International Journal On Engineering Technology and Sciences – IJETS

ISSN (P): 2349-3968, ISSN (O): 2349-3976

Volume VIII, Issue III, March - 2021

DESIGN OF SOLAR BAGASSE DRYER

(A case study of Fincha Sugar Factory)
Milkessa Gurmesa1, Mahesh Gopal 2*, Edosa Ketema3
1
Lecturer, Mechanical Engineering Department, College of Engineering and Technology,
Wollega University, Post Box No: 395, Nekemte, Ethiopia. Email: milkessagurmesa49@gmail.com
2*
Assistant Professor, Mechanical Engineering Department, College of Engineering and Technology,
Wollega University, Post Box No: 395, Nekemte, Ethiopia.
*Corresponding author: doctorgmahesh@gmail.com.
3
SeniorLecturer, Mechanical Engineering Department, College of Engineering and Technology,
Wollega University, Post Box No: 395, Nekemte, Ethiopia. Email: edosa0708@gmail.com

Abstract:
Bagasse is the fibrous residue left over when sugar cane is extracted. The use of bagasse as a fuel in the sugar
cane industry is extremely important and plays a vital role. Fresh bagasse has a high moisture level, which
reduces the overall heat accessible from the bagasse and reduces its combustion ability. To illustrate the thermal
effect during the drying phase, bagasse pulp was molded into small balls. Bagasse pulp was dried using two
different methods: natural air convection and forced air. This paper discusses the theoretical feasibility of drying
bagasse pulp with solar energy. Bagasse drying is now needed to increase combustion performance and
environmental standards, as well as to reduce the amount of bagasse used as a fuel. The temperature of the air and
the temperature of the bagasse pulp were calculated when forced air was used. The findings show that the solar
energy was ideal for drying bagasse pulp. During the solar drying period, the maximum allowed drying
temperature was 52°C.

