As Book 1 - 1

AS
BOOK-1
PAGE 1
Atomic structure, worksheet 1
1) The atoms X and Y electronic configurations shown below.
X = 1s2, 2s2, 2p6, 3s2, 3p6, 3d10, 4s2

Y = 1s2, 2s2, 2p4
Which one of the following compounds are they likely to form
A) XY B) XY2 C) X2Y D) XY4
2) Which of the following elements has the largest second ionization energy?
A) O B) F C) Ne D) Na
3) Which of the following represents the configuration of the three electrons of highest
energy for the ground state of an element in Group III?
A) 1s2, 2s1 B) 2s1, 2p2 C) 3p3 D) 4s2, 4p1
4) Which one of the following determines the position of an element in the periodic table?
A) Chemical reactivity C) First ionization energy

B) No. of electrons in outer orbital D) No. of protons in the nucleus of its atom
5) Which of the following diagrams represents the first four ionization energies, of Group
III element?
1st 2nd 3rd 4th 1st 2nd 3rd 4th

A B
1st 2nd 3rd 4th 1st 2nd 3rd 4th

C D
6) Which of the following electronic configuration represents an element that forms a

simple ion with a charge of –3?
A) 1s2, 2s2, 2p6, 3s2, 3p1 C) 1s2, 2s2, 2p6, 3s2, 3p3
B) 1s2, 2s2, 2p6, 3s2, 3p6, 3d1, 4s2 D) 1s2, 2s2, 2p6, 3s2, 3p6, 3d3, 4s2
7) What is the proton number of an element that has four unpaired electrons in its ground
state?
A) 14 B) 16 C) 22 D) 26
PAGE 2
8) Which of the following formulae represents a particle with the composition 1 proton,
1 neutron and 2 electrons?
A) D B) D- C) H- D) He
9) Which of the following ions has more electrons than protons and more protons than
neutrons?
A) D3O+ B) He+ C) OD- D) OH-
10) Which of the following ions contains an unpaired electron?
A) Ca2+ B) Cu2+ C) K+ D) Ti4+
11) The use of the Data Booklet is relevant to this question
The successive ionization energies, in kJ mol-1, of an element X are given below
870 1800 3000 3600 5800 7000 13200
What is X?
A) 33 As B) 53I C) 8O D) 52Te
12) The second ionization energy of calcium is 1150 kJ mol-1. Which of the following
correctly represents this statement?
A) Ca(g) Ca2+(g) + 2e- H = +1150
B) Ca+(g) Ca2+(g) + e- H = + 1150
C) Ca(s) Ca2+(aq) + 2e- H = +1150
D) Ca+(s) Ca2+(g) + e- H = +1150
13) Which of the following particles would, on losing an electron, half filled set of p-orbital?
A) C- B) N C) N- D) O+
14) What is the electronic configuration of the atom of the element, which is isoelectronic
with H2S?
A) 1s2, 2s2, 2p6, 3s2 C) 1s2, 2s2, 2p6, 3s2, 3p2

B) 1s2, 2s2, 2p6, 3s2, 3p4 D) 1s2, 2s2, 2p6, 3s2, 3p6
15) For which element does its ground state atom have no paired ‘p’ electrons?
Element Atomic number

A) Carbon 6
B) Oxygen 8
C) Magnesium 12
D) Neon 10
PAGE 3
16) The first ionization energies, in kJ mol-1, of sequence of elements of increasing proton
number are given below.
584 620 660 660 680
Where in the Periodic Table is this sequence of elements likely to be located?
A) Group II C) Group VII

B) From Li to N inclusive D) From Sr to Mo inclusive
17) The elements radon (Rn), francium (Fr) and radium (Ra) are consecutive in the Periodic
Table. What is the order of their first ionization energies?
Least endothermic Most endothermic
A) Fr Ra Rn
B) Fr Rn Ra
C) Ra Fr Rn
D) Rn Ra Fr
18) Use of the Data Booklet is relevant to this question.
The graph shows the logarithm. Lg, of the ionization energies for the outermost
seventeen electrons in an atom of an element X.
3
lg I.E
0
5 10 15
Number of electrons
Which of the following could be X?
A) Argon B) Calcium C) Chlorine D) Potassium
19) The orbital of a nitrogen atom may be represented as shown

1s 2s 2p
Which diagram represents the arrangement of electrons in the ground state of the atom?
A)
B)
C)
D)
PAGE 4
20) What kind of orbital must an electron with the principal quantum number n = 2 occupy?
A) A spherically-shaped orbital C) Either an ‘s’ or ‘p’ orbital

B) The orbital closest to the nucleus D) A dumb-bell shaped orbital
21) Gallium has the electronic configuration [Ar] 3d10, 4s2, 4p1
In which order are the electrons lost in forming Ga4+ ion?
1st 2nd 3rd 4th

A 3d 4p 4s 4s
B 3d 4s 4s 4p
C 4s 4s 4p 3d
D 4p 4s 4s 3d
22) Which property is the same for two nuclides 1840Ar and 1940K?
A) The number of electrons C) The number of neutrons

B) The number of nucleons D) The number of protons
23) The electronic configurations of four elements are given. Which of these elements has the
highest first ionization energy?
A) 1s2, 2s2, 2p3 C) 1s2, 2s2, 2p4

B) 1s2, 2s2, 2p6, 3s1 D) 1s2, 2s2, 2p6, 3s2, 3p3
24) Which equation relates to the first ionization energy of bromine?
A) Br(g) Br-(g) – e-
B) Br(g) Br+(g) + e-
C) ½ Br2(g) Br-(g) – e-
D) ½ Br2(g) Br+(g) + e-
25) Which of the following ions contains five unpaired d-electrons?
A) Cr3+ B) Fe3+ C) Mn3+ D) Ni2+
26) The diagram shows the energy levels of various electronic sub-shells of an atom of a
transition element in the fourth period of the Periodic Table.
y
x
3p
3s
2p
2s
1s
What are sub-shells x and y?
A) x = 3d, y = 4s B) x = 4s, y = 3d C) x = 4s, y = 4p D) x = 4p, y = 3d

PAGE 5
27) An ion Q2+ contains 44 protons
What is the electronic configuration Q2+?
A) [Ar] 3d10, 4s2, 4p5, 4d5 C) [Ar] 3d10, 4s2, 4p6, 4d2
B) [Ar] 3d10, 4s2, 4p6, 4d6 D) [Ar] 3d10, 4s2, 4p6, 4d8
28) Carbon-14 is radioactive and is used by archeologists in carbon dating. Which species has
both the same number of neutrons and the same number of electrons as an atom of
Carbon-14?
A) 14N+ B) 16O2+ C) 17F+ D) 28Si
For each of the following in this section one or more of the three numbered statements 1 to 3
may be correct. Decide whether each of the statements is or is not correct. The response A to
D should be selected on the basis of
A B C D
1, 2 and 3 1 and 2 only 2 and 3 only 1 only
are correct are correct are correct is correct
29) Which of the following statements about s, p and d orbital of principal quantum numbers
1, 2 and 3 are true?
1. Each 's' orbital can contain a maximum of two electrons

2. A series of transition elements arises from the filling of d-orbital
3. A p-orbital has a higher energy than the s-orbital of the same principal
quantum number.
30) Gaseous particle X has a proton number n and charge of +1
Gaseous particle Y has a proton number n+1 and is isoelectronic with X.
Which of the following statements correctly describe X and Y?
1. X has larger radius than Y

2. X requires more energy than Y when a further electron is removed from each
particle.
3. X releases more energy than Y when an electron is added to each particle.
31) Which of the following statements about the two isotopes 1532P and 1632S are correct?
1. The phosphorous atom has more neutrons than the sulphur atom
2. If a neutron is added to the nucleus of 1532P, 1632S is produced.
3. Both contain 32 electrons
32) A species Z has the following electronic configuration.
What could Z be?
1. Cl+ ion 2. S atom 3. Ar2- ion
33) Which statement about atomic particles is correct?
1. The nucleon number of an element is the number of neutrons in one

atom of the element.
2. The proton number of an element is the number of protons in one atom
of the element
3. The size of the charge on an electron is same as that on a proton
PAGE 6
34. One of the most important chemical species responsible for the removal of ozone from
the stratosphere is a free radical of chlorine, 35Cl•.
What does 35Cl• contain?
35. Use of the Data Booklet is relevant to this question.
In the gas phase, aluminium and a transition element require the same amount of energy
to form one mole of an ion with a 2+ charge.
What is the transition element?
A) Co B) Cr C) Cu D) Ni
36. Which isotope of an element in the third period of the Periodic Table contains the same
number of neutrons as1632 S?
A) 11 Na
23 B) 12 Mg
24 C) 14 Si
28 D) 15 P
31
37. The successive ionisation energies, in kJ mol–1, of an element X are given below.
870 1800 3000 3600 5800 7000 13 200
What is X?
A) 33As B) 40Zr C) 52Te D) 53I
38. Unnilpentium is an artificial element. One of its isotopes is 105262Unp.
Which of the following statements is correct?
A) 105262Unp has a nucleon number of 105.

B) The atom 105260X is an isotope of 105262Unp.
C) There are 262 neutrons in 105262Unp.
D) The proton number of 105262Unp is 262.
39. The table gives the successive ionisation energies for an element X.
What could be the formula of the chloride of X?
A) XCl B) XCl2 C) XCl3 D) XCl4
40. What is the order of increasing energy of the listed orbitals in the atom of titanium?
A) 3s 3p 3d 4s B) 3s 3p 4s 3d
C) 3s 4s 3p 3d D) 4s 3s 3p 3d
41. Which of the following particles would, on losing an electron, have a half-filled set of
p orbitals?
A) C– B) N C) N– D) O+
PAGE 7
It is now thought that where an element exists as several isotopes, the stable ones usually
contain a ‘magic number’ of neutrons. One of these magic numbers is 126.
Which isotope is unstable?
A) 209Bi B) 208Pb C) 210Po D) 208Tl
43. An atom has eight electrons.
Which diagram shows the electronic configuration of this atom in its lowest energy state?
44. The first six ionisation energies of four elements, A to D, are given.
Which element is most likely to be in Group IV of the Periodic Table?
45. In which species are the numbers of electrons and neutrons equal?
9Be B) C) 1123Na+ D) 818O2–
A) 4 9
19F
46. Which ion has more electrons than protons and more protons than neutrons?
[H = 11H ; D = 12 H ; O = 816 O]
A) D– B) H3O+ C) OD– D) OH–
47. What is the electronic configuration of an element with a second ionisation energy higher
than that of each of its neighbours in the Periodic Table?
A) 1s22s22p63s2 B) 1s22s22p63s23p1
C) 1s22s22p63s23p2 D) 1s22s22p63s23p3
48. Gallium nitride, GaN, could revolutionise the design of electric light bulbs because only
a small length used as a filament gives excellent light at low cost.
Gallium nitride is an ionic compound containing the Ga3+ ion.
What is the electron arrangement of the nitrogen ion in gallium nitride?
A) 1s2 2s2 B) 1s2 2s2 2p3

C) 1s2 2s2 2p4 D) 1s2 2s2 2p6
PAGE 8
49. A radioactive isotope of thallium, 81201Tl, is used to assess damage in heart muscles after
a heart attack.
Which statement about 81201Tl is correct?
A) This isotope has a nucleon number of 120.

