉŠÂ¨³˜´ÊŠŒµ„„´

—oµœ BC
 123

‹³Å—o BD = DC = 9 ÁŽœ˜·Á¤˜¦
š š
Įo B = C = T
®µ¤»¤ T ŗo—´Šœ¸Ê
BD
cos B =
AB
9
cos T =
14
cos T = 0.643
‹µ„˜µ¦µŠcos 50q = 0.643
—´Šœ´Êœ T = 50q

¤»¤£µ¥Äœ °Š¦¼ž­µ¤Á®¨¸É¥¤
180q = AB̂C  BĈA  CÂB
180q = 50q + 50q + CÂB
CÂB = 180q – 100q
CÂB = 80q
­¦»žÅ—oªnµ AB̂C 50q , BĈA 50q ¨³ CÂB 80q
 124

ÁŒ¨¥Â f„®´— 2.2

1. ˜oœÅ¤o˜œo ®œ¹ŠÉ š°—ÁŠµ¥µª 40 Á¤˜¦ œª °ŠÁ­oœ˜¦Šš¸¨É µ„Ÿnµœ‹»—ž¨µ¥ °ŠÁŠµ˜oœÅ¤o ¨³¥°—˜oœÅ¤o

šÎµ¤»¤ 20q „´ÁŠµ °Š˜oœÅ¤o —´Š¦¼ž

20q
40 ¤.

‹µ„­·ÉŠš¸É˚¥r„ε®œ— Á ¸¥œ¦¼žÅ—o—´Šœ¸Ê

A Ä®o ‹»— A Áž}œ¥°—˜oœÅ¤o

‹»— B Áž}œž¨µ¥ °ŠÁŠµ˜oœÅ¤o
B 20q C ¨³ ‹»— C Áž}œÃ‡œ °Š˜oœÅ¤o
40 Á¤˜¦

AC
‹µ„¦¼ž tan B =
BC
AC = 40 tan 20q

‹µ„˜µ¦µŠ tan 20q = 0.364

‹³Å—o AC = 40 u 0.364
AC = 14.56
—´Šœ´Êœ ˜oœÅ¤o˜oœœ¸Ê­¼ŠÁšnµ„´ 14.56 Á¤˜¦
 125

2. ¡µ—´œÅ—Ūo„´„ε¡ŠÃ—¥Ä®ož¨µ¥´œÅ—˜°œœ‹¦— °„ε¡Š¡°—¸ ™oµ´œÅ—¥µª 6.5 Á¤˜¦

¨³Ã‡œ´œÅ—°¥¼n®nµŠ‹µ„„ε¡Š 4 Á¤˜¦
Ä®o AB šœ‡ªµ¤­¼Š °Š„ε¡Š
AC šœ´œÅ—Ž¹ÉŠ¥µª 6.5 Á¤˜¦
BC šœ¦³¥³¦³®ªnµŠÃ‡œ´œÅ—„´„ε¡Š Ž¹ÉŠÁšnµ„´ 4 Á¤˜¦

6.5 Á¤˜¦

T B
C
4 Á¤˜¦

¤»¤¦³®ªnµŠ´œÅ—„´¡ºÊœ—·œ ‡º° ¤»¤ AĈB Ä®o¤»¤ AĈB = T

‹³Å—o cos T = BC = 4
AC 6.5
= 0.615
‹µ„˜µ¦µŠ cos 52q = 0.616
—´Šœ´Êœ ¤»¤ T | 52q

AB
‹µ„¦¼ž sin T =
AC
AB = 6.5 sin 52q
‹µ„˜µ¦µŠ sin 52q = 0.788
AB = 6.5 u 0.788
= 5.122
œ´Éœ‡º° „ε¡Š‹³­¼Š 5.122 Á¤˜¦ ž¦³¤µ– 5 Á¤˜¦
 126

