GRAMMAR

CLASS 1
Future tense
1. Future in the present
2. Future progressive
3. Future perfect
4. Future in the past
 Future in the present

BE(AM/IS/ARE) GOING TO
WILL SHALL
PRESENT PROGRESSIVE

Can see the future from Simply giving information Ask for instructions,
the present. about the future suggestions or offer
services (a more polite
way)
 Example

BE GOING TO WILL
I hope it will be
We are going to get a better than the old
new car. one.
(the decision exists (not talking about the
now) present)
 Example

PRESENT PROGRESSIVE WILL

I am seeing Janet on I wonder if she will

Tuesday. recognise me.
(the arrangement (not talking about the
exists now) present)
Plans
Be going to and present progressive
can both be used to talk about plans
We use the present progressive mostly
when the time or place are fixed
Plans
examples

I am going to take a holiday some

time soon.
I am spending my holiday in France
next week.
Decisions
Be going to and present progressive
are for decisions and plans that exists
in the present - they have already
been made
We prefer will to announce decisions
as we make them
Decisions BE GOING TO
PRESENT PROGRESSIVE
examples

"We got a lot of bills to pay."

"I know. I am going to do them all on
Monday."
Decisions WILL
examples

"The plumber's bill has just come in."

"Alright, I will pay it."
Predictions
We prefer going to when we can
already see the future in the present
(see things coming or starting or they
are already planned
We prefer will to say what we think
or believe about the future
Predictions
examples

Careful! The meat is going to burn.

Don't ask Peter to cook the steak - he
will burn it.
Predictions
We don't use the present progressive
to predict events which are outside our
control

It is going to rain soon.

It is raining soon.
Question
A: I am marrying you.
B: I am going to marry you.
C: I will marry you.

Which person can legitimately

break the promise?
 shall and will

In modern English, shall and will can generally

be used with no difference of meaning
Will is more common, and shall is dying out
 shall
In older English, shall was used to talk about
obligation (rather like should)
This meaning still survives in first-person
questions, where shall is used to ask for
instructions or suggestions or offer services
 Future Progressive
We use the future progressive (will be..ing) to
say something will be in progress at a certain
time in the future
Example
This time next Tuesday I will be lying on the beach.
You will not be able to park here tomorrow; they will be
mending the road.
 Future Progressive
A common use of the future progressive is to
ask politely "What have you already decided?"
Compare
Will you write to Lily? (request or order)
Are you going to write to Lily? (perhaps pressing for a
decision)
Will you be writing to Lily? (just asking about plans)
 The future perfect (will
have driven) can be used
to say that something will
Future
have been completed by a perfect
certain time in the future
Example
We will have finished planting
the new trees by Wednesday.
This government will have
ruined the country before the
next election.
 Future Perfect Progressive
The future perfect progressive (will have been
driving) is not very common
We can use it to say how long something will
have continued by a certain time
Example
By next summer, I will have been working here for eight
years.
 Future in the past
When we are talking about the past, we often
want to say that something was still in the
future at that time
To express this idea, we can use the past forms
of all the structures that are used to talk about
the future
 Future in the past

PRESENT AM/IS/ARE
PROG R E S S I V E GOING TO WILL

PAST WAS/WERE WOULD

PRO G R E S S I V E GOING TO
 Future in the past
examples
I was in a state of panic because I was sitting
my finals exams in two days.
We were going to start a business if we could
raise enough capital.
I had a feeling that things would soon turn
difficult.
 Third conditional
Third conditional is used to talk about
things that did not happen in the past
a third conditional sentence consists of
two clauses, an “if” clause and a
main clause
 IF clause main clause

I would have passed the

If I had studied harder,
exam.

Explanation:
I failed the exam, because I didn't study hard enough.
 IF clause main clause

subject + would (OR

if + subject + past
could, OR might) have +
perfect verb*
past participle

*The past perfect is formed with the auxiliary verb

“had”, and the past participle (or third form) of the
verb.
 Example Explaination

Criticism: You had an

If you had driven more
accident because you
carefully, you would not
didn't drive carefully
have had an accident.
enough.
 Example Explaination

If we had played a little Regret: We didn't play

better, we could have well, so we lost the
won the game game.
 Mixed conditional
It is possible for the two parts of a
conditional sentence to refer to different
times, and the resulting sentence is a
"mixed conditional" sentence.
There are two types of mixed conditional
sentence.
Present result of a past condition
IF clause (condition) main clause (result)

If + past perfect present conditional

If this thing had

that thing would happen.
happened
 Present result of a past condition
IF clause (condition) main clause (result)

If I had worked harder at I would have a better

school, job now.

If you had not eaten the

you wouldn’t feel sick!
whole chocolate cake,
This type of mixed conditional refers to an unreal past condition
and its probable result in the present
the time is the past in the "if" clause and in the present in the
main clause.

Example Explaination

If I had studied I would have but I didn't study and now I

my driving license. don't have my license
Past result of present or continuing condition

IF clause (condition) main clause (result)

If + simple past perfect conditional

that thing would have

If this thing happened
happened.
Past result of present or continuing condition

IF clause (condition) main clause (result)

If I wasn't in the middle I would have been happy

of another meeting, to help you.

If I wasn't afraid of I would have picked it

spiders, up.
These mixed conditional sentences refer to an unreal present
situation and its probable (but unreal) past result
the time in the if clause is now or always and the time in the
main clause is before now

Example Explaination

Present reality: I am afraid of

If I wasn't afraid of spiders,
spiders

I would have picked it up Past reality: I didn't pick it up

Thank You
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