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y Unt! (Theory of futomate) OD) y heory of Combutaton! Theory OF Computation (Toe) deats wite wheteey Ond hor efecently problems Canbe Solved on | A wodel of Computation Ung ah ahgqwitier | ‘Types of Toc: i D Compute Lilty 4eaery @® Computational Complerity Thsoy, @® Aructomata “Thacry, “oO Comburtatity thao? Was esory Ay gven by : | Godel, Church, Turng , Kleene & post: This ene! {e20ry Ls Uitd fo Agtenmne uvich problems B) aud ach | ave hot- | ate Cnapvtsie Cn: dq recursive Computave ( Unselvatte ). St A also Calle BD Computation! Comblerty avg: katona Complexity, Henny, dears mt ‘ Jalen wisn gy AES Complexity, of +0 prob on . Fooenlpitatien oF a brvem > | ONPG tly Se\vab) € then (+ Unilt Combutahonadty effecien 4 (£ (4 4e Can yok bes Solved { ’, $5 » +o \t Ay “Computabenabiy herd an eahy iia un ts gee. 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An alphabet 1 4 Suite, non embty set of symbels. 3 is vebresented by Symbol E> Lo Ci) ZCA,B--Z) A aphatet oF Ubbercese [eter CW) EZ (0,12, --— 9) ay AedmaQ a2fphabet- QD Strings (wd: St in a Site sequence of Symuile | From Hex albhatet: | Rambles GQ) \Volol ay Bary Shag: CO) RSTE Ay dedinad Shing: 4k styy UD AbCaAL Ay Smali care letter sting: j @ engin 7 NM Ve Surmbel teen ita cathed arkhe ats Wr Rongig of a Sting 4s Vo of Suan ih | | SO Atak Shdng - The Standard notation fy te, Rangit of Siro Ay \w\- @ 4£ we abcab \wy= Ss Lengta sf an emby Sry A Leb ® Kleens Closure ic Ci) Kleene Stay clesuve (™)! Wa Set of are oSHble Stas over an albhaket = Wwetuding Way SF CA) i - | e*s eve VE U--- eee | uv v oh \ | a nn 1 ay aah? Cihicead ae e=(h Cy CS) Uo0,e1 101! Ci » My leene bostve Closwe Cet): % “We Set of AQ bostvie shings over ah Ckbhavet F Lxciyding WULW ShingA) A Called Kleene pottive clocuve: So pave lig SF E= (old eo, + | st= Ge 1, Os, 21, \o, 1, O00, oof, of, oll,-—] © Reverse of Stang (wR): We Weverse o£ a sting © Os obtained by ans SEQ Symbols IH Yeuerse are Cw)- “ ee of GO - ote ten. wRe cba | Language: A Rangquage Ws & Gee Subset of Srymgi ovey an athhatet & Fo\Wouingy a Shecric Ye: 54 & Yebrerented by BL — Sf EA an a\phaset Then L wa Surset of = Leyowmg Cevtdin rule: eXamble: ¢€ ee oto! 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Gryammay Shbecifes +ex ules Rok ave veguived to GJenrrvate Vm Cwordh) of 4 Rarngnrage - 44 ws Yeprerented by G- Each Arammay G hag Y tuples Ge (NLT, S, Where N > Set of Non-tevminats (vanaies) Rebresented by Capitar letters : “TS Set of +ernimals CConstawts) Rebrerensed bY Sma \etters Catreatg S > Start Non—termma? ( Wahsues) alee aaa P—> Preauchon Rulers) LR yy : LeftSde — ~Agnt Sde ofnwie of