B) The number of electrons in one atom of this isotope is 81.
C) The number of neutrons in one atom of this isotope is 201.
D) 82201X is an isotope of 81201Tl.
50. Three successive elements in the Periodic Table have first ionisation energies which
have the pattern shown in the diagram.
What could be the first element of this sequence?
A) C B) N C) F D) Na
The electronic structures of calcium, krypton, phosphorus and an element X are shown.
Which electronic structure is that of element X?
A) 1s22s22p63s23p3
B) 1s22s22p63s23p64s2
C) 1s22s22p63s23p63d64s2
D) 1s22s22p63s23p63d104s24p6
52. John Dalton’s atomic theory, published in 1808, contained four predictions about atoms.
Which of his predictions is still considered to be correct?
A) Atoms are very small in size.

B) No atom can be split into simpler parts.
C) All the atoms of a particular element have the same mass.
D) All the atoms of one element are different in mass from all the atoms of other
elements.
53. The diagrams show the possible paths of subatomic particles moving in an electric field
in a vacuum.
Which diagrams are correct?
A) 1 and 2 only B) 1 and 3 only

C) 2 and 3 only D) 1, 2 and 3
PAGE 9
In forming ionic compounds, elements generally form an ion with the electronic structure
of a noble gas.
Which ion does not have a noble gas electronic structure?
A) I– B) Rb+ C) Sn2+ D) Sr2+
55. The graph shows the first thirteen ionisation energies for element X
What can be deduced about element X from the graph?
A) It is in the second period (Li to Ne) of the Periodic Table.

B) It is a d-block element.
C) It is in Group II of the Periodic Table.
D) It is in Group III of the Periodic Table.
56. Skin cancer can be treated using a radioactive isotope of phosphorus, 1532P. A compound
containing the phosphide ion 1532 P 3− , wrapped in a plastic sheet, is strapped to the
affected area.
What is the composition of the phosphide ion, 1532 P 3−?
57. In which pair do both atoms have one electron only in an s orbital in their ground states?
A) Ca, Sc B) Cu, Be C) H, He D) Li, Cr
Hard water contains calcium ions and hydrogencarbonate ions arising from dissolved
calcium hydrogencarbonate, Ca(HCO3)2.
How many electrons are present in the hydrogencarbonate anion?
A) 30 B) 31 C) 32 D) 33
PAGE 10
59. The first seven ionisation energies of an element between lithium and neon in the
Periodic Table are as follows.
1310 3390 5320 7450 11 000 13 300 71 000 kJ mol–1
What is the outer electronic configuration of the element?
A) 2s2 B) 2s22p1 C) 2s22p4 D) 2s22p6
Which graph represents the number of unpaired p orbital electrons for atoms with proton
numbers 13 to 18?
The graph represents the variation of a property of the Group II elements
What is this property

A) ionic radius B) ionisation energy
C) neutron / proton ratio D) rate of reaction with water
PAGE 11

What could be the proton number of an element that has three unpaired electrons in each
of its atoms?
A) 5 B) 13 C) 15 D) 21
The elements radon (Rn), francium (Fr) and radium (Ra) have consecutive proton
numbers in the Periodic Table.
What is the order of their first ionisation energies?
64. A simple ion X+ contains eight protons.

What is the electronic configuration of X+?
A) 1s2 2s1 2p6 B) 1s2 2s2 2p3

C) 1s2 2s2 2p5 D) 1s2 2s2 2p7
65. Equations involving four enthalpy changes are shown.
Na(g) → Na+(g) + e– ΔH = W
Na(g) → Na2+(g) + 2e– ΔH = X
Na(s) → Na(g) ΔH = Y
Na(s) → Na2+(g) + 2e– ΔH = Z
What is the second ionisation energy of sodium?
A) 2W B) X – W C) Y – W D) Z – Y
66. Which equation represents the second ionisation energy of an element X?
A) X(g) → X 2+(g) + 2e–
B) X+(g) → X2+(g) + e–
C) X(g) + 2e–→ X2–(g)
D) X–(g) + e–→ X2–(g)
67. Which factor helps to explain why the first ionisation energies of the Group I elements
decrease from lithium to sodium to potassium to rubidium?
A) The nuclear charge of the elements increases.

B) The outer electron is in an ‘s’ subshell.
C) The repulsion between spin-paired electrons increases.
D) The shielding effect of the inner shells increases
PAGE 12
68. Helium, He, is the second element in the Periodic Table.

Tritium is the isotope of hydrogen 3H.
What is the same in an atom of 4He and an atom of 3H?
A) the number of electrons

B) the number of neutrons
C) the number of protons
D) the relative atomic mass
69. In 1999, researchers working in the USA believed that they had made a new element and
that it had the following electronic configuration.
[Rn] 5f146d107s27p6
In which Group of the Periodic Table would you expect to find this element?
A) II B) IV C) VI D) 0
70. Which element has an equal number of electron pairs and of unpaired electrons within
orbitals of principal quantum number 2?
A) beryllium B) carbon C) nitrogen D) oxygen

From which particle is the removal of an electron the most difficult?
A) Cl–(g) B) F–(g) C) K+(g) D) Na+(g)
72. In which species does the underlined atom have an incomplete outer shell?
73. The value of the second ionisation energy of calcium is 1150 kJ mol–1
.
Which equation correctly represents this statement?
In which pairs do both species have the same number of unpaired p electrons?
75. In which species are the numbers of protons, neutrons and electrons all different?
PAGE 13
76. In which species does the underlined atom have an incomplete outer shell?
77. The value of the third ionisation energy of aluminium is 2740 kJ mol–1.
Which correctly represents this statement?
The 68Ge isotope is medically useful because it undergoes a natural radioactive process
to give a gallium isotope, 68Ga, which can be used to detect tumours. This transformation
of 68Ge occurs when an electron enters the nucleus, changing a proton into a neutron.
Which statement about the composition of an atom of the 68Ga isotope is correct?
The isotope 99Tc is radioactive and has been found in lobsters and seaweed adjacent to
nuclear fuel reprocessing plants.
Which statements are correct about an atom of 99Tc?
What could be the formula of the chloride of X?
81. The phosphide ion 1531P3– and sulfide ion 1632S2– have the same number of which
sub-atomic particles?
1 neutrons
2 electrons
3 protons
PAGE 14
The elements radon (Rn), francium (Fr) and radium (Ra) have proton numbers 86, 87 and
88 respectively.
What is the order of their first ionisation energies?
83. In which species are the numbers of protons, neutrons and electrons all different?
84. Free-radicals play an important part in reactions involving the destruction of the ozone
layer and the substitution of alkanes by chlorine.
Some free-radicals contain two unpaired electrons. Such species are called diradicals.
Which species are diradicals?
85. The Group II metals have higher melting points than the Group I metals.
Which factors could contribute towards the higher melting points?
86. Equations involving four enthalpy changes are shown.
What is the second ionisation energy of sodium?
87. Which ion has more electrons than protons and more protons than neutrons?
PAGE 15
In which pairs do both species have the same number of unpaired p electrons?
In which species are the numbers of protons, neutrons and electrons all different?
90. The first six ionisation energies of four elements are given.
Which element is most likely to be in Group IV of the Periodic Table?
In which set do all species contain the same number of electrons?
93. X is a particle with 18 electrons and 20 neutrons.
What could be the symbol of X?

PAGE 16
Carbon and nitrogen are adjacent in the Periodic Table.
Which properties do they both have?
Element X forms X– ions that can be oxidised to element X by acidified potassium

manganate(VII).
What could be the values of the first four ionisation energies of X?
96. The graph below shows the variation of the first ionisation energy with the number of
protons for some elements.
Which statement is correct?

PAGE 17
97. The 1H3+ ion was first characterised by J. J. Thomson over a century ago. 6Li is a rare
isotope of lithium which forms the 6Li+ ion.
Which statements are correct?
Atoms of element X have six unpaired electrons.
What could be element X?
99. Shown on the graph are the relative values of the first ionisation energies of four
elements that have consecutive atomic numbers.
One of the elements reacts with hydrogen to form a covalent compound with formula
HX.
Which element could be X?
The most common ion-molecule reaction in gas clouds of the Universe is as shown.
PAGE 18
101. In 2011 an international group of scientists agreed to add two new elements to the
Periodic Table. Both elements had been made artificially and were called ununquadium
(Uuq) and ununhexium (Uuh).
102. Which property is not associated with the element sodium?
Which ions contain one or more unpaired electrons?
In some types of spectroscopy, it is important to know if ions are isoelectronic. This

means that they contain equal numbers of electrons.
Which ion is not isoelectronic with K+?
105. Which statements are correct when referring to the isotopes of a single element?
PAGE 19
The isotope 99Tc is radioactive and has been found in lobsters and seaweed adjacent to
nuclear fuel reprocessing plants.
Which statements are correct about an atom of 99Tc?
In which option do all three particles have the same electronic configuration and the same
number of neutrons?
109. This question refers to isolated gaseous species.
The species F–, Ne and Na+ are isoelectronic. This means they have the same number of
electrons.
In which order do their radii increase?
What could be the formula of a chloride of X?

PAGE 20
111. Which statements about orbitals in a krypton atom are correct?
112. The relative molecular mass, Mr, of a particular sample of chlorine is 72.0.
Which properties of the atoms in this sample will be the same for all of the atoms?
PAGE 21
Atomic structure AS level worksheet
1. Sir James Jeans, who was a great populariser of science, once described an atom of carbon
as being like six bees buzzing around a space the size of a football stadium.
(a) (i) Suggest what were represented by the six bees in this description.
...................................................................................................................................
(ii) Explain (in terms of an atom of carbon) what stopped the bees from flying away
from the space of the football stadium.
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
(iii) What is missing from Jeans’ description when applied to an atom of carbon?
...................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................... [3]
(b) The diagram below represents the energy levels of the orbitals in atoms of the second
period, lithium to neon.
(i) Label the energy levels to indicate the principal quantum number and the type of
orbital at each energy level.
(ii) In the space below, sketch the shapes of the two types of orbital.
(iii) Complete the electron configurations of nitrogen and oxygen on the energy level
diagrams below, using arrows to represent electrons.
(iv) Explain, with reference to your answer to (iii), the relative values of the first
ionisation energies of nitrogen and oxygen. The values are given in the Data
Booklet and should be quoted in your answer.
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................. [6]
PAGE 22
(c) (i) State the formulae of the negatively charged ions formed by these elements in
simple binary compounds (nitrides and oxides).
...................................................................................................................................
(ii) Why do nitrogen and oxygen form negative ions, but not positive ions, in simple
binary compounds?
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................... [2]
[Total : 11]
2. The first six ionisation energies of an element X are given below.
(a) Define the term first ionisation energy.
..........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................... [3]
(b) Write an equation, with state symbols, for the second ionisation energy of element X.
.................................................................................................................................... [2]
(c) Use the data given above to deduce in which Group of the Periodic Table element X is
placed. Explain your answer.
Group ...............................................................................................................................
explanation ......................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................... [3]
The first ionisation energies (I.E.) for the elements of Group IV are given below.
(d) Explain the trend shown by these values in terms of the atomic structure of the elements.
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................... [4]
[Total: 12]
PAGE 23
3. In the 19th and 20th centuries, scientists established the atomic theory and showed that
three sub-atomic particles, electron, neutron and proton, exist. The masses and charges of
these three particles were subsequently determined.
When separate beams of electrons, neutrons or protons are passed through an electric field
in the apparatus below, they behave differently.
(a) (i) Which of these three particles will be deflected the most by the electric field?
.........................................
(ii) In which direction will this particle be deflected?
..................................................................................................................................
(iii) Explain your answer.
..................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................. [4]
(b) (i) Define the term proton number.
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
(ii) Why is the proton number of an atom of an element usually different from the
nucleon number of an atom of the element?
..................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................. [2]
(c) Protons and neutrons have been used in nuclear reactions which result in the formation
of artificial elements. In such processes, protons or neutrons are accelerated to high
speeds and then fired like ‘bullets’ at the nucleus of an atom of an element.
Suggest why neutrons are more effective than protons as ‘nuclear bullets’.
..........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [2]
PAGE 24
(d) In some cases, when neutrons are fired at atoms of an element, the neutrons become
part of the nucleus of those atoms.
What effect does the presence of an extra neutron have on the chemical properties of
the new atoms formed? Explain your answer.
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [2]
[Total: 10]
4. This question is about the elements in Group II of the Periodic Table, magnesium to barium.
(a) Complete the table below to show the electronic configuration of calcium atoms
and of strontium ions, Sr2+.
[2]
(b) Explain the following observations.
(i) The atomic radii of Group II elements increase down the Group.
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
(ii) The strontium ion is smaller than the strontium atom.
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
(iii) The first ionisation energies of the elements of Group II decrease with increasing
proton number.
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................. [4]
5. (a) On the axes below, sketch the shapes of a 1s, a 2s, and a 2px orbital.
[3]
PAGE 25
6. The Periodic Table we currently use is derived directly from that proposed by Mendeleev
in 1869 after he had noticed patterns in the chemical properties of the elements he had
studied.
The diagram below shows the first ionisation energies of the first 18 elements of the Periodic
Table as we know it today.
(a) Give the equation, including state symbols, for the first ionisation energy of fluorine.
..................................................................................................................................... [2]
(b) Explain why there is a general increase in first ionisation energies from sodium to
argon.
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [3]
(c) (i) Explain why the first ionisation energy of aluminium is less than that of
magnesium.
.................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................
(ii) Explain why the first ionisation energy of sulphur is less than that of phosphorus.
.................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................. [4]
The table below refers to the elements sodium to sulphur and is incomplete.
(d) (i) Complete the ‘melting point’ row by using only the words ‘high’ or ‘low’.
(ii) Complete the ‘conductivity’ row by using only the words ‘high’, ‘moderate’ or ‘low’[5]
PAGE 26
(e) When Mendeleev published his Periodic Table, the elements helium, neon and argon
were not included.
Suggest a reason for this.
.........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
[Total: 15]
PAGE 27
Answer of atomic structure worksheet

