SUMMARY OF

PLUMBING
DESIGN AND ESTIMATE
BY MAX FAJARDO JR.

SUMMARIZED BY:
…
SUBMITTED TO:
AR. LORD BYRON GONZALES
Chapter 1: Plumbing V – ventilation of piping system

1.6 Definition of Terms

1.1 Introduction
Plumbing: Art and science of installing pipes, fixtures,  Air Gap: A gap between a plumbing fixture's
and other apparatus for water supply and to dispose water outlet and the flood level, ensuring
and discharge waste substances in a orderly way to water can't backflow.
ensure sanitation.  Backflow: Unintended water flow into
Plumber: skilled in field in sanitation. distribution pipes.
 Back siphonage: Backflow due to negative
1.3 Objectives of Plumbing pressure, pulling used water into the supply
pipe.
2 Main Objectives:  Battery of Fixture: Multiple fixtures
1. Water supply connected to a common waste pipe.
 Conditions for effective water supply:  Bib: A faucet.
o Sufficient amount of water to each  Blind Flange: A flange closing the end of a
fixture pipe.
o Prevent back flow of used water  Blow Off: A controlled pipeline outlet for
2. Waste disposal discharging water.
 Accomplish:  Branch: Any pipe section aside from the main
o Fast removal of waste with no riser or stack.
leakage and drains  Branch Interval: Vertical stack length
o No entry of vermin (pest) and connecting horizontal branches.
obnoxious gasses  Branch Vent: Connects vents with vent stacks.
 National plumbing code:  Calking: Sealing openings with materials like
o Well fitted pipes and tightly oakum and lead.
connected  Circuit Vent: A branch vent serving multiple
o Drainage pipe should be graded or traps.
inclined for downward gravity  Continuous Vent: A vertical vent continuing
flow to sewer line or septic tank the drain.
o Provided with adequate cleanout,  Combination Fixtures: Combining sinks or
accessible for repair trays in one vent.
o Drainage system with ventilation  Combination Waste and Vent System: Pipes
pipe or vented (except water for multiple sink or floor drain venting.
closet) for gases to the atmosphere  Common Vent: One trap drain connected to a
and no siphonage (back flow of single trap.
water seal)  Cross Connection: Physical connection
o Fixture with suitable trap for no between separate pipes with different contents.
back flow of gasses  Dead End: A closed pipe end where water or
air stagnates.
1.5 Drainage System  Developed Length: Pipe and fitting centerline
length.
2 types of waste:  Diameter: Pipe's internal (or external for
1. Liquid waste brass/copper) size.
2. Solid waste  Drainage System: Pipes for sewage and liquid
waste disposal.
 Dry Vent: Vent without water or waste.
Drainage Piping  Effective Opening: Minimum cross-sectional
1. Soil Pipe – Waste from water closet and area at the water supply discharge point.
fixtures  Existing Work: Previously approved plumbing
2. Waste Pipe – waste from fixtures except water system parts.
closet  Fixture Branch: Pipe connecting multiple
Drainage Installation fixtures.
D – Drainage of solid waste  Fixture Drain: Drain from a fixture's trap to
W – waste from fixtures except water the main drain.
closet
 Fixture Supply: Pipe connecting a fixture to
the branch.
 Fixture Units: A scale to express different
fixtures' load on plumbing.
 Fixture Unit Flow Rate: Flow rate of a
plumbing fixture as a unit.
 Flood Level: Maintains water level for
flushing in a toilet tank.
 Ferrule: Metal sleeve for plug removal in pipe
openings.
 Flush Valve: Flushing device in toilet tanks.
 Flushometer Valve: Discharges water to
fixtures using water pressure.
 Grade: Pipe slope per foot.
 Group Vent: Branch vent for multiple traps.
 Horizontal Pipe: Pipe at an angle over 45
degrees from vertical.
 Invert: Lowest inside point in a non-vertical
pipe or conduit.
 Liquid Waste: Discharge from fixtures
excluding fecal matter.
 Local Vent Pipe: Removes vapor or foul air
from a fixture.
 Looped Vent: Like a circuit vent but connects
to a vent stack.
 Lateral: Secondary pipe in plumbing or sewer
system.
 Main: Principal artery of a continuous piping
system.
 Main Sewer: Publicly controlled sewer line.
 Main Vent: Principal venting system artery.
 Plumbing Fixtures: Receptacles, appliances,
or devices supplied with water or liquid waste.
 Plumbing System: Includes water supply,
fixtures, pipes, and more.
 Relief Vent: Air circulation between drainage
and vent systems.
 Re-Vent Pipe: Connects to an individual waste
or group of wastes.
 Standpipe: Vertical pipe for water storage.
 Side Vent: Vent connected to drain pipe at an
angle.
 Sanitary Sewer: Receives human sewage
without surface water.
 Secondary Branch: Any building drain branch
aside from the primary.
 Sewerage or Sewage Work: All aspects of
sewage handling.
 Siamese Connection: Y-connection for fire
hose lines.
 Sanitary Sewage: Human excrement and
household waste.
 Rough-In: Pre-fixture installation of plumbing
components.
 Return Bend: Open return bend or 180° pipe
bend.
 Public Sewer: Common sewer controlled by
public authorities.
 Riser: Vertical water supply pipe.
 Soil Pipe: Conveys water closet and similar
fixture discharge.
 Stack: Vertical main in soil, waste, or vent
pipe systems.
 Stack Group: Fixtures' arrangement
minimizing vents.
 Stack Vent: Extension of soil or waste stack
above connected drains.
 Stack Venting: Venting fixtures through the
soil or waste stack.
 Subsoil Drain: Drains for subsurface or
seepage water.
 Sump: Pit for collecting liquid waste.
 Trap: Fitting creating a liquid seal to prevent
air backflow.
 Trap Seal: Maximum vertical depth of liquid a
trap retains.
 Vent Stack: Provides air circulation in the
drainage system.
 Vent System: Pipes for air flow in plumbing to
protect traps.
 Vertical Pipe: Pipe in a vertical or ≤ 45° angle
position.
 Waste Pipe: Pipe conveying liquid waste
without fecal matter.
 Water Supply System: Includes pipes, fittings,
and valves for water distribution.
 Wet Vent: Vent for non-water closet waste.
 Water Distributing Pipe: Conveys water from
the service pipe to fixtures.
 Water Service Pipe: Connects the building to
the water source.
DWV with Cold and Hot Water Supply
DWV connected to the Main Sewer Line
Chapter 2: Plumbing Material
Joints
2.1 Introduction  suitably grouted and firmly packed with
oakum or old hemp rope.
Most popular materials for plumbing:  they are soaked in tar to be watertight and
1. Cast iron soil pipe well secured with pure lead not less than 25
2. Acid resistant cast iron pipe mm. deep, well calked, or filled with cement
3. Asbestos pipe mortar.
4. Bituminous fiber sewer pipe  mineral lead is replaced with cement mortar
5. Vitrified clay pipe for chimney joints.
6. Lead pipe
7. Galvanized steel pipe 2.4 Bituminous Fiber Sewer Pipe
8. Galvanized wrought iron pipe  for house sewer and septic tank installation
9. Brass pipe  light in weight, slightly flexible which could
10. Copper pipe take slight soil movement without danger of
11. Plastic or synthetic pipe cracking or pulling out from kits joint.
12. Stainless steel pipe
2.5 Vitrified Clay Pipe
Consideration in choosing the kind of pipe to be  highly resistant to most acid wastes.
installed:  durable for underground installations.
1. Quality and durability
2. Resistance to external and internal contact with
foreign matters.
3. Resistance to acid waste and other chemical
elements that will pass into it.
4. Cost of materials and labor.