Introduction was molded into tiny balls. To conduct the bagasse

In the sugar sector, thermal energy is primarily
accessible in the form of chemical energy from fossil
fuels and bagasse. Hot air was used as a drying agent
in the tests. In a cyclone, the current model has a
good estimate of MR and APRT. Almost half of the
MR in the drying mechanism presented exists in the
cyclone Corrêa et al (2004) [1]. To illustrate the
thermal effect during the drying phase, bagasse pulp
1
pulp solar drying experiments, a special set-up was
built. The drying rate and moisture content were
measured. The temperature of the air and the
temperature of the bagasse pulp were measured
when forced air was used. During the solar drying
process with natural air convection, the maximum
permitted drying temperature was 52°C. The drying
period was reduced by using compressed air Rehim
 International Journal On Engineering Technology and Sciences – IJETS
and Nagib (2007) [2]. The solar dryer created in
this project would enable researchers to investigate
and refine the solar drying method for other
agricultural and industrial waste. The prototype's
characteristics, as well as variations in temperature,
relative humidity, air mass distribution,
performance for indirect, combined, passive, active,
and hybrid operating modes, are presented Montero
et al (2010) [3]. A new technique based on
combined flue gas and steam drying has been
created. Flue gas drying removes the most moisture;
trials were performed to determine output on a small
scale, and extrapolation was used to measure
efficiency for the whole farm plant Yarnal et al
(2010) [4]. In a hot-air dryer, the characteristics of
drying kinetics of fermented and non-fermented
sugarcane bagasse with a thickness of around 10mm
were analyzed, and experimental evidence was then
described by widely used models. The results
revealed that, under the same temperature and
volumetric air flow rate parameters, fermented
sugarcane bagasse behaves differently than non-
fermented sugarcane BagasseMazutti et al (2010)
[5].The tests were conducted in a laboratory-scale
dryer to assess solid-state fermentation (SSF)
affected the drying kinetics of the processing
content. Drying tests were carried out
temperatures of 30, 35, 40, and 45ºCelsius, with
volumetric air flow values of 2 and 3 m3h-1. The
results revealed that at the same temperature and
volumetric air flow rate, fermented sugarcane
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Volume VIII, Issue III, March - 2021
bagasse has a different, faster drying behaviour than
non-fermented sugarcane bagasse. The output of
different drying models is assessed using three
statistical parameters: root mean square error
(RMSE), residual sum of squares (RSS), and
and efficiency (EF). Multiple regressions model
coefficients yielded good findings, demonstrating
that the model adequately represents microwave
drying of Bagasse. Shah et al (2010) [6].With
increased solar radiation, the dryer's energy intake
and loss increased. For solar radiation between 100
and 600 Wm-2, the energy efficiency of the collector
and dryer ranged between 27.45 % and 42.50 % and
32.34 % and 65.30 %, respectively. The solar dryer's
average energy consumption was 42.47 %. The
collector's energetic efficiency and the mean value of
the dryer's energetic efficiency were 32-69 % and
41-42 %, respectively Chowdhury et al (2011) [7].
Because of the increased understanding of carbon
footprint and its effect on the atmosphere, power
plant operators are required to mitigate pollutant
emissions throughout electricity production. One
such case, in which renewable energy, electricity,
biomass, and bagasse are all used, is subjected to
optimization. In this article, carbon minimization and
bagasse use are treated as multiobjective problems,
at with the use of coal, biomass, and bagasse as inputs.
The issue is conceived as a Bagasse Saving and
Emission Reduction (BS&ER) power dispatch
problem, and the simulation results indicate that
combining solar power with other fuels will
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 International Journal On Engineering Technology and Sciences – IJETS
minimize bagasse consumption as well as pollution
emissions. Pazheri (2012) [8].The impact of solar
dryer flow mode and form on the drying kinetics of
whole mint was examined. To suit the drying curves,
ten analytical models were used, nine of which
accurately reflected the solar drying behaviour of
mint. The findings revealed that mint dried at various
rates under different operating conditions during the
declining rate time, with no steady rate period
observed. Furthermore, the data obtained revealed
that the drying rate of mint dried under forced
convection was higher than that of mint dried
naturally, especially during the first hours of drying
(first day). The successful diffusivity coefficients for
-11
the mint drying ranged from 1.2 x10 to 1.33 x 10-
11
m2 s-1Sallam et al (2013) [9]. This paper
recognizes the most attractive solar heat integration
points and pre-ranks them according to their possible
energetic and economic advantages, based on the
heat and mass balance of a representative sugar mill
with minimal energy efficiency steps. The authors
present hydraulic schemes for incorporating solar
heat into systems, address device activity, and
measure solar gains. The production of live steam
and exhaust steam, the pre-heating of boiler feed
water, the drying of bagasse and raw sugar, and the
heating of transparent juice are all investigated
possibilities for solar process heat (SPH) integration.
ST systems will supply between 12 and 27% of the
heat demand of these processes without additional
thermal storage. Hess et al (2016) [10].This study is
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Volume VIII, Issue III, March - 2021
a tentative assessment of the capacity of solar heat
integration in the sugar milling industry, it has been
demonstrated that there are viable integration points
inside the manufacturing process and that solar
process heat integration is physically and financially
feasible. Due to the complexities of a conventional
sugar factory's heat supply and distribution network,
comprehensive studies should be performed to
optimize solar heat incorporation Beukes (2016)
[11]. In order to substitute bagasse, this study
implies that Solar Process Heat would contend with
coal, which is the cheapest energy source in the
South African (SA) sugar industry. The projected
realistic internal rate of return (IRR) for solar live
steam production, based on current coal prices and
historical price growth trends, is 4.6% if the steam
may be used during the year, such as for energy
export. During the crushing season, sugar drying is
forecast to have the maximum IRR of 9.1%. Hess et
al (2016b) [12].Using X-ray fluorescence, nitrogen
adsorption, X-ray diffraction, and a field emission