1. A 2. D 3. D 4. D 5. B 6. C 7. D
8. B 9. D 10. B 11. D 12. B 13. C 14. D
15. A 16. D 17. A 18. D 19. D 20. C 21. D
22. B 23. A 24. B 25. B 26. B 27. B 28. B
29. A 30. D 31. D 32. B 33. C 34. B 35. A
36. D 37. C 38. B 39. C 40. B 41. C 42. D
43. B 44. C 45. D 46. D 47. B 48. D 49. B
50. C 51. C 52. A 53. A 54. C 55. C 56. A
57. D 58. C 59. C 60. D 61. B 62. C 63. A
64. B 65. B 66. B 67. D 68. B 69. D 70. D
71. D 72. A 73. B 74. B 75. C 76. B 77. D

PAGE 28
78. C 79. A 80. C 81. B 82. A 83. D 84. D
85. B 86. B 87. D 88. A 89. B 90. C 91. C
92. C 93. A 94. C 95. D 96. D 97. B 98. B
99. A 100. D 101. A 102. D 103. A 104. D 105. B
106. A 107. B 108. D 109. C 110. C 111. C 112. D

PAGE 29
Answer sheet of theory atomic structure
1. (a) (i) The Six electrons of carbon
(ii) The electrostatic attraction from the oppositely charged protons
(iii) The nucleus/ Neutrons
(b) (i)
(iv)
(c) (i) N3- and O2-
(ii) These anions have complete octet / inert gas configurations
OR Value too large for stability of cations

PAGE 30
2.
3.
4.
PAGE 31
5.
6.
PAGE 32
Mole and stoichiometry worksheet (AS level)
1) A mixture of 10 cm3 of methane and 10 cm3 of ethane was sparked with an excess of oxygen.
After cooling to room temperature, the residual gas was passed through aqueous potassium
hydroxide. What volume of gas was absorbed by the alkali?
A) 15 cm3 B) 20 cm3 C) 25 cm3 D) 30cm3
2) When potassium chlorate (V) KClO3, is heated at its melting point, it disproportionate to
potassium chlorate (VII) KClO4, and potassium chloride.
What is the maximum number of moles of potassium chlorate (VII), which could be produced
from 0.1 mol of potassium chlorate (V)
A) 0.1 B) 0.08 C) 0.075 D) 0.06
3) When 20 cm3 of a gaseous hydrocarbon were completely burnt in an excess of oxygen, 60 cm3 of
CO2 and 40 cm3 of water vapour were formed, all volumes being measured at same temperature
and pressure. What is the formula of the hydrocarbon?
A) C2H6 B) C3H4 C) C3H6 D) C3H8
4) In a pathology laboratory, a sample of urine containing 0.120 g of urea, NH2CONH2, (Mr = 60)
was treated with excess nitrous acid. The urea reacted according to the following equation
NH2CONH2 + 2HNO2 CO2 + 2N2 + 3H2O

The gas produced was passed through aqueous sodium hydroxide and the final volume
measured. What was this volume at r.t.p?
A) 9.6 cm3 B) 14.4 cm3 C) 48.0 cm3 D) 96.0 cm3
5) Group I and Group II ionic hydrides react with water:
H-(s) + H2O(l) OH-(aq) + H2(g)

In an experiment, 1 g samples of each of the following five ionic hydrides are treated with an
excess of water.
Which sample produces the greatest mass of hydrogen?
A) CaH2 B) LiH C) MgH2 D) NaH
6) A mixture of 10 cm3 of oxygen and 50 cm3 of hydrogen is sparked continuously. What is the
maximum theoretical decrease in volume?
A) 15 cm3 B) 20 cm3 C) 30 cm3 D) 40cm3
7) A gaseous organic compound, X, was burnt in an excess of oxygen. A 0.112 dm3 sample of X,
measured at s.t.p, produced 0.88 g of carbon dioxide. How many carbon atoms are there in one
molecule of X?
A) 2 B) 3 C) 4 D) 8
8) How many atoms of carbon are present in 18 g of glucose, C6H12O6?
A) 6.02 x 1022 B) 3.6 x 1023 C) 6.0 x1023 D) 3.6 x 1024

PAGE 33
9) When the salt (C2H5)4N+Cl- is treated with hydrogen chloride, a white ionic solid X is formed.
When X is dissolved in water, a 20 cm3 sample of the solution requires 24 cm3 of 0.1 mol/dm3
NaOH of neutralization.
Another 20 cm3 sample of the solution requires 48 cm3 of 0.1 mol/dm3 AgNO3 for complete
precipitation of chloride as AgCl.
What do these data show the formula of the anion in X to be?
A) HCl2- B) HCl32- C) HCl43- D) H2Cl3-
10) A tube filled with 50 cm3 of methane and 150 cm3 of oxygen at room temperature over a vessel
containing KOH(aq) as shown in the diagram. The reaction
CH4 + 2O2 CO2 + 2H2O

When the tube is cooled to the original temperature, at what level will the liquid be?
50 D
100 C
150 B
200 A
KOH (aq)
11) Analytical chemists can detect very small amounts of amino acids, down to 3 x 10-21 mol. How
many molecules of an amino acid (Mr = 200) would this be?
A) 200 B) 1800 C) 40000 D) 360000
12) The hardness present in a water sample due to dissolved calcium ions can be determined by
using an ion-exchange column as shown in the diagram:
A 50 cm3 sample of a solution containing calcium sulphate was passed through the ion-exchange
resin. The calcium ions in the sample were quantitatively exchanged by hydrogen ions. The
sample collected in the flask required 25 cm3 of 1.0 x 10-2 mol/dm3 potassium hydroxide for
complete neutralization. What was the concentration of the calcium sulphate in the original
sample?
A) 2.5 x 10-3 mol/dm3 C) 1.0 x 10-2 mol/dm3

B) 2.0 x 10-2 mol/dm3 D) 4.0 x 10-2 mol/dm3
PAGE 34
13) Use of the Data Booklet is relevant to this question.

How many electrons have to be removed to ionize 1.0 x 10-6 mol of Ne atoms to Ne+ ions in a
neon advertising tube?
A) 6.02 x 1023 / 1.0 x 10-6 C) 1.0 x 10-6 x 6.02 x 1023

B) 1.0 x 10-6 x 6.02 x 1023 / 20.0 D) 1.0 x 10-6 x 6.02 x 1023 / 9.65 x 104
14) What volume of 0.10 mol/dm3 aqueous silver nitrate reacts with 20 cm3 of 0.20 mol/dm3 barium
chloride?
A) 10 cm3 B) 20 cm3 C) 40 cm3 D) 80 cm3
15) The use of the Data Booklet is relevant to this question.

Bromine, extracted from the Dead Sea, is transported as a 52% solution (by mass) of calcium
bromide. What mass of bromine, in tonnes, is contained in 100 tonnes of solution?
A) 52 x 160 / 100 x 200 B) 52 x 80 / 200 C) 52 x 160 / 200 D) 52
16) Which of the following contains 1 mol of the stated particles?
A) Chlorine molecules in35.5 g of chlorine gas

B) Electrons in 1 g of hydrogen gas
C) Hydrogen ions in 1 dm3 of 1 mol/dm3 aqueous sulphuric acid
D) Oxygen atoms in 22.4 dm3 of oxygen gas at r.t.p.
17) Nervous disorders resulting from mercury poisoning occur because mercury forms a 1:1
complex with lipoyl groups, which are vital for glucose metabolism.
If the average concentration of lipoyl groups in the body fluid is 1.0 x 10-8 mol/kg. What mass of
mercury could complex all the lipoyl groups in a human containing 5.0 kg of body fluid?
A) 2.5 x 10-9 g B) 4.0 x 10-8 g C) 1.0 x 10-7 g D) 1.0 x 10-5 g
18) To identify an oxide of nitrogen, 0.10 mol of the oxide is mixed with an excess of hydrogen and
passed over a catalyst at a suitable temperature.
NxOy xNH3 + yH2O

The water produced weighs 7.20 g. The ammonia produced is neutralized by 200 cm3 of 1.0
mol/dm3 HCl. What is the formula of the oxide of nitrogen?
A) N2O B) NO C) NO2 D) N2O4
19) Which statement about one mole of a metal is always true?
A) It contains the same number of particles as one mole of hydrogen atoms

B) It contains the same number of particles as 1/12 mol of 12C
C) It has the same mass as one mole of hydrogen atoms
D) It is librated by one mole of electrons
20) What is the minimum volume of air required for the complete combustion of 10 cm3 of C3H4?
[Assume that air contains one-fifth oxygen by volume]
A) 40 cm3 B) 50 cm3 C) 200 cm3 D) 250 cm3
21) A pure hydrocarbon was completely isolated from bottle gas used for cooking and heating.
When 10 cm3 of the hydrocarbon were burned in 70 cm3 of oxygen (an excess), the final gaseous
mixture contained 30 cm3 of carbon dioxide and 20 cm3 of unreacted oxygen. What is the
formula of the hydrocarbon?
A) C2H6 B) C3H6 C) C3H8 D) C4H10