2.2 Cast Iron Pipe

2 Types of Cast Iron Pipes 2.6 Lead Pipe

 SV type – used for building installations.  highly resistant to acid; suitable for
 XV type – extra duty pipe used for underground installation.
underground installations.  never used to convey water for human
consumption.
4 Varieties of Cast Iron Pipes
 Standard Pipe
 Single Hub Pipe
 Double Hub Pipe
 Hubless Pipe

Acid Resistant Cast Iron Pipe – used in chemical

laboratories, industries, and other installations where 2.7 Galvanized Steel Pipe
acid wastes are being discharge.  easily corroded by alkaline and acid water.
 deteriorate faster when used as hot water
supply line.

2.3 Asbestos Pipe

 made of asbestos fiber
 could be used as soil, waste, ventilation, and
downspout.
2.8 Galvanized Wrought Iron Pipe
 more resistant to acid waste than the steel
pipe
Special Features of Copper Pipe
2.9 Brass Pipe
 superior material for waste and water supply
installations because of its smooth interior
surface and high resistance to acid.
2.10 Copper Pipe
3 Types of Copper Pipe
- K type – suitable for underground installation
- L type – used in residential water supply line and for
radiant heating installations.
- M type – designed for small water supply lines and for
radiant heating installations.
2.11 Plastic or Synthetic Pipe
 Brass pipe could be used as drains and vent pipe.
 It could be used as cold-water supply line.
 Copper pipe is remarkably excellent material for
hot water lines.
 It can replace rusted or choked-up sections of
galvanized steel pipe.
 No special tools required to install brass pipe nor
threading is necessary.
 It is bent easily. A flexible vertical line can offset
existing structure. Underground lines can be
rerouted around an obstruction.
 Measuring is less critical.
 It needs fewer joints and fittings.
 It comes in longer length.
 Copper pipe may be used one size smaller than a
steel pipe.
 9. PVC is virtually acid proof to any chemical used in
recommended strengths around the home.
10. No special tools are needed for installing PVC
except a rule to measure and a saw to cut.
11. The best reason at all: - You can do it yourself.