scanning electron microscope, the derived sugarcane
bagasse ash was classified by evaluating different
oxides composition, particle size examination,
mineralogical characteristics, and micro-structure.
Since the ash was manufactured with optimal
conditions, the manufacturing process was deemed
environmentally sustainable (lowest acid
concentration and solar drying). Amorphous,
chemically safe, and ultra-fine ash was collected
using the required pre-treatment and incineration
 International Journal On Engineering Technology and Sciences – IJETS
conditions. A pozzolanic reactivity test showed that
the ash had a strong pozzolanic reactivity index,
making it ideal for use as a cement substitute. The
ash clearly improves the mechanical properties of the
mortar specimens studied Embong et al (2015) [13].
This paper discusses the theoretical feasibility of
drying bagasse pulp with solar energy. The moisture
content and drying rate of bagasse pulp were
measured using two processes, one using natural air
convection and the other using forced air. The
temperature of the air and the temperature of the
bagasse pulp were measured when forced air was
used. In this research, the benefits of bagasse pulp
solar drying were demonstrated. The findings show
that the solar energy was ideal for drying bagasse
pulp. During the solar drying phase with natural air
convection, the maximum allowed drying
temperature was 52oC. The drying period was
reduced by using compressed air Phadkari et al
(2017) [14]. Solar introduction into the bagasse
drying principle would aid in the conservation of
exhaust steam, which can then be used to dry the
bagasse. To see how it will affect the bagasse drying
mechanism, an evacuated tube air collector area was
simulated. Solar thermal incorporation was estimated
to save 3140 tons of bagasse or 1020 tons of coal.
Bagasse consumption can be reduced by 5% if only
exhaust steam is included in the bagasse drying
method, but it can be reduced by 7.05% if the solar
system is used Krog et al (2018) [15]. Pyro-oil made
from biowaste is a promising form of alternative
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Volume VIII, Issue III, March - 2021
fuels. The aim of this paper is to build and fabricate
a solar concentrator for terrifying biowaste in order
to increase the bio-oil yield from the pyrolysis
reaction. Thermal-degradation analysis and internal
composition analysis were used to identify the
biowaste form sugarcane. Temperatures of 160°C,
170°C, 180°C, and 190°C were used to torrefy the
biowaste. The torrefaction temperature optimum was
180°C for 1 hour. For torrefied biowaste and wet
biowaste, the pyro-oil yield was 25.8% and 22.1 %,
respectively Nagarajan and Murugavelh (2019)
[16]. The usage of a parabolic trough solar collector
to produce heat steam from a functioning fluid is
investigated in this paper. When it circulates into the
receiver pipes and returns to the heat exchanger, a
functioning fluid is heated to 398°C. As a result, the
operating fluid circulates through the tubing,
transferring heat to low-pressure, low-temperature
steam obtained from the Multi Effect Evaporator
outlet to produce high-temperature steam. The hot
steam from the heat exchanger travels down a
hollow slat chain conveyor to dry the bagasse.
238662 KWh, 72372W, and 0.5 were measured as
the heat requirement, number of transfer units, and
heat power ratio, respectively. The upper surface of a
hollow formed steel slat chain conveyor was found
to be 1cm thick, with a moisture reduction ratio of
0.20 in the 8-minute drying of Bagasse Kumar et al
(2019) [17]. The author Mohana et al (2020) [18]
study focuses on presenting a comprehensive report on
available dryer designs and other important factors, as
 International Journal On Engineering Technology and Sciences – IJETS
well as a list of various applications for various foods. In
addition, recent technological advances, difficulties, and
limitations for incorporating large-scale solar drying of
foods are discussed in terms of infrastructure, energy
requirements, and other socio-economic factors. As a
result, this study contributes to the advancement of this
renewable and safe technology for food applications by
providing useful insights into the state of the art of solar
dryers. Due to the abundant availability of solar
energy, ease of design and construction, and related
cost-effectiveness, solar drying is common in the
tropical zone Ananno et al 2020 [19].
2. Types of Solar dryers
According to Mohana et al (2020) [18] dryers are
classified into (i) Direct type, (ii) Indirect type, (iii)
Mixed-type and (iv) Dryers with heat storage
systems
(i) Direct-type solar dryers: The substance to be
dried is immediately subjected to incident sunlight in
direct-type solar dryers. Fruits and vegetables such
as red peppers and mangoes, as well as beef, are
dried using direct form solar dryers. Food products
dried in direct-type solar dryers experience a
substantial loss in consistency, despite the fact that
the commodity heats up rapidly. Direct-type solar
dryers have drawbacks in terms of product
consistency and thermal performance.
(ii) Indirect type solar dryers: Solar radiation
strikes an invisible collector, heating the air that
passes into it. The heated air is then directed to the
drying chamber, where it is used to extract moisture
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from the substance. The moisture is driven out by
convective heat transfer between the hot air and the
wet product. Indirect-type solar dryers are used to
dry perishable items such as tomato, gooseberry,
pineapple, mango, chili, okra, and beef.
(iii)Mixed-typesolar dryers: This model of dryer
combines the best features of both direct and indirect
solar dryers. Convection from the dry air to the food
surface and radiation from the drying chamber are
used to move heat. In the case of the mixed-type
forced convection solar dryer, the drying period to
reach safe moisture content was comparatively
shorter. Beans, cabbage, pineapple, red pepper,
turmeric, and seafood have all been dried using
mixed-type solar dryers.
(iv)Dryers with heat storage systems: Combining
solar and heat pump dryers to increase drying
efficiency thereby lowering energy usage. Collector
caps, absorbers, reflectors, insulators, dryers,
exhausters, fans, auxiliary heat sources, and energy
storage devices are all used.
4. Design of Solar Bagasse Dryer
In certain areas of the world, surplus energy from
sugar industry cogeneration is becoming the
standard. A steam production facility, generators,
and, of course, the process plant that serves as the
condenser for the LP exhaust steam make up a
cogeneration system. Many devices often have water
cooled condensers, which are normally combined
 International Journal On Engineering Technology and Sciences – IJETS
ISSN (P): 2349-3968, ISSN (O): 2349-3976
Volume VIII, Issue III, March - 2021