Yule Chomsky Classification of Brammer? x SK dy Also Caned Chomsky hierar chy. * oo * Wen Ly Noam Chomswy KR Ccording to Chomshy Wevrarchy, Grammars ave aided Wwte 4 types C1) Regular Grammar (Tybe-3 Grammer) (2) Context Free Grammy CType-2 Grammar) (3) Context Senitive Giremmey (TH be-4 Graney) “a Recursive [Recursive enumevable GrammserCTpFe=2 Grong) Most Resticted Gratamey phe 3 Se aorrmay Unrestickd Gy ammay —> Ty be 70 Grewemey OLAIUIEC WITT Udi lic Gir armmey Auctimey @ Clghe-3) Reguiay Grammey —_s, ere Exxctona-ton CType-2) Context free Grammay —3 Pushaaoy _Pisrometon CTybe-4) Context Sensitive Gramm Crhe-2) Recurive|Recurdve en uyeay-es) Grvammay v3 Linney Pond Arctometas je Turing Maclinn O Regnier Grammev? 3 2 ate called “bype-3 grannen St A acrebted by Fite Automaton CFA) Tro producto wie of Hairs Grammay i i Single Stale feriinad -forrowed hy Nonferminat Sale Now—terwinad ov Shqie 5 Qkoawbles! ae BE Won- Fevrinadfollod —_———" So b by Shale Jeninad e> ov @ S>bb Smqle Jersnae R24 ‘ BA Ovalilicu Witih Gallic REQuiay Granmey Rignt Linssy Grrammav CA) Right Ube Granmav! SF tes Productions ave of 460 Long Left Likeay Gramm av x<—> RB _v Sthaka Snghe ~pe rnd Nowe rmitaR Single der dua Fniooed sy | SNele Nonmfen aad ; b A>A Wray Gvammav > (eb) Lett 4S ea Prodvcthim ave of 0 form Cory aw Smgle jentah t oy Non—teretnal Shgle Nowtennug -farwed by a Dhqie tendar Rxamiple ! S-> Ba Rad A ye2awiey Grawmay ds Srttoy shane Way Coranmay 0 ett Alew gitkee QD Context Free Frammayi (CEG)! Xr # At wr a\So Caned hype-R grammay *K 34+ A accebhead ky Pushdoay, Bictometon CPDA)> |. Production Wie of CEG 4 v Sg ee Non—terwinad 2 XKambles? QC) Ci) cw) civ) Ww X<—s p J Wy Combihahiy of ternArabe And Now-termihaRt S> ab Ay ac CoE S> AR A> aR B> bB BoA Ss AbB A2A R2¢ sa AC 3 48 fo k Coa Sa AB RA ac ae , Contexts Seni Grommay C666) He SE A also Carved AMype- 4. Ox i. meer —% Bt 4D ACcebted Loy Lines Y Boun, * Wr broduction vuye for tes r ees | | AMY Combihadion ON} Combinadti oh | Of Lerma and, Of erminale and, Won--herwinalle Non —ermmhally Sxcee Nuiy Sting | | G) Tel < 1B] | (ee No: OF Symbols WLHS Showa be lesr | Khan oF eguat-t> No: of Sypmbelr IWRHE CW) FTAive sSwwnd ke ati east owe Newferms OM Hes LS. pokes () aces .a3 | A> b R72 bA (i) sto asA S—>bAR Rad (iy S> BAB awh2bc Boa c24d (IV) SaB 4 OAR A>kL Baa a Scalet WIT Cal lik ® Recursive / Recursive Enurevatic St Aw TYype-0 Graumey- * + AL a also Carved Unveshicted grammar: He St HW acrebka Ly “Turing Machine: * Ws Woduckm rule are Grammy > ei Wen <> £ L v uy Conuhnadiay OF non-enanaly Bnd FeminaQs Any Combined 04 OF Non tenia And Ferwinads excebt nary sting “Wave Showa be at leat ons hoh—embek on