Learning Guide Module

Subject Code: SS3 Social Science 3

Module Code: 1.0 Renaissance and Reformation
Lesson Code: 1.2 Causes and Effects of the Reformation
Time Frame: 30 minutes

Target TA: 1 min

By the end of this module, the students will have been able to:
1. Formulate their own definition of the Reformation and Counter-Reformation;
2. discuss the causes and effects of the Reformation; and
3. analyze the legacy of the Reformation.

Hook TA: 4 min

Read the following lines from the American singer Joan Osborne’s song entitled “One of Us” and think
of answers to the questions posed in the song.

If God had a name, what would it be?

And would you call it to his face
If you were faced with him in all his glory?
What would you ask if you had just one question?

If God had a face, what would it look like?

And would you want to see
If seeing meant that you would have to believe
In things like heaven and in Jesus and the saints
And all the prophets?

https://www.azlyrics.com/lyrics/joanosborne/oneofus.html

Eric Bazilian, the composer of the song, said “One of Us” is about “experiencing something that totally
changes your view of the world. It is about everything you thought you knew ends up being the exact
opposite of what you thought it was.” (SMF, 2019)

Similarly, the Reformation opened doors of seeing the world from a different view, and it began a
significant change in the way people view the church.

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Ignite TA: 15 min

Definition of Terms.

Reformation. A 16th-century movement for religious reform, leading to the founding of Christian
churches that rejected the Pope’s authority. (Beck, Black, Krieger, Naylor, and Shabaka, 2003, p. R38)

Catholic Reformation. A 16th-century movement in which the Roman Catholic Church sought to make
changes in response to the Protestant Reformation. (Beck, Black, Krieger, Naylor, and Shabaka, 2012,
p. R42)

indulgence. A pardon releasing a person from punishments due for a sin. (Beck, Black, Krieger, Naylor,
and Shabaka, 2012, p. R47)

Inquisition. A Roman Catholic tribunal for investigating and prosecuting charges of heresy (Beck,
Black, Krieger, Naylor, and Shabaka, 2012, p. R472)

heresy. The holding of beliefs considered wrong by the Church. (Perry, Davis, Harris, Von Laue,
Warren, 1989, p. 879)

Background

In the tenth century, religious life in most of Europe was greatly influenced by the Roman
Catholic Church. As years dragged on, as people became curious about the world around them and
people have learned to question Church teachings and practices, and criticize Church authorities. As
people’s views towards the Church gradually changed, reform became inevitable.

Causes of the Reformation

Cause Who/What How/Why

 Renaissance humanism and  People learned to question the Church
secularism
Social
 Invention of the printing press  Criticisms about the church were
printed and spread
 Monarchs and other political  Challenged the authority of the Pope
Political
leaders and the Church
 Monarchs  Envious of the wealth of the Church
Economic
 Merchants  Hated paying Church taxes
 Church leaders  Involved in corruption
Religious  Church practices (sale of  Unreasonable
indulgences)
Source: Beck, Black, Krieger, Naylor, and Shabaka, 2012, p. 488

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Protestantism is a branch of Christianity which was established as a result of the Reformation.
Different religious denominations grew out of the three district branches shown below:

Based on the teachings

Lutheranism of Martin Luther in
Germany

3 Distinct Based on the teachings

Branches of Calvinism of John Calvin in
Switzerland
Protestantism

Established by King
Anglicanism Henry VIII in England

Source: Beck, Black, Krieger, Naylor, and Shabaka, 2012, p. 491

16th Century Religious Beliefs and Practices

.
Roman
Lutheranism Calvinism Anglicanism
Catholicism

Leadership Pope Ministers Council of elders English monarch

faith and good

Salvation faith alone predetermined faith alone
works
Source of
Church and Bible Bible only Bible only Bible only
Truth
Basis of
Preaching and Ritual and
Worship Ritual Preaching
ritual preaching
Service
Interpretation
Priests Believers Believers Believers
of Beliefs
Source: Beck, Black, Krieger, Naylor, and Shabaka, 2012, p. 491

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The Catholic Reformation

Alarmed by the increasing number of Roman Catholics who were breaking away from the Catholic
fold, Church authorities made plans and decisions to stop the exodus of Catholic believers. Moreover,
the Church aimed to win back the former adherents and to convince more others to convert to
Catholicism.