with a turbine and then used as a pass-out 0.375m x 0.375m was covered with highly reflecting
condensing machine due to the need to keep Aluminum foil to increase the input solar energy.
producing until the end of the harvest. The steam The reflector acting as a lid and was hanging at one
generation method accounts for the majority of edge of the tray. A wooden lever was fixed at the
losses in industrial cogeneration plants. A boiler, an reflector for adjustingthe tilt angle that facing the
air pre-heater, an economizer, and a bagasse dryer sunlight direction.
are all included. The bagasse dryer, like the pre-
heater and economizer, improves steam generation
performance, but only when flue gas is used as the
heat source for drying, since steam generation
efficiency is directly proportional to the final gas
temperature. Even though bagasse drying increases
the amount of energy accessible from the
cogeneration station, the net improvement in
electricity output is determined by the overall
characteristics of the system, which are primarily
determined by the turbine inlet steam state, exhaust
temperature and pressure, and turbine performance.
Solar Collector, Drying Chamber, Blower, Duct, and
Heater Coil are the system's primary components. Schematic diagram of dryer system using forced air.

4.1. Solar Collector To design a rectangular solar collector, (Shital

Phadkari et al 2017) [20]
A device designed to absorb incident solar radiation
and to transfer the energy. A flat-plate collector is Length of the solar collector - 0.4m,
an insulated metal box with a glass and a dark- Breath of the solar collector - 0.3m,
Height of the solar collector - 0.2m,
colored absorber plate. The Temperature achieved up Therefore Area of Solar Collector - 0.12 m2
to 40-100°c. The solar collector consists of Therefore volume of the solar collector- 0.024m3
4.2 Bagasse Drier
transparent cover, tubes and fins, absorber plate,
Bagasse pulp was dried using solar energy by two
insulation and casing. The set-up consists of wood
methods; one using natural air convection and other
tray of 0.4m x 0.3m x 0.2m which its base and walls
were painted black. A reflector of play-wood of
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 International Journal On Engineering Technology and Sciences – IJETS
ISSN (P): 2349-3968, ISSN (O): 2349-3976
Volume VIII, Issue III, March - 2021

