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Study Guide #4

Miriam Penalba

Department of Counselling Therapist Private Program

Therapeutic Modalities I Foundations: CTD201

Dr. Helena Ng, PhD, RCC, NCC (USA) :| Instructor

Apr1, 2022
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Study Glosary #4

CHAPTER 16

Behaviour Therapy and CBT

1. Albert Bandura and Social Learning Theory

Bandura applied both principles: classical and operant conditioning to social learning.

Modeling as a direct experience, learning, and subsequent behavior could be negative or

positive. A clear example was Bandura's famous bobo doll; children who observed and

adults were aggressive with the doll and tended to be aggressive. Reciprocal determin-

ism; our behavior influences our environment, creating the human experience. Self-effic-

acy impacts how a person thinks feels, motivates himself, and behaves. Later, the self-

regulatory competency process is; self-observation, self-judgment, and how we attribute

success to failure—most treatments: exposure therapy and social skills training.

2. Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT)

DBT is therapy, especially for borderline personality disorders who are chronically sui-

cidal, couple therapy, substance use disorders, impulse control disorders, anxiety and

mood disorders, and other personality disorders, as a tool to help with emotions. The at-

tempt to escape from such emotions through dissociation, distraction, participation in

harmful behaviors, cutting, and eating disorders. Integrate mindfulness, acceptance, and

compassion. DBT reduces suffering and improves relationships. Dialectics. is a way of

looking at reality, looking for an alternative story, learning to look at the dialectic pole,

considering options as a result, and getting unstuck and developing competence

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3. Acceptance and Commitment Therapy

ACT helps clients accept cognitions and emotions outside of their control and encourage

them to commit to creating a valuable life. A: accept or embrace thoughts, feelings (com-

plicated feelings), B: choose a direction in life, T: take steps towards action. The therapist

provides empathic encouragement and reassurance. Very useful in anxiety disorders, pho-

bias, PTSD, obsessive-compulsive disorder, depression, substance abuse, chronic pain,

heroin addictions, BPD, panic, other types of anxieties reinforced by avoidance. Respect-

ful cultural differences, honor diversity and community and may be open to spirituality.

Chapter 17

Reality Therapy

1. Control theory and Choice theory

ACT helps clients accept cognitions and emotions outside of their control and encourage

them to commit to creating a valuable life. A: accept or embrace thoughts, feelings (com-

plicated feelings), B: choose a direction in life, T: take steps towards action. The therapist

provides empathic encouragement and reassurance. Very useful in anxiety disorders, pho-

bias, PTSD, obsessive-compulsive disorder, depression, substance abuse, chronic pain,

heroin addictions, BPD, panic, other types of anxieties reinforced by avoidance. Respect-

ful cultural differences, honor diversity and community and may be open to spirituality.
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2. Concept of mental illness and mental health

Mental illness from a reality therapy; failure to meet five needs in responsible and effect-

ive ways. Glasser believes that choice theory is superior to medication in treating symp-

toms, even in the treatment of severe mental disorders. Mental illness is a concept of

choices, needs, satisfaction, and responsibility problems. The idea of mental health is a

clear vision of emotionally healthy people, successful in meeting their five basic needs,

respecting other people's rights, emotional connections, thoughts, and behavior. They

have a positive sense of themselves; they don’t derive their understanding of themselves

from the perceptions of others.

3. WDEP system

W: wants- helping people to realize their needs, separating them from unrealistic ones to

reasonable ones. The lower-level filter is called the total knowledge filter, and the upper

level is the valuing filter that evaluates some perceptions. D: direction and doing - reality

therapy focuses on what people are doing, not on why they are acting. E: evaluation -

evaluation of goals, actions and perceptions, and possible consequences. P: planning- is

essential to encourage people to achieve their goals; simple, attainable, measurable, im-

mediate, involving, controlled environments, with some consistency and commitment to

achieve goals.
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CHAPTER 18

Family Systems Approaches

1. Family therapy interventions: genograms, family maps, and enactment

Consider a multigenerational diagram of the family’s relationship that includes all mem-

bers and relevant information, typically created in the first session, including at least

three generations. Providing behavior patterns, connections, and family structure can be

horizontal or vertical. Family maps: is a technique used in structural family therapy;

identifying structural outline, including boundaries and subsystems, provides a hypo-

thesis and direction for change. Enactments: choreographed interventions in which clients

are directed to repeat or expand on interactions and help them to change dysfunctional

family interactions.

2. Family Therapy concepts: Emotional cut-off, differentiation of self, and triangula-

tion

Emotional cut-off, especially those least involved in the family projection process, and

escape from family dysfunction. Attempt to deny attachments and unresolved conflicts

that exist. Differentiation of self; balance between appropriate connectedness to others

and autonomous functioning is the key to psychological health. Separating emotions from

reason results in differentiation. Triangulation; uncontrolled anxiety between any tow

members in the family; team up with a third family member to blame another one.
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3. Emotion focus couple therapy

EFT focuses on the emotional connection between partners; the goal is to reprocess ex-

periences and reorganize interactions, secure bonds, and have a sense of certain connec-

tedness. By asking provocative questions, reflecting on emotional responses, reframing

patterns in terms of attachment, tracking and replaying key moments, creating enactments

in which the couple makes their patterns explicit, slowly encouraging new ways of con-

necting and validating, and normalizing responses. The intervention is respectful and col-

laborative. Also used in older couples, gays and lesbian couples, couples struggling with

chronic illnesses, such as cancer or depression, and military couples, severe trauma and

PTSD are also associated.

CHAPTER 19

Integrative Therapies

1. Common factor terminology – atheoretical, common factors, technical eclecticism,

theoretical integration.

Atheoretical Eclecticism; combing interventions without and overriding theory change or

development. Run a risk of syncretism; treatment without direction, including disparate

and perhaps incompatible elements. Common factors eclecticism; hypothesizes that cer-

tain aspects of treatment, notably a therapeutic alliance that communicates support, em-

pathy, and unconditional positive regard, are primarily responsible for promoting client

growth and change. Technical Eclecticism, a framework for combining interventions,

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seeks out the most effective techniques available, organized collection of interventions.

Theoretical integration: combining two or more treatment approaches to provide a clear

understanding of clients and more effective ways of treatment.

2. Multimodal therapy: Basic Id

Careful assessment of clients and their concerns is essential to treatment planning. Laz-

arus's most crucial contribution was developing an assessment model that delineates

seven primary categories. Behavior: observable actions, responses, and habits. Affect

mood and emotions. Sensations: physical concerns, sensory experiences. Images; fantas-

ies, dreams, memories, mental pictures, and people's views of themselves and the future.

Cognitions: thoughts, beliefs, and values. Interpersonal relation: friendships and intimate

relationships. Drug, biology, biological functioning, including overall health, nutrition,

and exercise.

3. Transtheoretical model of change: Five stages of change.

TTM, developed by prochaska; provides a behavior change theory that incorporates ele-

ments from many different theoretical perspectives. Recognition of uniqueness and di-

versity of other models. Also known as the stage of change model, based on empirical re-

search and practice. Helpful in treating smoking, stress, violence, and bullying behaviors.

Links interventions (processes of change) and the target of change (level of change) to

the person's stage of evolution. TTM provides an organized and planning integrating ap-

proach with five stages of change: pre-contemplation, contemplation, preparation, action,

and maintenance.
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