UWS CW) No of Symbols hy LHS Con be less Aomleguas /qrestey tan No- of Symbas fh Ws RWS: Sxamblef Cy AS>B | TT Bac | coda | Ci) SA> AB A >A Boe Citi) St2 asA Sab Awad ‘\wmportoant Note SF You Want +o check 42 Hype ok aways Start From Aybe-3; 98 (4 ay wae bot ot opr omens Chick Whotte iy Db: Aype-2 oy \ Snot fare, chee maton UF in tupeg 6 Jy arse vot Aupre FP thaw UF Ja ty OL 1€U WILT Uadllix a stomata] Finite Automaton ( ' ; Pe neroete| Fin MCAD 4s tybes PD Finite Attomatn CEA) 44 Ar Qa nos ~ Vesta cted mateemaicaR moder . “ machine) - oF con hating BAW eC hutmettec St accebts +ype-3 Cre WARY Bram ay OPA A Wed-tr sen, mrakeniig,, Ta phar of Combiley, pattern watcivg ang cease of hardware Raiteah CWredes. oS HK St w of two +ybes Finte Pubmera CFA) Dererminsie Now- Aetermicrh c Finite Automata Finite Pictmats (DEA) , C wDEA) Determusic Finite Prumata/CDEPAD ! eaters en HK We Word ' dotevmache? Ih DEA Yefers. eat | eek fos transmion of FA frm one State +e Arnottay Ay Ugur Cdefernimaidon any whut SY mbol- K* ADEA Counsts of Ss tupted {G,=,2,5 D] {G,=,2,5 D] CIDP Sidge sek of Shares 7 eprerutel a8 Q. | (2) A Kite set oF Sym’ aRbhaket, Ye presented {) ar = 4 (2) An ‘WiheR State Zo” 3 ail (uy A set oF Fmak States Caceebting, States). 9+ ps yebrerented by hat wwre FC a(faa Subsee oF) mare eAee Ffunchon (Next State fact) § © : ayes On werd Ae. Shoo eck Niet Stat cu WILIT Uditis [- present Shale and oe Tet fe : r o oly? exanble 1; B §( 249) 22 Rr Ramble 21 S(C@b)> 21 Zo Civcle veprefert SAR - Sextet Gi) B Renin Mage Bb de ea dhaGrammnsh “Welreren tation of hes “epanivnen fanchimn’ i ; o ge Ag Acceptance of a Shih bY Find Prutemata (FA) “ekombiel ( \o\\o\” (4, yo\ol) =F (a1, 2Nel) BS, : > (dyed = (zl =@ (220 => (wd 3 Lo CNet accepreD) Tres does nok Lelong te tare of DER Ovalieu witit ud JocK Magram of FA CDFA/wmeA) @ block degran of FAC DFA SYNDFA) 4 2 Show below’ sivmy as ‘Wmput tape JE — Reading head Finite. Cover R @@) Block diagram of Fk Auhmehs (FAD Components of Pica Retinet CoA) @ ‘whut tate: we oe oo Tnput tebe b> givided “nto Spares, SEC Te comasts oF Shae SYmbst Foro “Eaa. npr 22 pRteke endmarney (F) at fea 2h hand Bde And nd merwer (§) ak fea waht had Bde Ci) Ws rresence oF endmarkeys dicate eat ‘hbk ® tale of Gute Rae Read aad) . ; a ~Te Readiw Wand 4 Ured “ke Rad Stnbel Som ‘wat Aahe™ i iy a ending rand “Feads Ons SYmbol at athe (ia) amends Novell F88 readin, baad Yeasts from aakt-to Hat - Kerever tn Speafic FAL we Car yrova ‘We betty Arvechow ¢ @ Fite Comat Wr Hiricte Combat deidas He State 0” vecewing parhedsy input Fon hbet tape. 5 Z DE anddes WEE Shake Wing tyaniion oatie paiiitu wiut Gains | daterminace Finite Prictomsts (NOFA) 