PAGE 35
22) Sodium azide, NaN3, is made for use in car ‘air bags’. When this compound is heated to 300 0C,
it rapidly decomposes into its elements. Which volume of gas, at r.t.p. would be produced by
decomposition of one mole of sodium azide?
A) 24 dm3 B) 36 dm3 C) 48 dm3 D) 72 dm3
23) When 20 cm3 of gaseous hydrocarbon were completely burnt in excess of oxygen, 60 cm3 of
carbon dioxide and 40 cm3 of water vapour were formed. What is the formula of the
hydrocarbon?
A) C3H4 B) C3H6 C) C3H8 D) C6H8
24) Complete combustion of a hydrocarbon gave 0.352 g of carbon dioxide and 0.072 g of water.
Which formula represents this hydrocarbon?
A) CH2=CH2 B) CH2=CH-CH=CH2
CH=CH2
C) D)
25) The reaction of hydrogen sulphide with sulphur dioxide gives sulphur as one of the products.
H2S(aq) S(s) + 2H+(aq) + 2e-
SO2(aq) + 4H+(aq) + 4e- S(s) + 2H2O(l)
How many moles of hydrogen sulphide are needed to react with sulphur dioxide to produce 1
mol of sulphur?
A) 1/3 mol B) 2/3 mol C) 3/2 mol D) 2 mol
26) Since1850, most books have been printed on acidic paper which eventually becomes brittle and
disintegrates. These books can be preserved by treatment with diethylzinc vapour, Zn(C2H5)2,
which reacts both with acid residues and also with small amounts of water retained in the paper.
Diethylzinc reacts with an acid to give ethane
Zn(C2H5)2 + 2HX ZnX2 + 2C2H6

Which products are likely to result from the reaction of diethylzinc with water?
A) ZnH2 + C2H6 C) ZnH2 + C2H5OH

B) Zn(OH) 2 + C2H6 D) Zn(OH) 2 + C2H5OH
27) Which statement about one mole of a metal is always correct?
A) It contains the same number of atoms as 1 mol of hydrogen atoms.

B) It contains the same number of atoms as 1/12 mol of 12C
C) It has the same mass a 1 mol of hydrogen atoms
D) It is librated by 1 mol of electrons
PAGE 36
28) Carbon disulphide, CS2, is a volatile flammable liquid used in the manufacture of cellophane.
On combustion, CS2 is oxidized as follows.
CS2(g) + 3O2(g) CO2(g) + 2SO2(g)

A 20 cm3 sample of carbon disulphide vapour is ignited with 100 cm3 of oxygen. The final
volume of gas after burning is treated with an excess of aqueous alkali. Which percentage of
this final volume dissolves in the alkali?
A) 20% B) 40% C) 60% D) 80%
29) Bones contain a complex mixture of calcium salts, protein and other material. When a bone is
strongly heated in a current of air, the only residue is calcium oxide.
From a sample of 50.0 g of bone, 14.0 g of calcium oxide were obtained. What is the
percentage by mass of calcium in the bone?
A) 10.0% B) 14.0% C) 20.0% D) 3.3%
30) Which one of the following pieces of information about an element cannot be obtained by using
a mass spectrometer?
A) The relative atomic mass C) The relative masses of the isotopes

B) The number of isotopes D) The electron configuration of its atoms
31) The relative atomic mass of boron, which consists of the isotopes 510B and 511B is 10.8. What is
the percentage of 511B atoms in the isotopic mixture?
A) 0.8% B) 8.0% C) 20% D) 80%
32) Which set of m/e values is most likely to correspond to the mass spectrum of chlorine gas?
m/e values
A 35 35.5 37 70 71 74
B 35 37 70 72 74
C 35 37 70 74
D 35 37 71
33) The relative atomic mass of chlorine is 35.5. Which one of the following is the mass
spectrogram of chlorine.
Intensity Intensity
34 35 36 37 34 35 36 37
A B
Intensity Intensity
34 35 36 37 34 35 36 37
C D
PAGE 37
Mole and stoichiometry Assignment Worksheet
1. In the radioactive decay of an isotope of lead to an isotope of bismuth, a particle -10X is emitted.
which particle is -10X?
A) electron B) ion C) neutron D) proton
2. As a simplification, an adult human can be considered to have a daily diet of 1.80 kg of

carbohydrate (empirical formula CH2O).
Which mass of carbon dioxide does a person produce each day if all the carbohydrate eaten
is digested and oxidized?
A) 0.267 kg B) 0.800 kg C) 1.32 kg D) 2.64 kg
3. The diagram shows the mass spectrum of a sample of naturally occurring copper.
What is the relative atomic mass of this copper?
A) 63.3 B) 63.5 C) 63.6 D) 64.0
4. A mixture of 10 cm3 of methane and 10 cm3 of ethane was sparked with an excess of
oxygen. after cooling to room temperature, the residual gas was passed through aqueous
potassium hydroxide.
what volume of gas was absorbed by the alkali?
A) 15 cm3 B) 20 cm3 C) 30 cm3 D) 40 cm3
5. A 2g sample of hydrogen at temperature T and of volume V exerts a pressure P.
Deuterium, 12H, is an isotope of hydrogen.
Which of the following would also exert a pressure P at the same temperature T?
A) 2g of deuterium of volume V
B) 4g of deuterium of volume V/2
C) a mixture of 1g of hydrogen and 2g of deuterium of total volume V
D) a mixture of 2g of hydrogen and 1g of deuterium of total volume 2V
6. What is the number of molecules in 500 cm3 of oxygen under room conditions?
A) 1.25 x 1022 B) 1.34 x 1022 C) 3.0 x 1022 D) 3.0 x 1026
7. Analytical chemists can detect very small amounts of amino acids, down to 3 x 10-21 mol. How
many molecules of an amino acid.
A) 9 B) 200 C) 1800 D) 360000

PAGE 38
8. A garden fertilizer is said to have a phosphorous content of 30.0% 'P2O5' soluble in water.
What is the percentage by mass of phosphorous in the fertilizer?
A) 6.55% B) 13.1% C) 26.2% D) 30.0%
9. A sample of the hydrocarbon C6H12 is completely burned in dry oxygen and the product gases
are collected as shown.
[Ar: H, 1; C, 12; O, 16]
The increases in mass of the collecting vessels P and Q of the apparatus are MP and MQ,
respectively.
What is the ratio MP / MQ
A) 0.41 B) 0.82 C) 1.2 D) 2.4
10. Which of these samples of gas contains the same number of atoms as 1g of hydrogen
( Mr: H2, 2)?
A) 22g of carbon dioxide ( Mr: CO2, 44) B) 8g of methane (Mr: CH4, 16)
C) 20g of neon (Mr: Ne, 20) D) 8g of ozone (Mr: O3, 48)
11. Self-igniting flares contain Mg3P2. With water this produces diphosphane, P2H4, which
spontaneously flammable in air.
Which equation that includes the formation of diphosphane is balanced?
12. Most modern cars are fitted with airbags. These work by decomposing sodium azide to liberate
nitrogen gas, which inflates the bag.
2NaN3 3N2 + 2Na
A typical driver's airbag contains 50g of sodium azide.
calculate the volume of nitrogen this will produce at room temperature.
A) 9.2 dm3 B) 13.9 dm3 C) 27.7 dm3 D) 72.0 dm3

PAGE 39
13. Granular urea, CON2H4, can be used to remove NO2 from the flue gases of power stations,
converting it into harmless nitrogen.
What are the values of x, y and z in balanced equation?
14. The diagram shows the mass spectrum of sample of zinc. Use the data to calculate the relative
atomic mass of the sample.
A) 65.00 B) 65.25 C) 65.50 D) 65.66
15. The foul smell that skunks spray is due to a number of thiols, one of which is methanethiol,
CH3SH, which burns as follows.
A sample of 10 cm3 of methanethiol was exploded with 60 cm3 of oxygen.
what would be the final volume of the resultant mixture of gases when cooled to room
temperature?
A) 20 cm3 B) 30 cm3 C) 50 cm3 D) 70 cm3
16. A pure hydrocarbon is used in bottled gas for cooking and heating.
When 10 cm3 of the hydrocarbon is burned in 70 cm3 of oxygen(an excess), the final gaseous
mixture contains 30 cm3 of carbon dioxide and 20 cm3 of unreacted oxygen. All gaseous
volumes were measured under identical conditions.
What is the formula of the hydrocarbon?
A) C2H6 B) C3H6 C) C3H8 D) C4H10
17. On collision, airbags in cars inflate rapidly due to the production of nitrogen.
The nitrogen is formed according to the following equations
How many moles of nitrogen gas are produced from 1 mol of sodium azide, NaN3?
A) 1.5 B) 1.6 C) 3.2 D) 4.0

PAGE 40
18. The petrol additive tetraethyl-lead(IV), Pb(C2H5)4, is now banned in many countries. When
it is completely burned in air, lead(II)oxide, CO2 and H2O are formed.
How many moles of oxygen are required to burn one mole of Pb(C2H5)4?
A) 9.5 B) 11 C) 13.5 D) 27
19. N2O4 is a poisonous gas. It can be disposed of safely by reaction with sodium hydroxide.
What is the minimum volume of 0.5 mol dm-3 NaOH(aq) needed to dispose of 0.02 mol of
N2O4?
A) 8 cm3 B) 12.5 cm3 C) 40 cm3 D) 80 cm3
20. A sample of chlorine containing isotopes of mass number 35 and 37 was analyzed in a mass-
spectrometer.
How many peaks corresponding to Cl2+ were recorded?
A) 2 B) 3 C) 4 D) 5
21. The amount of calcium ions in a sample of natural water can be determined by using an ion-
exchange column as shown in the diagram.
A 50 cm3 sample of water containing dissolved calcium sulfate was passed through the
exchange resin. Each calcium ion in the sample was exchanged for two hydrogen ions. The
resulting acidic solution collected in the flask required 25 cm3 of 1.0 x 10-2 mol dm-3 potassium
hydroxide for complete neutralization.
What was the concentration of the calcium sulfate in the original sample?
A) 2.5 x 10-3 mol dm-3 B) 1.0 x 10-2 mol dm-3
C) 2.0 x 10-2 mol dm-3 D) 4.0 x 10-2 mol dm-3
22. Samples of 10 cm3 of each of the first four members of the alkane series are separately mixed
with 70 cm3 of oxygen. Each is then burned and the total volume, V, of residual gas measured
again at room temperature and pressure.
Which graph represents the results that would be obtained?

PAGE 41
23. The isotopic composition of an element is indicated below.
What is the relative atomic mass of the element?
A) 10.2 B) 10.5 C) 10.8 D) 11.0
24. Oxides of nitrogen are pollutant gases which are emitted from car exhausts.
In urban traffic, when a car travels one kilometer, it releases 0.23g of an oxide of nitrogen NxOy
which occupies 120 cm3
What are the values of x and y
(Assume 1 mol of gas molecules occupies 24.0 dm3)

PAGE 42
25. When a sports medal with a total surface area of 150 cm2 was evenly coated with silver, using
electrolysis, its mass increased by 0.216g.
How many atoms of silver were deposited per cm2 on the surface of the medal?
A) 8.0 x 1018 B) 1.8 x 1019 C) 1.2 x 1021 D) 4.1 x 1022
26. The first stage in the manufacture of nitric acid is the oxidation of ammonia by oxygen.
Which values for w, x, y and z are needed to balance the equation?
27. In the Basic Oxygen steel-making process the P4O10 impurity is removed by reacting it with
calcium oxide. The only product of this reaction is the salt calcium phosphate, Ca3(PO4)2.
In this reaction, how many moles of calcium oxide react with one mole of P4O10?
A) 1 B) 1.5 C) 3 D) 6
28. A typical solid fertilizer for use with household plants and shrubs contains the elements N, P,
and K in the ratio of 15g: 30g: 15g per 100g fertilizer. The recommended usage of fertilizer is
14g of fertilizer per 5 dm3 of water.
What is the concentration of nitrogen atoms in this solution?
A) 0.03 mol dm-3 B) 0.05 mol dm-3 C) 0.42 mol dm-3 D) 0.75 mol dm-3
29. Titanium (IV) oxide, TiO2, is brilliantly white and much of the oxide produced is used in the
manufacture of paint.
What is the maximum amount of TiO2 obtainable from 19.0 tonnes of the ore ilmenite, FeTiO3?
A) 10.0 tonnes B) 12.7 tonnes C) 14.0 tonnes D) 17.7 tonnes
30. Carbon disulfide vapour burns in oxygen according to the following equation.
A sample of 10 cm3 of carbon disulfide was burned in 50 cm3 of oxygen. after measuring the
volume of gas remaining, the product was treated with an excess of aqueous sodium hydroxide
and the volume of gas measured again. All measurements were made at the same temperature
and pressure, under such conditions that carbon disulfide was gaseous.
What were the measured volumes?