method using forced air. Here we are taking to a around 6.0 KWh/m2 per day, which can be converted
consideration of forced convection heat transfer. to 2200 KWh/m 2 per year Woldegiyorgis (2020)
[21].
Area of the Bagasse drier - 0.375m x 0.275mm
Height of the Bagasse drier - 0.175mm Average solar energy received by earth in terms of
Volume of the Bagasse drier - 0.375 energy R = 4.5 KW/m2/Hr = 4500 W/m2/Hr
3
x 0.375 x0.175 = 0.0246m
The blower is used for the experimental work. The Solar radiation received by earth in 7 hours in terms
airs from the atmosphere is sucked by the blower and of energy R = 4500* 7 W/m2/Hr
= 4500Wh/m2
send to drier. The specification of blower is Voltage
= 16200000 sec/m2
= 230, Frequency = 50, Power = 400W, Speed of Let,
blower is 8000RPM, Input Power = 800W, Air A = Area of flat plate collector in m2
T1= Temperature at inlet in °C
circulation rate: 0-2.4m3/s
T2= Temperature at outlet in °C
5. Efficiency Calculation Cp= Specific heat of the air (1.007 KJ/kg·K)
M =Mass of Bagasse taken in the storage tank =
The Solar energy collected in the dryer systemis
10kg
tabulated in Table 1.
Area of the flat plate collector (A) = 0.12 m2
Sl.No Time Temperature °C Radiation received by collector(R1)= R ∗ A
1 09.00 AM 18.1 = 16200000 x 0.12
2 09.30 AM 18.3 = 1944000 J
3 10.00 AM 19.8
4 10.30 AM 21.2 Output of the stationary collector (Q) =M ∗ Cp ∗ (T2-
5 11.00AM 22.5
T1)
6 11.30AM 23.3
7 12.00 Noon 24.1 = 10 * 1.007 *1000 (27.4-18.1)
8 12.30 PM 24.6 = 93651 J
9 01.00 PM 25.4 Efficiency of fixed flat plate collector = Ƞ= Output of
10 01.30 PM 26.7 the collector/Input radiation
11 02.00 PM 27.1 Ƞ = 𝑀∗𝐶𝑝∗ (𝑇2 – 𝑇1) / 𝑅∗𝐴
12 02.30 PM 27.4 = 93651/1944000
13 03.00 PM 27.3 = 4.81%
14 03.30 PM 26.4 6. The moisture content in the Bagasse
15 04.00 PM 25.7 According past research there are lot of
Average 23.86 method to find out moisture contains in bagasse,
Some method is not most accurate. It is possible to
determine the better results by two method
The solar radiation received in all the regions of
1) Rapid Drying 2) Oven Drying
Ethiopia is different (minimum at high land area
Since rapid drying method is not feasible for
which is 4.5 KWh/m2 and maximum at low land area
our model hence; we are going to use the oven dry
which is in average 7.5 KWh/m2 per day). The
method for better results of our model. Our model
average solar irradiation received in land is estimated
will work as oven for drying Bagasse
7
 International Journal On Engineering Technology and Sciences – IJETS
The moisture content is to be determined.
For testing we took 1kg of mill Bagasse = 1000gm
After testing we find weight of Bagasse is 852.45gm
Moisture content =
=17.30%
According to the research mill bagasse contains 48%
of moisture of 1Kg of sample Scale
As we have use mill bagasse which contains 48%
moisture hence,
Total moisture reduced = (% moisture of
sample) - (% moisture reduced by model setup)
= 48%- 17.30% = 30.7%
Conclusion
With the current price rise in fuel and increase in
pollutants using non-conventional sources is a boon
to human society. Solar energy being abundant in
nature can be utilized efficiently for power
generation. Flat plate collectors which are
commercially available is costlier and it is really
hard for people from rural areas to purchase one, so
our main objective of this paper is to make it cost
efficient by using recycling scrap materials and to
achieve efficiency which would be beneficial for
small scale operation.
With the surplus availability of solar energy,
intensive research has to be taken up on developing
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efficient solar dryers, considering the need to
develop sustainable processing strategies for the
future. Being energy demand, the drying of bagasse
accounts for about 30.7% moisture reduction from 1
kg of mill bagasse sample.
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