08, ae Te word (Nowe delevmrnishel fy OER eles ho “tea fack “eat ten frauito of EAR Sosy Onn srate Yo ansteay State Ay wok Udigueci-e fst & Sree State ria a Sheahe ‘rst, sKenre may Se A NDEA Conists 0 eye Ca, £, $, 20,6) W Qw ses Swte won ambty Set of Steater- (2) & Ap tea Fvite how embry set of Thpute Cold ‘wiput alphabet (3) S pte tranition function S: Ox? a A ae yo wort State AKAN _ tes Se States (NS) O) 40 SQ ty ea “han Shade L GB) Eee Ake cet of Hr ee Ditterence between DEA ad NOFA (NFAY. ~ | DEA, ; | NDFA (NFA) } Win DEA; Gx a Oven WUE Fewre [DM WK NOFA, FY 4 Ben WP | Ay ody ond Waxt Srete Sotesy | sfesve Can be many Kixt ale! Ore Aeherwnasic ‘r wneckuve! Posiiele , soteay —— Vowedheter | evaiwitic | i @ Sa ps daSivad for each |@ NOEA As hot necessary i Aput aspharet wh each State: | tobe AgRued for Saumiche a in ead’ Ul SXYMSB CAD ave Wet anored Btn ao. ie Ee | | More A» Hedt fe dang 1[@ NFA A easy -bo design converien Grom NEA Ay | © Converfien Se DEA | @S fA - "6S i ous Ar wot pesiete © SED (0 ED a (Cy Representation of NOFA Q) Franiion diaoyram | | 2 e-\% 47 Q= fay ty ay qwiiad SS annhM Table: te i (iy . $ {299 =41 ES Qa ¢ (ty wya=ze 6 caso “EL eee) Fe (CeyL Cz : ga el) \wad Shite 2(t) ovaimmeu wiircams pet Comsbuct a Aedkermiuishe Fine Stchmecbaly ®. SS © qinoarenk to Me Cf tet, 24,23}, (013, §, 2, fag) Where § wy gen ly Ballad, State tale, C 40,41) C fe) (40,21, 223 (20,41) (eo, 2123) Ces91,92) C2%7 2.) C44,4,22)43) C2041, 22,23) Bes Comstrct 9 dtheminaic & cee py © aM Ualent by Mz C (eet, (a, $, zo, fez) i Sroy “hen ven tante: ovariieu wit Dedgn of DFA (3) Pe eae Se ; aD Desi¢n a DFA for eo Pi\oany Languages ovey Gol} 3 Stang ite exactly toe tS 4,0 (a) A 5 7 6k sf p os: 5 wwe. at leat +2 cE) AN Stang ne nl _ 207 -C aN st two oS Lng’ Comtarwnny 7 wo an (>) Age Ss ovanmeu wit Cars CAD AM Sta of Lemnate at mash eve ® Z ie (2) No of VS wy \awtple of we 4 we a ia — 1S No-of VS2z 673,417,1% — ~~ No of a's s0mrt goniphle “0f 3- ho BGs 4: No ef 1’5 jy even aud Mo oF tar = No-of 175 CEven) & Mo of 0's Evel ar as (Evew & Ne of o's (044) @) i ape 1s Codd) tno of 7s CEven) @ © Novos 42'S Codd) & Nor of 0S Codd = [Oo @ phg® Stave rit Abb a,b Lod wre § - (R) Draw DFA fw (4 NY urn abb ah Substing: b 2 aGp ‘A (ra, (4) Bras DEA Sw f% a aa a GG OQ) ~~ Scanned WI Gains “Draw DEA for (44) wits shiigg endingy Dn abe” (2b ‘OES Draw DprA ovev volt Hk Th cs = (A) ending site 10 CAD) ending EHS I Ili) enditg oned- Ending witéto~ See OLAINICU WILT Udll is ° _ | O22 Dew DEA Hck Recht a Lamy we og = Awrsile ly 3: “e SD OD a Cee jaro} A> ee \\ > acceprecl, O1— rejee: No accepted 10 > ejected \Dol> accepted es Yejec 003 a ccehted ree wns errrer WA ~weyectey 