PAGE 43
31. In leaded petrol there is an additive composed of lead, carbon and hydrogen only. This
compound contains 29.7% carbon and 6.19% hydrogen by mass.
What is the value of X in the empirical formula PbC8Hx?
A) 5 B) 6 C) 16 D) 20
32. A household bleach contains sodium chlorate(I), NaClO, as its active ingredient. The
concentration of NaClO in the bleach can be determined by reacting a known amount with
aqueous hydrogen peroxide, H2O2.
When 25 cm3 of bleach is treated with an excess of aqueous H2O2, 0.0350 mol of oxygen gas is
given off.
What is the concentration of NaClO in the bleach?
A) 8.75 x 10-4 mol dm-3 B) 0.700 mol dm-3 C) 0.875 mol dm-3 D) 1.40 mol dm-3
33. 0. 200 mol of hydrocarbon undergo complete combustion to give 35.2g of carbon dioxide and
14.4g of water as the only products.
What is the molecular formula of the hydrocarbon?
A) C2H4 B) C2H6 C) C4H4 D) C4H8
34. An element X consists of four isotopes. The mass spectrum of X is shown in the diagram.
What is the relative atomic mass of X?
A) 91.00 B) 91.30 C) 91.75 D) 92.00
35. Which mass of gas would occupy a volume of 3 dm3 at 25 0C and 1 atm pressure?
A) 3.2 g of O2 B) 5.6g N2 gas C) 8.0 g SO2 gas D) 11.0 g CO2
36. Nickel makes up 20% of the total mass of a coin. The coin has a mass of 10.0 g. How many
nickel atoms are in the coin?
A) 2.05 x 1022 B) 4.30 x 1022 C) 1.03 x 1023 D) 1.20 x 1024

PAGE 44
37. Tanzanite is used as a gemstone for jewellery. It is a hydrated calcium aluminium silicate
mineral with a chemical formula Ca2AlxSiyO12(OH).6 1/2 H2O. Tanzanite has Mr of 571.5
Its chemical composition in 14.04% calcium, 14.17% aluminium, 14.75% silicon, 54.59%
oxygen and 2.45% hydrogen.
[Ar values: H = 1.0, O = 16.0, Al = 27.0, Si = 28.1, Ca = 40.1)
What are the values of X and Y
38. 0.144g of an aluminium compound X react with an excess of water, to produce a gas. This gas
burns completely in O2 to form H2O and 72 cm3 of CO2 only. The volume of CO2 was
measured at r.t.p.
What could be the formula of X?
A) Al2C3 B) Al3C4 C) Al4C3 D) Al5C3
39. The products obtained by cracking an alkane, X, are methane, ethene and propene. The mole
fraction of ethene in the products is 0.5.
What is the identity of X?
A) C6H14 B) C8H18 C) C9H20 D) C11H24
40. Lead(IV) chloride will oxidise bromide ions to bromine. The Pb4+ ions are reduced to Pb2+ ions
in this reaction.
If 6.980g of lead(IV) chloride is added to an excess of sodium bromide solution, what mass
of bromine would be produced?
A) 0.799 g B) 1.598 g C) 3.196 g D) 6.392 g
41. The oxide of titanium, TiO2, is used as a ‘whitener’ in toothpaste. It is obtained from the ore
iron(II) titanate, FeTiO3.
What is the change, if any, in the oxidation number (oxidation state) of titanium in the reaction
FeTiO3 → TiO2?
The reaction between aluminium powder and anhydrous barium nitrate is used as the propellant
in some fireworks. The metal oxides and nitrogen are the only products.
Which volume of nitrogen, measured under room conditions, is produced when 0.783 g of
anhydrous barium nitrate reacts with an excess of aluminium?
PAGE 45
43. In the treatment of domestic water supplies, chlorine is added to the water to form HClO.
The HClO reacts further to give ClO– ions.
Both HClO and ClO– kill bacteria by oxidation.
What is the overall change in oxidation number of chlorine when forming the ClO– ion from the
aqueous chlorine?
A) –1 B) 0 C) +1 D) +2
44. In which reaction does an element undergo the largest change in oxidation state?
45. During steel-making the impurity P4O10 is removed by reacting it with calcium oxide. The only
product of this reaction is the salt calcium phosphate, Ca3(PO4)2.
In this reaction, how many moles of calcium oxide react with one mole of P4O10?
A) 1 B) 1.5 C) 3 D) 6
46. The reaction between KI and concentrated H2SO4 is a redox reaction.
What is the change in oxidation state of the element that is reduced?
A) 1 B) 4 C) 6 D) 8
47. Solutions containing chlorate(I) ions are used as household bleaches and disinfectants. These
solutions decompose on heating as shown.
Which oxidation state is shown by chlorine in each of these three ions?

PAGE 46
48. A mixture of 10 cm3 of methane and 10 cm3 of ethane was sparked with an excess of oxygen.
After cooling to room temperature, the residual gas was passed through aqueous potassium
hydroxide.
All gas volumes were measured at the same temperature and pressure.
What volume of gas was absorbed by the alkali?
49. A solution of Sn2+ ions will reduce an acidified solution of MnO4– ions to Mn2+ ions. The
Sn2+ ions are oxidised to Sn4+ ions in this reaction.
How many moles of Mn2+ ions are formed when a solution containing 9.5 g of SnCl2 (Mr: 190)
is added to an excess of acidified KMnO4 solution?
Which volume of oxygen measured at room temperature and pressure is needed for complete
combustion of 0.1 mol of propan-1-ol?
51. Sulfur dioxide is an atmospheric pollutant that causes acid rain. One of the reactions in this
process is the oxidation of sulfur dioxide to sulfur trioxide.
This oxidation takes place by a two stage reaction involving oxygen and nitrogen monoxide,
NO.
Which statements are correct?
1 Nitrogen monoxide is acting as a catalyst for the oxidation.

2 Nitrogen atoms are oxidised in the second stage.
3 Oxygen atoms are first reduced and are then oxidised.
52. In the redox reaction shown, how do the oxidation states of vanadium and sulfur change?
PAGE 47
A washing powder contains sodium hydrogencarbonate, NaHCO3, as one of the ingredients. In a

titration, a solution containing 1.00 g of washing powder requires 7.15 cm3 of 0.100 mol dm–3
sulfuric acid for complete reaction. The sodium hydrogencarbonate is the only ingredient that
reacts with the acid.
What is the percentage by mass of sodium hydrogencarbonate in the washing powder?
A) 3.0 B) 6.0 C) 12.0 D) 24.0
Which volume of oxygen, at room temperature and pressure, is needed for complete combustion
of 0.1 mol of ethanol?
55. A space shuttle’s upward thrust came from the following reaction between aluminium and
ammonium perchlorate.
Which statements about this reaction are correct?
1 Aluminium is oxidised.
2 Chlorine is reduced.
3 Nitrogen is oxidised.
56. In which reaction does a single nitrogen atom have the greatest change in oxidation number?
57. The following half reactions occur when potassium iodate(V), KIO3, in hydrochloric acid
solution oxidises iodine to ICl2
What is the ratio of IO3– to I2 in the balanced chemical equation for the overall reaction?
A) 1 : 1 B) 1 : 2 C) 1 : 4 D) 2 : 1
PAGE 48
The approximate percentage composition of the atmosphere on four different planets is given in
the table below.
The density of a gas may be defined as the mass of 1 dm3 of the gas measured at s.t.p.
Which mixture of gases has the greatest density?
Which sodium compound contains 74.2 % by mass of sodium?
A) sodium carbonate B) sodium chloride
C) sodium hydroxide D) sodium oxide
60. Solid potassium halides react with concentrated sulfuric acid, according to the following
equations.
What is the largest change in the oxidation number of sulfur in each of these reactions?
61. Ammonium nitrate, NH4NO3, can decompose explosively when heated.
What are the changes in the oxidation numbers of the two nitrogen atoms in NH4NO3 when this
reaction proceeds?
A) –2, –4 B) +2, +6 C) +4, –6 D) +4, –4
62. A 10 cm3 sample of 0.30 mol dm–3 Tl+NO3– required 20 cm3 of 0.10 mol dm–3 acidified
NH4VO3 to oxidise it to Tl3+ in solution. Vanadium is the only element reduced in this reaction.
What is the oxidation number of the vanadium in the reduced form?
A) +1 B) +2 C) +3 D) +4
PAGE 49
63. The reaction between aluminium powder and anhydrous barium nitrate is used as the propellant
in some fireworks. The reaction produces the metal oxides and nitrogen.
Which mass of barium oxide is produced when 5.40 g of aluminium powder reacts with an
excess of anhydrous barium nitrate?
A) 1.62 g B) 3.06 g C) 9.18 g D) 10.2 g
A chemist took 2.00 dm3 of nitrogen gas, measured under room conditions, and reacted it with a
large volume of hydrogen gas, in order to produce ammonia. Only 15.0% of the nitrogen gas
reacted to produce ammonia.
What mass of ammonia was formed?
A) 0.213 g B) 0.425 g C) 1.42 g D) 2.83 g
65. In which reaction is the species in bold acting as an oxidising agent?
In an experiment, 12.0 dm3 of oxygen, measured under room conditions, is used to burn
completely 0.10 mol of propan-1-ol.
What is the final volume of gas, measured under room conditions?
67. Ammonium sulfate in the soil is slowly oxidised by air, producing sulfuric acid, nitric acid and
water as the only products.
How many moles of oxygen gas are needed for the complete oxidation of one mole of
ammonium sulfate?
A) 1 B) 2 C) 3 D) 4
68. Aluminium carbide, Al4C3, reacts readily with aqueous sodium hydroxide. The two products of
the reaction are NaAlO2 and a hydrocarbon. Water molecules are also involved as reactants.
What is the formula of the hydrocarbon?