3. Ä®o ABCD Áž}œ¦¼ž­¸ÉÁ®¨¸É¥¤ŸºœŸoµŽ¹ÉŠ¤¸Á­oœšÂ¥Š¤»¤¥µª 6 ÁŽœ˜·Á¤˜¦ šÎµ¤»¤ 55q „´—oµœ °Š¦¼ž

­¸ÉÁ®¨¸É¥¤
D C

55q
A B

¡·‹µ¦–µ¦¼ž ' ABC

sin A = BC
AC
BC = AC sin 55q

‹µ„˜µ¦µŠ sin 55q = 0.819

BC = 6 u 0.819
= 4.914
cos A = AB
AC
AB = AC cos 55q

‹µ„˜µ¦µŠ sin 55q = 0.574

‹³Å—o AB = 6 u 0.574
= 3.444
—´Šœ´Êœ —oµœ¥µª °Š¦¼ž­¸ÉÁ®¨¸É¥¤¦¼žœ¸Ê Ášnµ„´ 4.914 ÁŽœ˜·Á¤˜¦
¨³—oµœ„ªoµŠ °Š¦¼ž­¸ÉÁ®¨¸É¥¤¦¼žœ¸ÊÁšnµ„´ 3.444 ÁŽœ˜·Á¤˜¦
 127

4. B

39q
A C
16 ¢»˜

‹µ„¦¼žÄ®o AB šœ¦³¥³®nµŠ¦³®ªnµŠÂ¤ªÂ¨³œ„
AC šœ¦³¥³š¸É¤ª°¥¼n®nµŠ‹µ„˜oœÅ¤oŽ¹ÉŠÁšnµ„´ 16 ¢»˜
‹³Å—o cos A = AC
AB
16
AB =
cos 39q
‹µ„˜µ¦µŠ cos 39q = 0.777
16
AB =
0.777
= 20.592
œ´Éœ‡º° ¦³¥³®nµŠ¦³®ªnµŠÂ¤ª„´œ„š¸É°¥¼nœ˜oœÅ¤oÁšnµ„´ 20.6 ¢»˜ (×¥ž¦³¤µ–)

5.
B
2 „¤.
A 7q
C

‹µ„¦¼ž Ä®o AB šœ¦³¥³‹µ„µ¥‡œœ¸Ê„´Á‡¦ºÉ°Š·œŽ¹ÉŠÁšnµ„´ 2 „·Ã¨Á¤˜¦

BC šœ‡ªµ¤­¼Š °ŠÁ‡¦ºÉ°Š·œ‹µ„®°š¸Éµ¥‡œœ¸Ê¥ºœ°¥¼n
‹³Å—o sin A = BC
AB
BC = AB sin A
= 2 u sin 7q
‹µ„˜µ¦µŠ sin 7q = 0.122
BC = 2 u 0.122
= 0.244 „·Ã¨Á¤˜¦
= 0.244 u 1000 Á¤˜¦
= 244 Á¤˜¦
œ´Éœ‡º° Á‡¦ºÉ°Š·œ¨Îµœ¸Ê°¥¼n­¼Š‹µ„®° 244 Á¤˜¦
 128

B
6.

9.5 Á¤˜¦

58q
A C

‹µ„¦¼ž Ä®o AB šœ‡ªµ¤¥µª °ŠÁº°„‹µ„¤º°Á—È„™¹Šªnµª Ž¹ÉŠÁšnµ„´ 9.5 Á¤˜¦

BC šœ‡ªµ¤­¼Š °Šªnµª ‹µ„¦³—´¤º° °ŠÁ—È„
‹³Å—o sin A = BC
AB
BC = 9.5 sin 58q
‹µ„˜µ¦µŠ sin 58q = 0.848
BC = 9.5 u 0.848
= 8.056 Á¤˜¦
—´Šœ´Êœ ªnµª˜´ªœ¸Ê‹³°¥¼n­¼Š‹µ„¡ºÊœ—·œ 8.056 + 1.2 ®¦º° 9.2 Á¤˜¦ (×¥ž¦³¤µ–)