5 * \o00 e GY Debme DEA teak aceeph Aker numer Auwsue by 4. . : ane o to 2 “ Yo | 2) -| Br 2) | ¢| 2 |w [Oo U1} de | ta Zo Le ta\_Z, | Ze. | 28 7S Dem DEA fer Set OF Ah Shs vgs ved Gab} ewig, Who aks A sen \ Rate seiciiensns | le x Sis on Deka, of NFA; eS surg 0 \ol- \ . a @ Wie ve @ ane Sam eA te acre SHAS Guy sf) ° 49S, Bo tor’ a prs tee HINT A Atk . aah] Cowste® 2 sy, ew a eta) \ a as 4 a ~ tH o (G2 : Oe Athy eee a ver fr NS Y (F. y er Oo Ka) ° 45 ~-@ pe aI Y % OLAINICU WILT Udll is : Mwimizakon of DFA ay “Se M\wizalon of DFA Ay a process of Grsbaot? 4, ni vimum VO" OF States an equualent OFA @) 3 Yoo starer ave Sad tobe SpMalent , 9 i evieay both states ques to Hhak Sates OF Mon- Mwak States fay a caver Hr” Miwwi2e WES pum DFA- < Syeakt ° | —7 te Fy ts “i Ue a2 z to qt | “a qe Zé zy 27 as ts Ze te 26 Le Zu dt 26 te Finak Av wer Agere pe epanvalence CMe) by separ Pos — — and Non Brad. s aE ay ty as, 26,24) —Y Kanak grate 2 have WO ottoy eptes yh wo We gnsh ao can Wok chach Us equivalence” : spa M8 . Covnpot® Jo wits yea, EUS ay od LI ke gh 4° chech eguialence’ 7 4 on one {v9 witty 2° bd have @y40r8 (42,5) ow iets Sree Ss St otel ; Awd + ae da Sed S48 re : as * pone Fad SHA so Gob) » naek ah oOvdiicu witlt Uaith ls 15> 2) 2 Nor S29 pron & 23 —[> 42 -» Sinad gate Yo 2-5 45 3 Now Fired “Teziuatet Gq b> lg a nm Pes ante oy o- yp Hey ave het Rgaratent So Gx4) are hot ez ustent: Nees go> 4) J] Non frak Site] Sh +5 pal Now -Srak rte) Ze. +> gs o-thper ahd Orce (Lt ave eqmitatent fev Aue: ow) be Cgutatent So (2220. Ga “4 Not epSrearak awl age rt |gsnenlent 3 ee ° Como fyng -R2irenrent Zo 22, 25] wor gen vt Ge, ws) are 2ehualent Lo 22 zy ei Non SiR SrGurtert Py re Lo 4. Nowfiad t BET ee 2 c Firad eater So Go, 29) ave hot- equivalent Mee (Co, du) Lond @e 46) ave egnibalest ~~ Se ave wie £a\ Mh Th=fyC es by 20) ——_ OULAINICU WILT Udl ns ’ Now Compare Ci Zi wi 23, 24,20,9¢ dag ‘ a eee ee (Z1,4a) 4; ys 6 Now Snrag . oa ey | Not- 7 ualer’ 2) Ld 42 Hay ie 7 ae ne Se alert So (a, 23) Ave Wok |g aalenk 4125 te she 22> a5 sm fong | NERD orioater£ G/F 27 uw Zyu-*D Be > pr Hd So Gy, gu) we vot eqiivalet Nok - SpSrantenk 1) Od LE PNMSR pet ered as a 2 > See oy 5 2 Bos Nok 27 Seat ae AD 263) Non teat ‘na ) G79 Ks ee es 17 29 LE Now SQ ae Yy> n> RL eae 7 er uate So (21,24) ave epilalent Now Compare Yq wre TAS) 26 ard 27 i ee ee eed alent hha ei > Not erduatent s eaivatert A Nok eriealet” Nek Spiitinient wo Tas OULAIINITU WILIT 4 ve : = i 22] fZo,24, Ph, § 2,29} for] ea | “|Apdaded, TT = Now Combave Gy wt® 25/2677 é a =e (Gy 25) 2qiwalent Not equuaert | ( (a, § 22,4420, { 227], (23,203 ] i gs ore ko) | oa 1 Net ezabale nt Gedert | > Bee aie as] Ce oot ee