PAGE 50
A sample of potassium oxide, K2O, is dissolved in 250 cm3 of distilled water. 25.0 cm3 of this
solution is titrated against sulfuric acid of concentration 2.00 mol dm–3. 15.0 cm3 of this
sulfuric acid is needed for complete neutralisation.
Which mass of potassium oxide was originally dissolved in 250 cm3 of distilled water?
A) 2.83 g B) 28.3 g C) 47.1 g D) 56.6 g
70. Which equation correctly represents the balanced equation for the complete combustion of a
hydrocarbon with the formula CxHy?
In some countries, anhydrous calcium chloride is used as a drying agent to reduce dampness in
houses. The anhydrous salt absorbs enough water to form the dihydrate CaCl2.2H2O.
What is the percentage increase in mass?
Ferrochrome is an alloy of iron and chromium. Ferrochrome can be dissolved in dilute sulfuric
acid to produce a mixture of FeSO4 and Cr2(SO4)3. The FeSO4 reacts with K2Cr2O7 in acid
solution according to the following equation.
When 1.00 g of ferrochrome is dissolved in dilute sulfuric acid, and the resulting solution
titrated, 13.1 cm3 of 0.100 mol dm–3 K2Cr2O7 is required for complete reaction.
What is the percentage by mass of Fe in the sample of ferrochrome?
A) 1.22 B) 4.39 C) 12.2 D) 43.9
73. In a solution that contains both Br2 and Cl2, a process takes place that produces BrO3– ions.
The process is represented by the following equations.
Which statements about these reactions are correct?
1 Chlorine is reduced in equation 2.

2 Bromine is oxidised in both equation 1 and equation 2.
3 Bromine is reduced in both equation 1 and equation 2.
PAGE 51
1.00 g of carbon is combusted in a limited supply of pure oxygen. 0.50 g of the carbon
combusts to form CO2 and 0.50 g of the carbon combusts to form CO.
The resultant mixture of CO2 and CO is passed through excess NaOH(aq) and the remaining
gas is then dried and collected.
What is the volume of the remaining gas? (All gas volumes are measured at 25 °C and
1 atmosphere pressure.)
75. In oxygen difluoride, OF2, fluorine has an oxidation number of –1. OF2 will react with sulfur
dioxide according to the following equation.
OF2 + SO2 → SO3 + F2
What is oxidised and what is reduced in this reaction?
76. The shell of a chicken’s egg makes up 5% of the mass of an average egg. An average egg has a
mass of 50 g. Assume the egg shell is pure calcium carbonate.
How many complete chicken’s egg shells would be needed to neutralise 50 cm3 of
2.0 mol dm–3 ethanoic acid?
A) 1 B) 2 C) 3 D) 4
77. Citric acid is found in lemon juice.
What is the volume of 0.4 mol dm–3 sodium hydroxide solution required to neutralise a solution
containing 0.005 mol of citric acid?
78. Which of these reactions are redox reactions?

PAGE 52
79. In which reaction does an element have the largest change in oxidation number?
80. When dilute acid is added to an aqueous solution containing nitrite ions, NO2–, a mixture of
gases is produced.
Which statements correctly describe the process?
1 Some nitrogen atoms are oxidised and some nitrogen atoms are reduced.
2 The H+(aq) ion is oxidised by NO2–(aq).
3 The H+(aq) ion acts as a catalyst.
The compound S2O7 is hydrolysed by water to produce sulfuric acid and oxygen only.
Which volume of oxygen, measured at room temperature and pressure, is evolved when 0.352 g
of S2O7 is hydrolysed?
PAGE 53
Assignment sheet for mole (As level)
1. (a) Define an isotope in terms of its sub-atomic particles.
.........................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................... [1]
(b) In a mass spectrometer some hydrogen chloride molecules will split into atoms. The
mass spectrum of HCl is given. Chlorine has two isotopes. The hydrogen involved here
is the isotope 11H only.
(i) What particle is responsible for the peak at mass 35? .............................................
(ii) What particle is responsible for the peak at mass 38? ............................................. [2]
(c) Use the relative heights of the peaks to determine the proportions of the two isotopes of
chlorine. Explain simply how you obtained your answer.
[2]
(d) Use your answer to (c) to explain why chlorine has a relative atomic mass of 35.5.
[1]
[Total : 6]
2. Mohr’s salt is a pale green crystalline solid which is soluble in water. Mohr’s salt is a ‘double
salt’ which contains
two cations, one of which is Fe2+,
one anion which is SO42–,
and water of crystallisation.
(a) The identity of the second cation was determined by the following test.
Solid Mohr’s salt was heated with solid sodium hydroxide and a colourless gas was
evolved. The gas readily dissolved in water giving an alkaline solution.
(i) What is the gas?
.................................................................................................................................
PAGE 54
(ii) What is the formula of the second cation identified by this test?
.................................................................................................................................
(iii) In this test, a grey/green solid residue was also formed.
Suggest a name or formula for this solid.
................................................................................................................................. [3]
(b) The identity of the anion present in Mohr’s salt was confirmed by adding dilute
hydrochloric acid followed by aqueous barium chloride to an aqueous solution of Mohr’s
salt. A white precipitate was formed.
Suggest the identity of the white precipitate.
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(c) When a double salt such as Mohr’s salt is made, the two individual salts are mixed
together in a 1:1 molar ratio, dissolved in water and the solution crystallised.
(i) Give the formula of each of the two salts that would be mixed to make the double
salt, Mohr’s salt.
salt 1 ...............................................
salt 2 ...............................................
(ii) Calculate the relative formula mass of each of the salts present in Mohr’s salt.
salt 1
relative formula mass of salt 1 ..................................
salt 2
relative formula mass of salt 2 ..................................
(iii) The crystals of the double salt contain water of crystallisation.

The relative formula mass of Mohr’s salt is 392. Use your answers to (ii) to calculate
the number of moles of water of crystallisation present in one mole of Mohr’s salt.
[6]
[Total: 10]
PAGE 55
3. (c) Sulphur and chlorine can be reacted together to form disulphur dichloride, S2Cl2.
Disulphur dichloride, S2Cl2, is decomposed by water forming sulphur and a mixture of

hydrochloric acid and sulphurous acid.
When 2.7 g of S2Cl2 is reacted with an excess of water, 0.96 g of sulphur, S, is

produced.
(i) What is the amount, in moles, of S2Cl2 present in 2.7 g?
(ii) What is the amount, in moles, of S produced from 1.0 mol of S2Cl2?
(iii) Construct a balanced equation for the reaction of S2Cl2 with water.
................................................................................................................................. [4]
(d) The reaction between S2Cl2 and water is a redox reaction.
Which product has been formed by oxidation and which by reduction?
product formed by oxidation ........................................
product formed by reduction ........................................ [2]

[Total: 12]
4. Most submarines travel under water using electrical power from batteries. The German
engineer Helmut Walter designed a diesel engine that could be used to propel a submarine
beneath the surface of the sea. Instead of taking air from above the surface of the sea,
Walter’s engine used hydrogen peroxide, H2O2, to provide oxygen for a conventional diesel
engine.
Hydrogen peroxide may be catalytically decomposed to give water and oxygen.
(a) (i) What is meant by the term catalyst?
.................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................
(ii) Construct a balanced equation for the decomposition of H2O2.
............................................................................................................................. [3]
Diesel fuel may be considered to consist of the hydrocarbon C15H32 which reacts completely
with oxygen according to the following equation.
(b) (i) To which homologous series does C15H32 belong?
................................................
PAGE 56
(ii) Use the equation above and your answer to (a)(ii) to calculate the amount, in moles,
of H2O2, that will provide sufficient oxygen for the complete oxidation of one mole
of C15H32.
amount of H2O2 = ................................. mol [3]
A submarine equipped with a Walter engine used 212 tonnes of diesel fuel during an
underwater voyage. The submarine also carried concentrated aqueous H2O2.
[1 tonne = 106 g]
(c) (i) Calculate the amount, in moles, of diesel fuel used during the underwater voyage.
amount of diesel fuel = ................................. mol
(ii) Use your answers to (b)(ii) and (c)(i) to calculate the mass, in tonnes, of hydrogen
peroxide used during the underwater voyage.
mass of H2O2 = ................................. tonnes [4]
(d) The exhaust products of the Walter engine were passed into the sea.
What would happen to them?
.................................................................................................................................... [1]
[Total: 11]
5. Copper and titanium are each used with aluminium to make alloys which are light, strong
and resistant to corrosion.
Aluminium, Al, is in the third period of the Periodic Table; copper and titanium are both
transition elements.
(a) Complete the electronic configuration of aluminium and of titanium, proton number 22.
[1]
Aluminium reacts with chlorine.
(b) (i) Outline how, starting from aluminium powder, this reaction could be carried out
in a school or college laboratory to give a small sample of aluminium chloride. A
diagram is not necessary.
.................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................
PAGE 57
(ii) Describe what you would see during this reaction.
.................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................
(iii) At low temperatures, aluminium chloride vapour has the formula Al2Cl6.
Draw a ‘dot-and-cross’ diagram to show the bonding in Al2Cl6.
Show outer electrons only.
Represent the aluminium electrons by ●
Represent the chlorine electrons by X.
[6]
Copper forms two chlorides, CuCl and CuCl2.
(c) When copper is reacted directly with chlorine, only CuCl2 is formed.
Suggest an explanation for this observation.
.........................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................... [1]
Titanium also reacts with chlorine.
(d) When an excess of chlorine was reacted with 0.72 g of titanium, 2.85 g of a chloride A
was formed.
(i) Calculate the amount, in moles, of titanium used.
(ii) Calculate the amount, in moles, of chlorine atoms that reacted.
(iii) Hence, determine the empirical formula of A.
(iv) Construct a balanced equation for the reaction between titanium and chlorine.
................................................................................................................................. [4]
(e) At room temperature, the chloride of titanium, A, is a liquid which does not conduct
electricity.
What does this information suggest about the bonding and structure in A?
.........................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................... [2]
[Total: 14]
PAGE 58
6. Magnesium, Mg, and radium, Ra, are elements in Group II of the Periodic Table.
Magnesium has three isotopes.
(a) Explain the meaning of the term isotope.
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................... [2]
A sample of magnesium has the following isotopic composition by mass.
(b) Calculate the relative atomic mass, Ar, of magnesium to four significant figures.
Ar = ……………… [2]
Radium, proton number 88, and uranium, proton number 92, are radioactive elements.
The isotope 226Ra is produced by the radioactive decay of the uranium isotope 238U.
(c) Complete the table below to show the atomic structures of the isotopes 226Ra and
238U.
[3]
(d) Radium, like other Group II elements, forms a number of ionic compounds.
(i) What is the formula of the radium cation?
………………
(ii) Use the Data Booklet to suggest a value for the energy required to form one mole of
the gaseous radium cation you have given in (i) from one mole of gaseous radium
atoms. Explain your answer.
.................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................. [3]
[Total: 10]
PAGE 59
7. In 1814, Sir Humphrey Davy and Michael Faraday collected samples of a flammable gas, A,
from the ground near Florence in Italy.
They analysed A which they found to be a hydrocarbon. Further experiments were then
carried out to determine the molecular formula of A.
(a) What is meant by the term molecular formula?
.........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [2]
Davy and Faraday deduced the formula of A by exploding it with an excess of oxygen and
analysing the products of combustion.
(b) Complete and balance the following equation for the complete combustion of a
hydrocarbon with the formula CxHy.
[2]
(c) When 10 cm3 of A was mixed at room temperature with 50 cm3 of oxygen (an excess)
and exploded, 40 cm3 of gas remained after cooling the apparatus to room temperature
and pressure.
When this 40 cm3 of gas was shaken with an excess of aqueous potassium hydroxide,
KOH, 30 cm3 of gas still remained.
(i) What is the identity of the 30 cm3 of gas that remained at the end of the
experiment?
...................................................
(ii) The combustion of A produced a gas that reacted with the KOH(aq).
What is the identity of this gas?
...................................................
(iii) What volume of the gas you have identified in (ii) was produced by the combustion
of A?
...............................cm3
(iv) What volume of oxygen was used up in the combustion of A?
...............................cm3 [4]
(d) Use your equation in (b) and your results from (c)(iii) and (c)(iv) to calculate the
molecular formula of A.
Show all of your working.
[3]
[Total: 11]
PAGE 60
8. The element magnesium, Mg, proton number 12, is a metal which is used in many alloys
which are strong and light.
Magnesium has several naturally occurring isotopes.
(a) What is meant by the term isotope?
.........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [2]
(b) Complete the table below for two of the isotopes of magnesium.
[2]
A sample of magnesium had the following isotopic composition:

24Mg, 78.60%; 25Mg, 10.11%; 26Mg, 11.29%.
(c) Calculate the relative atomic mass, Ar, of magnesium in the sample.
Express your answer to an appropriate number of significant figures.
[2]
Antimony, Sb, proton number 51, is another element which is used in alloys.
Magnesium and antimony each react when heated separately in chlorine.
(d) Construct a balanced equation for the reaction between magnesium and chlorine.
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
When a 2.45 g sample of antimony was heated in chlorine under suitable conditions, 4.57 g
of a chloride A were formed.
(e) (i) Calculate the amount, in moles, of antimony atoms that reacted.
(ii) Calculate the amount, in moles, of chlorine atoms that reacted.
(iii) Use your answers to (i) and (ii) to determine the empirical formula of A.
(iv) The empirical and molecular formulae of A are the same.
Construct a balanced equation for the reaction between antimony and chlorine.
.............................................................................................................................. [5]
PAGE 61
(f) The chloride A melts at 73.4 °C while magnesium chloride melts at 714 °C.
(i) What type of bonding is present in magnesium chloride?
.................................................................................................................................
(ii) Suggest what type of bonding is present in A.
.............................................................................................................................. [2]
[Total: 14]
9. Methanoic acid, HCO2H, was formerly known as formic acid because it is present in the
sting of ants and the Latin name for ant is formica. It was first isolated in 1671 by John Ray
who collected a large number of dead ants and extracted the acid from them by distillation.
In this question, you should give all numerical answers to two significant figures.
At room temperature, pure methanoic acid is a liquid which is completely soluble in water.
When we are stung by a ‘typical’ ant a solution of methanoic acid, A, is injected into our
skin.
Solution A contains 50% by volume of pure methanoic acid.
A ‘typical’ ant contains 7.5 × 10–6 dm3 of solution A.
(a) (i) Calculate the volume, in cm3, of solution A in one ant.
volume = ................................. cm3
(ii) Use your answer to (i) to calculate the volume, in cm3, of pure methanoic acid in
one ant.
volume = ................................. cm3
(iii) Use your answer to (ii) to calculate how many ants would have to be distilled to
produce 1 dm3 of pure methanoic acid.
number = ....................................... [3]
When we are stung by an ant, the amount of solution A injected is 80% of the total amount of
solution A present in one ant.
The density of pure methanoic acid is 1.2 g cm–3.
(b) (i) Calculate the volume, in cm3, of pure methanoic acid injected in one ant sting.
volume = ................................. cm3

PAGE 62
(ii) Use your answer to (i) to calculate the mass of methanoic acid present in one ant
sting.
mass = ........................................ g [3]
Bees also sting us by using methanoic acid. One simple treatment for ant or bee stings is to
use sodium hydrogencarbonate, NaHCO3.
(c) (i) Construct a balanced equation for the reaction between methanoic acid and sodium
hydrogencarbonate.
.................................................................................................................................
(ii) In a typical bee sting, the mass of methanoic acid injected is 5.4 × 10–3 g.
Calculate the mass of NaHCO3 needed to neutralise one bee sting.
mass = ........................................ g [3]

[Total: 9]
10. Sulfur, S, and polonium, Po, are both elements in Group VI of the Periodic Table.
Sulfur has three isotopes

.
(a) Explain the meaning of the term isotope.
.........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [2]
(b) A sample of sulfur has the following isotopic composition by mass.
Calculate the relative atomic mass, Ar, of sulfur to two decimal places.
Ar = ............... [2]
(c) Isotopes of polonium, proton number 84, are produced by the radioactive decay of
several elements including thorium, Th, proton number 90.
The isotope 213Po is produced from the thorium isotope 232Th.
Complete the table below to show the atomic structures of the isotopes 213Po and 232Th.
[3]
PAGE 63
Radiochemical reactions, such as nuclear fission and radioactive decay of isotopes, can be
represented by equations in which the nucleon (mass) numbers must balance and the proton
numbers must also balance.
For example, the nuclear fission of uranium-235, 92235U, by collision with a neutron, 01n,
produces strontium-90, xenon-143 and three neutrons.
(d) In the first stage of the radioactive decay of 90232Th, the products are an isotope of
element E and an alpha-particle, 24 He.
(i) By considering nucleon and proton numbers only, construct a balanced equation
for the formation of the isotope of E in this reaction.
Show clearly the nucleon number and proton number of the isotope of E.
nucleon number of the isotope of E ...........
proton number of the isotope of E .............
(ii) Hence state the symbol of the element E.
............ ........................................................................................................... [3]

[Total: 10]
11. Ammonium sulfate, (NH4)2SO4, is widely used as a fertiliser.
In order to determine its percentage purity, a sample of ammonium sulfate fertiliser was
analysed by reacting a known amount with an excess of NaOH(aq) and then titrating the
unreacted NaOH with dilute HCl.
(a) Ammonium sulfate reacts with NaOH in a 1 : 2 ratio.

Complete and balance the equation for this reaction.
[2]
(b) A 5.00 g sample of a fertiliser containing (NH4)2SO4 was warmed with 50.0 cm3 (an excess)
of 2.00 mol dm–3 NaOH.
When all of the ammonia had been driven off, the solution was cooled.
The remaining NaOH was then titrated with 1.00 mol dm–3 HCl and 31.2 cm3 were required
for neutralisation.
(i) Write a balanced equation for the reaction between NaOH and HCl.
...................................................................................................................................
(ii) Calculate the amount, in moles, of HCl in 31.2 cm3 of 1.00 mol dm–3 HCl.
PAGE 64
(iii) Calculate the amount, in moles, of NaOH in 50.0 cm3 of 2.00 mol dm–3 NaOH.
(iv) Use your answers to (i), (ii) and (iii) to calculate the amount, in moles, of NaOH
used up in the reaction with (NH4)2SO4.
(v) Use your answer to (iv) and the equation in (a) to calculate the amount, in moles, of
(NH4)2SO4 that reacted with NaOH.
(vi) Use your answer to (v) to calculate the mass of (NH4)2SO4 that reacted with NaOH.
(vii) Hence, calculate the percentage purity of the ammonium sulfate fertiliser.
[7]
[Total: 9]
12. Washing soda is hydrated sodium carbonate, Na2CO3.xH2O.
A student wished to determine the value of x by carrying out a titration, with the following
results.
(a) (i) Write a balanced equation for the reaction between Na2CO3 and HCl .
...................................................................................................................................
(ii) Calculate the amount, in moles, of HCl in the 35.8 cm3 of solution used in the titration.
(iii) Use your answers to (i) and (ii) to calculate the amount, in moles, of Na2CO3 in the
25.0 cm3 of solution used in the titration.
PAGE 65
(iv) Use your answer to (iii) to calculate the amount, in moles, of Na2CO3 in the 250 cm3
of solution in the standard volumetric fl ask.
(v) Hence calculate the mass of Na2CO3 present in 5.13 g of washing soda crystals.
[6]
(b) Use your calculations in (a) to determine the value of x in Na2CO3.xH2O.
[2]
[Total: 8]
13. Zinc is an essential trace element which is necessary for the healthy growth of animals
and plants. Zinc deficiency in humans can be easily treated by using zinc salts as dietary
supplements.
(a) One salt which is used as a dietary supplement is a hydrated zinc sulfate, ZnSO4.xH2O,
which is a colourless crystalline solid.
Crystals of zinc sulfate may be prepared in a school or college laboratory by reacting

dilute sulfuric acid with a suitable compound of zinc.
Give the formulae of two simple compounds of zinc that could each react with dilute
sulfuric acid to produce zinc sulfate.
....................................................... and ....................................................... [2]
(b) A simple experiment to determine the value of x in the formula ZnSO4.xH2O is to heat it
carefully to drive off the water.
A student placed a sample of the hydrated zinc sulfate in a weighed boiling tube and
reweighed it. He then heated the tube for a short time, cooled it and reweighed it when
cool. This process was repeated four times. The final results are shown below.
(i) Why was the boiling tube heated, cooled and reweighed four times?
...................................................................................................................................
PAGE 66
(ii) Calculate the amount, in moles, of the anhydrous salt produced.
(iii) Calculate the amount, in moles, of water driven off by heating.
(iv) Use your results to (ii) and (iii) to calculate the value of x in ZnSO4.xH2O.
[7]
(c) For many people, an intake of approximately 15 mg per day of zinc will be sufficient to
prevent deficiencies.
Zinc ethanoate crystals, (CH3CO2)2Zn.2H2O, may be used in this way.
(i) What mass of pure crystalline zinc ethanoate (Mr = 219.4) will need to be taken to
obtain a dose of 15 mg of zinc?
(ii) If this dose is taken in solution as 5 cm3 of aqueous zinc ethanoate, what would be
the concentration of the solution used?
Give your answer in mol dm–3.
[4]
[Total: 13]
14. Carbon dioxide, CO2, makes up about 0.040 % of the Earth’s atmosphere. It is produced by
animal respiration and by the combustion of fossil fuels.
In animal respiration, oxygen reacts with a carbohydrate such as glucose to give water,
carbon dioxide and energy.
The typical daily food requirement of a human can be considered to be the equivalent of
1.20 kg of glucose, C6H12O6.
You should express all of your numerical answers in this question to three significant
figures.
(a) (i) Construct a balanced equation for the complete oxidation of glucose.
...................................................................................................................................
PAGE 67
(ii) Use your equation to calculate the amount, in moles, of CO2 produced by one person
in one day from 1.20 kg of glucose.
(iii) On the day on which this question was written, the World population was estimated
to be 6.82 × 109.
Calculate the total mass of CO2 produced by this number of people in one day. Give
your answer in tonnes. [1 tonne = 1.00 ×106 g]
[5]
(b) When fossil fuels are burned in order to give energy, carbon dioxide and water are also
produced.
The hydrocarbon octane, C8H18, can be used to represent the fuel burned in motor cars.
A typical fuel-efficient motor car uses about 4.00 dm3 of fuel to travel 100 km.
(i) Construct a balanced equation for the complete combustion of octane.
...................................................................................................................................
(ii) The density of octane is 0.700 g cm–3.
Calculate the amount, in moles, of octane present in 4.00 dm3 of octane.
(iii) Calculate the mass of CO2 produced when the fuel-efficient car is driven for a
distance of 100 km.
[5]
(c) Calculate how many kilometres the same fuel-efficient car would have to travel in order
to produce as much CO2 as is produced by the respiration of 6.82 × 109 people during
one day. Use your answer to (a)(iii).
[2]
PAGE 68
(d) Carbon dioxide is one of a number of gases that are responsible for global warming.
When fossil fuels such as octane are burned in a car engine, other atmospheric pollutants
are also produced.
Give the formula of one atmospheric pollutant that may be produced in a car engine,
other than CO2, and state how this pollutant damages the environment.
pollutant .................................
damage caused ...................................................................... [2]