Church authorities, led by the Popes, reformed the Catholic Church. Some of the reforms initiated
by Church leaders are presented below:

Church Leader Action Taken Result

 Investigation on the sale of  Banned the sale of indulgences
indulgences
 Investigation on the abuses  Intensified discipline for the clergy
committed by Church
authorities
 Use of the Inquisition Eliminated heresy
 Formation of the Society Prevented Catholics from leaving the
of Jesus (Jesuit Order) Church
 Persuaded Protestants to return to
Catholicism
 Gained converts to the Catholic fold
 Established schools and seminaries
 Sent missionaries to different places
Pope Paul III  Convening the Council of  Decided on what Church teachings to
Trent remain unchanged:
- the sole authority of the Church to
interpret the Bible
- the role of faith and good works for the
redemption of men
- the Pope as the supreme authority of
the Church
- the Church rituals
- celibacy of the clergy
 Recommended reforms
- established seminaries to educate and
train the clergy
- improved the operations of monasteries
and convents
Pope Paul IV  creation of the Index of  listed the printed materials that people were
Forbidden Books not allowed to read, own, or sell
 burning of offensive books found in the
custody of the people
 prevented the people to read printed
materials considered offensive by the
Church
Source: Beck, Black, Krieger, Naylor, and Shabaka, 2012, p. 499
Perry, Davis, Harris, Von Laue, Warren, 1989, p. 341

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Navigate TA: 8 min

Alternative Assessment (Graded Task 12/12)

What if’s
In not more than five (5) sentences, answer the following questions briefly but substantially.

In your opinion…
… what could have happened if the Reformation did not take place?
… what could have happened to the Catholic Church if it did not reform?

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Knot TA: 2 min

In a Capsule

The Legacy of the Reformation

The Reformation brought to the fore a number of religious, social, and political changes.
As Protestantism was established as a result of the Reformation, new religious denominations were
formed. The Catholic Church, once threatened by Protestant moves, began to reform by correcting
its flaws and strengthening its ground. Despite the differences in religious perspective and
teachings, both the Catholic Church and the Protestant sects promoted education by establishing
institutions of learning.

The Reformation did not only shape the religious world, but also stirred the political
circles in Europe at the time. When the Catholic Church weakened, individual monarchs began to
gain more power. Moreover, courage of the people to question established beliefs and authority
paved the way for the attitude that led to the Enlightenment.

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References:

Bazilian, E. (1995). One of us [Recorded by J. Osborne]. On Relish [Audio file]. Retrieved from
https://www.metrolyrics.com/one-of-us-lyrics-joan-osborne.html
Beck, R. B., Black, L., Krieger, L. S., Naylor, P. C., & Shabaka, D. I. (2003). Modern World History
Patterns of Interaction. Evanston: McDougal Littell Inc.
Beck, R., Black, L., Krieger, L., Naylor, P., & Shabaka, D. (2012). World History. Orlando: Houghton
Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company.
Bentley, J. H., Ziegler, H. F., & Streets-Salter, H. E. (2015). Traditions and Encounters A Global
Perspective on the Past. New York: McGraw-Hill Education.
Perry, M, Davis D. F., Harris, J. G., Von Laue, T. H., Warren, D. (1989). A History of the World.
Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company.
SMF. (2019). Meaning of “One of Us” by Joan Osborne. Retrieved from
https://www.songmeaningsandfacts.com/meaning-one-us-joan-osborne/

Prepared by: Christine V. Ordinario Reviewed by: Carl Kelvin S. Sapio

Position: Special Science Teacher Position: Special Science Teacher
Campus: PSHS-CVC Campus: PSHS-CMC

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