Types of Plastic Synthetic Pipe

1. The Rigid Type
a. Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC)
b. Chlorinated Polyvinyl Chloride
(CPVC)
c. Unplasticized Polyvinyl Chloride
(uPVC)
d. Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS)
e. Polypropylene (PP)
f. Styrene Rubber Plastic (SR)
2. The Flexible Type
a. The Polyethylene (PE)
b. The Polybutylene (PB)

Advantages of Plastic Pipe

1. More resistant to rust and corrosion
2. Water conveyed by plastic pipe has no pipe tastes.
3. The extreme smooth interior surface prevents the
buildup of scale, rust, and foreign material.
4. There is no turbulence of water and therefore, has a
minimum resistance to flow.
5. They are easily and quickly installed through solvent
cementing.
6. Cast in longer length and easy to cut as well as to
install.
7. The Polyethylene (PE) pipe is flexible material that
weighs about 1/8 as much as the steel pipe.
8. PVC pipe can be connected to existing metal pipe
using a threaded adapter
Chapter 3: Measuring, Cutting and  A hammer and cold chisel are used to
strike the scored line, gradually cutting
Joining Pipes or parting off the pipe.

3.1 Cast Iron Pipe

- Cast iron pipes have been used for plumbing
installations for years due to their durability and
reliability.

 Standard Pipe used for a well-fitted hub and

spigot connections
 Single Hub is recommended when the length of
a pipe needed is more than 150 centimeters long
wherein cutting is not necessary.
Calking Joints
 Double Hub is preferred when a piece of pipe
- Calking joints of cast iron pipe is done through
needed is shorter than 150 centimeters long.
the following steps.
 Hubless Pipe is used in lieu of the single hub to
do away with caulking of joints.
Procedure:
 To join pipes, align them with the spigot
inside the bell.
 Wrap oakum around the spigot neck, filling
the inner hub.
 Drive it into the bottom of the hub,
compressing it to create a solid bed.
 Seal the joint with lead monolithically
around the inner hub, then pack it against
the hub with a calking iron for a water-tight
seal.
3.2 Measuring Length and Cast-Iron Pipe
- Measuring a cast iron pipe is a straightforward
process, and it typically involves measuring the
pipe’s length and diameter.

 Measure the Length

- Use a tape measure or a ruler to measure the
length of the cast iron pipe.

 Measure the Diameter

- The diameter of a cast iron pipe is the distance
3.4 Galvanized Steel Pipe
across the circular cross-section of the pipe.
- Working with galvanized steel pipe is
challenging due to its rigidity, threading
processes, and joining operations.
3.3 Cutting and Connecting Pipes
• Direct Connection involves careful planning of pipe
- Connecting and cutting pipes are essential tasks
layout and re-routing to reach service points, reducing
in plumbing and various other applications.
fittings, pipe cutting, and threading work to minimize
required work.
Procedure:
 A chalk mark is drawn around a pipe.
• Measuring and Cutting errors in pipe measurement
 Then laid on sand.
and cutting can lead to additional costs, labor, and water
leakage. Face-to-face methods are reliable, as
demonstrated in connecting cast iron pipes.
• Cutting and Threading Operations requires rigid steel
pipe holding with proper tools, using a 14-teeth per inch
hacksaw blade, and avoiding fast cutting to avoid
overheating and blade breakage.
3.5 Copper Pipe
Copper Pipe is classified into two types:
1. The Rigid type
2. The Flexible type
Copper Pipe Working Procedures
 Use the face-to-face method and add the depth
of the soldering hub.
 Cut copper pipes with a suitable rotary tube
cutter or hacksaw blade for heavy pipes.
 Use a gentle light forward stroke and remove
burrs with a file or reamer.
 Bend copper pipes slowly on a wide radius to
avoid kinking
Soldering Copper Pipe Joints Procedure:
 Apply a non-corrosive flux coat, rotate the
fitting, wipe excess flux, heat the fitting
uniformly, and never let the fluxed joint stand
 Avoid disturbing the pipe or fitting during
cooling to prevent weakening or breaking the
seal.
 Avoid soldering pipes containing water and
wrap with wet rags to prevent melting of the
finished joints.
3.6 Plastic Pipes
- Plastic pipe is a popular plumbing material
worldwide, superior for sewer and cold-water
lines.
- Solvent welding is the simplest method for
joining pipes, assembling bell and spigot joints
quickly.
Working with Plastic Pipes
1. Measure the face-to-face distance and add
the engagement length
2. Use a hacksaw or handsaw for cutting, and
work on one joint at a time.
3. Ensuring it is smooth and clean enough to
contact the fitting shoulder.
4. Insert the pipe into the fitting and give it a
quarter or four turn.
5. Use a metal spring for bending copper tubes
to prevent flattering.
6. Correction or repair can be done by cutting
the pipe away and connecting with a
coupling.