7. ¨¼„Á­º°‡œ®œ¹ŠÉ ˜o°Š„µ¦®µ‡ªµ¤­¼Š °ŠÁ­µ›Š °ŠÃ¦ŠÁ¦¸¥œŽ¹ŠÉ šÎµ¤»¤ÁŠ¥ 45q ™oµÁ µ¥ºœ°¥¼®n µn Š‹µ„Á­µ›Š 12 Á¤˜¦
¨³‡ªµ¤­¼Š‹µ„¡ºÊœ—·œ™¹Š¦³—´˜µ °ŠÁ µÁž}œ 1.5 Á¤˜¦ —´Š¦¼ž

45q
1.5 ¤.
12 ¤.
Ä®o AB Áž}œ‡ªµ¤­¼Š °ŠÁ­µ›Š‹µ„¦³—´­µ¥˜µ
BC Áž}œ¦³¥³‹µ„Á­µ›ŠÂ¨³Ÿ¼o­´ŠÁ„˜ (¨¼„Á­º°)
A

45q
B 12 Á¤˜¦ C
 129

¡·‹µ¦–µ‹µ„ ' ABC

AB
tan C =
BC
AB = BC tan 45q
‹³Å—o AB = 12 u 1 ®¦º° 12
—´Šœ´Êœ ‡ªµ¤­¼Š °ŠÁ­µ›Š‹µ„¡ºÊœ—·œÁšnµ„´ 12 + 1.5 ®¦º° 13.5 Á¤˜¦

8. B
13q
C 16q A

D
‹µ„¦¼ž Ä®o AC šœ¦³¥³‹µ„oµœ™¹Š˜oœÅ¤o Ž¹ÉŠÁšnµ„´ 38 Á¤˜¦
¨³ BC + CD šœ‡ªµ¤­¼Š °Š˜oœÅ¤o
BC
tan 13q =
AC
BC = AC tan 13q
‹µ„˜µ¦µŠ tan 13q = 0.231
BC = 38 u 0.231
= 8.778
CD
tan 16q =
AC
CD = AC tan 16q
‹µ„˜µ¦µŠ tan 16q = 0.287
CD = 38 u 0.287
= 10.906
‹³Å—o ‡ªµ¤­¼Š °Š˜oœÅ¤o Ášnµ„´ 8.778 + 10.906 = 19.684 ®¦º°ž¦³¤µ– 19.7 Á¤˜¦

9.
Ac A °µ‡µ¦ .
40q ‹µ„¦¼ž AAc // CD ‹³Å—o
š š
AcA C = A C D = 40q (¤»¤Â¥oŠ)
C 40q D
55q CD // BBc ‹³Å—o
5 Á¤˜¦ š š
DCB = C B Bc = 55q (¤»¤Â¥oŠ)
55q
Bc x B
°µ‡µ¦ „.
 130

Ä®o AB šœ‡ªµ¤­¼Š °Š°µ‡µ¦

Ä®o BD šœ‡ªµ¤­¼Š °Š°µ‡µ¦ „ Ž¹ÉŠÁšnµ„´ 5 Á¤˜¦
š
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tan 55q = BD
CD
5
CD =
tan 55q
‹µ„˜µ¦µŠ tan 55q = 1.428
CD = 5
1.428
= 3.5
š
¡·‹µ¦–µ¦¼ž ' ACD š¸É¤¸¤»¤ A DC Áž}œ¤»¤Œµ„
tan 40q = AD
CD
AD = 3.5 tan 40q
‹µ„˜µ¦µŠ tan 40q = 0.839
AD = 3.5 u 0.839
= 2.9365 | 2.9
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T
O A
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15
OA
cos T =
OB
OA = OB cos 42q
‹µ„˜µ¦µŠ cos 42q = 0.743
‹³Å—o OA = 9 u 0.743
= 6.687
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