Combere 94 HLI6 Byrd Nok egeoarert” OLAINICU WILT Udll is dated Ta ZG Z(H, (ey (rel (everd sexes] Compare 9 S97 5 equated packs Bee \ = Chaat, (22 VED ave) ‘o2eQ) | Now Ceanpsrre f3 and 27 @s,20) D> ‘Le > erstalet 229 (GravaTa= (62231 422, (2O IL fesard] | { | Ve aves net reve Ottery Mewbey po Compre | | =, aa > ered Ale charge Ti Hpastea Ta = f $44 Fou Wh, Fee P2y 29), T2520] gs3J > C4Nieale we & pase Bed, Sree, 2G, I%L27) Jesoj | a3 4 ene Te Scanned with Cams Exembl er! Ske es So We wi Stop ee 24 | yi (2 y “| Naa ens OFA Cel (ror), cee 0% 3 OLAINICU WILT vams 2) FARE ; @) Mealy Macht | Moove Mackht Meak Machin: Meaty Macke a a Fite ed Cukonata Grae “Wh Och 16s ortprt Firction Ag peels oN bate prefent State and, presest Top A _reaky machine Ay a Axtple (@,z, 4,8 A, 20) Lye od Fg ae Fide Set of state “per alphabet 23 A= ockput ab Phabet | §2 CEranition fined) q [ AIRS —>_A) Combe function) i ZoD Wiad ste || ooxe Mack ert | e mite Prmsta “TH Ch ten present Stat Moore MacWwt BaF Sunctian Only Adfperds Ov outpar Cotten Yrerek BSD ynoeye Mackie has sete CO, = Ay €,A,Zs LOnweyve GQ: Fine No of Sto 1 Type ad phabet A: opt agphabet Co eae a—> Q (-trawirhn Lunches) : QA Comp Ruch) WHR Sete, pr auntie ee ee Scamicu wiut Gdtite Geer “a, é 8 (Mealy Machw! ofzr GAH) 4/4 \|tr (Moore Machnr BG “0 a 6 (hoove Macknt of early Mackue BR achive Equiualerce cline “ro mmoeve a) Conver» Lyon meakly M - verse Bae iene jractaa te Meck actin, cw) Cow 4 ) Mea Aes ee qraciae Converts At. Kooy meats preventey yo Here (nacht Cow e* Og PP oJ2e | | oUarmied wrt Garis C Lg hay two oput Zb2, C2) 43; 7%! Lag ee 42 has too ope 7 t75 Dll ae 212-2 #9 Sance J 1 have ho othr, Gnidevads Preset Net Sate omer | Saye “ype © (apt at | > 4\ 42\ 43) aA 4a\ Zor 43) 24 Ziv qi Zs) ozs asi 12) 45uU 24 | tar | Dey Lor >. Rebyese Whsg ho tanks Maman, Se (Woe Ma chon el ot a — ovanmen-wrarcails : Constnet Q Meaty Macht Qgiwalent to Moore Mack que, by Fo\ony, able: Present Sate Next Sate CT CPs) >to Li Prefek Se ces) =a —> 14 (Ls ° 41 4 Ls a Ie © ° te qr | o as ; L3 qa | Zo Shoribe, SA* . Present Shae AY Nt $ — and orxth for jes ver ype te a equuaiet aud peor syermeve Fa OK of to Scanned with Cams Mealy, Machina ‘Dowpe Ahad’ on frei . aad ‘ Stare and bremat Thpuk- © oar t SB Oy oy ez @ Less No-of states ave |G) (ove wo-of States ave, Moore Maciive | Ei out “yey Wreet - Wary Yeats Featev @® Wy veactr Slowey hy Ae hyper Dap © More hardewe Yerire 1@) Less havdowe Yer ave for reir Wplenestntin: Lov Circe Tiylenentattr ‘ oxpex 2% Haced Of ®© gee > Rood om (SO oie Oak ie distant | © ot A ear te eh OULAIINICU WILEE UdITIS Se A = ie =~ a Pre fe. 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