[Total: 14]
PAGE 69
Theory Assignment sheet for moles
1. An experiment was carried out to determine the percentage of iron in a sample of iron wire.
(a) A 3.35 g piece of the wire was reacted with dilute sulfuric acid, in the absence of air, so that
all of the iron atoms were converted to iron(II) ions. The resulting solution was made up to
250 cm3.
(i) Write a balanced equation for the reaction between the iron in the wire and the sulfuric
acid.
........................................................................................................................................ [1]
A 25.0 cm3 sample of this solution was acidified and titrated with 0.0250 mol dm–3
potassium dichromate(VI). 32.0 cm3 of the potassium dichromate(VI) solution was required
for complete reaction with the iron(II) ions in the sample.
The relevant half-equations are shown.
(ii) Use the half-equations to write an equation for the reaction between the iron(II) ions and
the acidified dichromate(VI) ions.
........................................................................................................................................ [1]
(iii) Calculate the amount, in moles, of dichromate(VI) ions used in the titration.
amount = ............................. mol [1]
(iv) Calculate the amount, in moles, of iron(II) ions in the 25.0 cm3 sample of solution.
amount = ............................. mol [1]
(v) Calculate the amount, in moles, of iron in the 3.35 g piece of wire.
amount = ............................. mol [1]
(vi) Calculate the mass of iron in the 3.35 g piece of wire.
mass = ............................. g [1]
(vii) Calculate the percentage of iron in the iron wire.
percentage = ............................. % [1]

PAGE 70
(b) Some electronegativity values are shown.
(i) Use the data to suggest the nature of the bonding in iron(III) chloride. Explain your answer.
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................ [2]
(ii) Suggest an equation for the reaction between iron(III) chloride and water.
........................................................................................................................................ [1]
[Total: 10]
June, 2016/23
2. (a) Complete the table to show the composition and identity of some atoms and ions.
[4]
(b) The fifth to eighth ionisation energies of three elements in the third period of the Periodic Table
are given. The symbols used for reference are not the actual symbols of the elements.
(i) State and explain the group number of element Y.
group number ...............................
explanation ..........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................... [1]
PAGE 71
(ii) State and explain the general trend in first ionisation energies across the third period.
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................ [2]
(iii) Complete the electronic configuration of element X.
1s2 .................................................................................................................................. [1]
(c) A sample of oxygen exists as a mixture of three isotopes. Information about two of these
isotopes is given in the table.
(i) Calculate the abundance of the third isotope.
abundance = ............................. % [1]
(ii) The relative atomic mass of this sample of oxygen is 16.0044.
Calculate the mass number of the third isotope. You must show your working.
mass number = ............................. [2]

[Total: 11]
June, 2016/22
3. (a) Complete the table to show the composition and identity of some atoms and ions.
[4]
PAGE 72
(b) Beams of protons, neutrons and electrons behave differently in an electric field due to their
differing properties.
The diagram shows the path of a beam of electrons in an electric field.

Add and label lines to represent the paths of beams of protons and neutrons in the same field.
[3]
(c) The fifth to eighth ionisation energies of three elements in the third period of the Periodic Table
are given. The symbols used for reference are not the actual symbols of the elements.
(i) State and explain the group number of element Y.
group number ...............................
explanation ..........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................ [1]
(ii) State and explain the general trend in first ionisation energies across the third period.
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................ [2]
(iii) Explain why the first ionisation energy of element Y is less than that of element X.
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................ [2]
(iv) Complete the electronic configuration of element Z.
1s2 .................................................................................................................................. [1]

PAGE 73
(d) A sample of strontium exists as a mixture of four isotopes. Information about three of these
isotopes is given in the table.
(i) Calculate the abundance of the fourth isotope.
abundance = ............................. % [1]
(ii) The relative atomic mass of this sample of strontium is 87.71.
Calculate the mass number of the fourth isotope.
mass number = ............................. [2]

[Total: 16]
June, 2016/21
4. Neon is a noble gas.
(a) Complete the full electronic configuration of neon.
1s2 ........................................................................................................................................ [1]
(b) (i) Explain what is meant by the term first ionisation energy.
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [3]
(ii) Explain why the first ionisation energy of neon is greater than that of fluorine.
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [2]
(c) Neon has three stable isotopes.
isotope mass number percentage abundance

PAGE 74
(i) Define the term relative atomic mass.
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [2]
(ii) Use the relative atomic mass of neon, 20.2, to calculate the mass number of isotope 1.
mass number = ................................. [2]
(d) A mixture of neon and argon has a mass of 0.275 g. The mixture was placed in a gas syringe
at a temperature of 25 °C and a pressure of 100 kPa. Under these conditions the mixture was
found to occupy a volume of 200 cm3.
(i) Calculate the average Mr of the mixture.
average Mr = ................................. [2]
(ii) Use your answer to (i) to calculate the percentage of neon in the mixture.
Give your answer to three significant figures.
percentage of neon = ................................. % [1]
(e) Neon and argon can both be obtained by fractional distillation of liquid air as they have different
boiling points.
Neon has a boiling point of 27.3 K. The boiling point of argon is 87.4 K.
(i) Name the force that has to be overcome in order to boil neon or argon and explain what
causes it.
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [3]
(ii) Explain why argon has a higher boiling point than neon.
.............................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................ [2]
[Total: 18]
June, 2015/23
PAGE 75
5. (a) Chemists recognise that atoms are made of three types of particle.
Complete the following table with their names and properties.
[3]
(b) Most elements exist naturally as a mixture of isotopes, each with their own relative isotopic
mass. The mass spectrum of an element reveals the abundances of these isotopes, which can
be used to calculate the relative atomic mass of the element.
Magnesium has three stable isotopes. Information about two of these isotopes is given.
(i) Define the term relative isotopic mass.
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [2]
(ii) The relative atomic mass of magnesium is 24.3.
Calculate the percentage abundance and hence the relative isotopic mass of the third
isotope of magnesium. Give your answer to three significant figures
percentage abundance = .................................
isotopic mass = .................................

[3]
PAGE 76
(c) Magnesium can be produced by electrolysis of magnesium chloride in a molten mixture of

salts.
(i) Give equations for the anode and cathode reactions during the electrolysis of molten
magnesium chloride, MgCl2.
anode ..................................................................................................................................
cathode ........................................................................................................................... [2]
The electrolysis is carried out under an atmosphere of hydrogen chloride gas to convert any
magnesium oxide impurity into magnesium chloride.
(ii) An investigation of the reaction between magnesium oxide and hydrogen chloride
gas showed that an intermediate product was formed with the composition by mass
Mg, 31.65%; O, 20.84%; H, 1.31% and Cl, 46.20%.
Calculate the empirical formula of this intermediate compound.
empirical formula .................................... [2]
(d) The acid/base behaviour of the oxides in the third period varies across the period.
(i) Describe this behaviour and explain it with reference to the structure and bonding of
sodium oxide, Na2O, aluminium oxide, Al2O3, and sulfur trioxide, SO3.
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [2]
(ii) Write equations for reactions of these three oxides with hydrochloric acid and/or sodium
hydroxide as appropriate.
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [4]
[Total: 18]
June, 2015/22
PAGE 77
6. (a) Chemists recognise that atoms are made of three types of particle.
Complete the following table with their names and properties.
[3]
(b) The relative atomic mass of an element can be determined using data from its mass spectrum.
The mass spectrum of element X is shown, with the percentage abundance of each isotope
labelled.
(i) Define the terms relative atomic mass and isotope.
relative atomic mass ...........................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
isotope ................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................. [3]
(ii) Use the data in the mass spectrum to calculate the relative atomic mass, Ar, of X.
Give your answer to two decimal places and suggest the identity of X.
Ar of X ....................................
identity of X ............................ [2]

PAGE 78
(c) The element tellurium, Te, reacts with chlorine to form a single solid product, with a relative
formula mass of 270. The product contains 52.6% chlorine by mass.
(i) Calculate the molecular formula of this chloride.
molecular formula .................................... [3]
(ii) This chloride melts at 224 °C and reacts vigorously with water.
State the type of bonding and structure present in this chloride and explain your reasoning.
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [2]
(iii) Suggest an equation for the reaction of this chloride with water.
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(d) Sodium and silicon also react directly with chlorine to produce the chlorides shown.
(i) Describe what you would see during the reaction between sodium and chlorine.
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [2]
(ii) Explain the differences between the melting points of these two chlorides in terms of their
structure and bonding. You should refer to the difference between the electronegativities
of the elements in your answer.
NaCl structure and bonding ...............................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
PAGE 79
SiCl4 structure and bonding ................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
explanation .........................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [4]
[Total: 20]
June, 2015/21
7. (a) Successive ionisation energies for the elements fluorine, F, to bromine, Br, are shown on the
graph.
(i) Explain why the first ionisation energies decrease down the group.
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [3]
(ii) Explain why there is an increase in the successive ionisation energies of fluorine.
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [2]
PAGE 80
(b) Group VII is the only group in the Periodic Table containing elements in all three states of
matter at room conditions.
State and explain, in terms of intermolecular forces, the trend in the boiling points of the
elements down Group VII.
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [4]
(c) Compounds containing different halogen atoms covalently bonded together are called
interhalogen compounds.
(i) One interhalogen compound can be prepared by the reaction between iodine and fluorine.
This compound has Mr = 222 and the percentage composition by mass: F, 42.8; I, 57.2.
Calculate the molecular formula of this interhalogen compound.
molecular formula ................................. [3]
(ii) Another interhalogen compound has the formula ICl.
Draw a ‘dot-and-cross’ diagram of a molecule of this compound, showing outer shell

electrons only. Explain whether or not you would expect this molecule to be polar.
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [2]
PAGE 81
(d) Some reactions involving chlorine and its compounds are shown in the reaction scheme below.
(i) Give the formulae of W, X, Y and Z.
W ........................................................................................................................................
X .........................................................................................................................................
Y .........................................................................................................................................
Z ......................................................................................................................................... [4]
(ii) Write an equation for the reaction of chlorine with hot NaOH(aq).
....................................................................................................................................... [2]
(iii) State the oxidation numbers of chlorine at the start and at the end of the reaction in (ii).
....................................................................................................................................... [2]
(iv) Write an ionic equation for the reaction of Y with AgNO3(aq). Include state symbols.
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
[Total: 23]
November, 2014/23
8. (a) Successive ionisation energies for the elements magnesium to barium are given in the table.
(i) Explain why the first ionisation energies decrease down the group.
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................ [3]
PAGE 82
(ii) Explain why, for each element, there is a large increase between the 2nd and 3rd ionisation
energies.
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [2]
(b) A sample of strontium, atomic number 38, gave the mass spectrum shown. The percentage
abundances are given above each peak.
(i) Complete the full electronic configuration of strontium.
1s2 2s2 2p6 ................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) Explain why there are four different peaks in the mass spectrum of strontium.
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(iii) Calculate the atomic mass, Ar, of this sample of strontium.

Ar = ............................. [2]
(c) A compound of barium, A, is used in fireworks as an oxidising agent and to produce a green
colour.
(i) Explain, in terms of electron transfer, what is meant by the term oxidising agent.
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
PAGE 83
(ii) A has the following percentage composition by mass: Ba, 45.1; Cl , 23.4; O, 31.5.
Calculate the empirical formula of A.
empirical formula of A ........................................... [3]
(d) Some reactions involving magnesium and its compounds are shown in the reaction scheme
below.
(i) Give the formulae of the compounds X, Y and Z.
X .........................................................................................................................................
Y .........................................................................................................................................
Z ......................................................................................................................................... [3]
(ii) Name the reagent needed to convert Y(s) into Z(aq) in reaction 1 and write an equation for
the reaction.
reagent ...............................................................................................................................
equation .............................................................................................................................. [2]
(iii) How would you convert a sample of Z(s) into Y(s) in reaction 2?
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(iv) Give equations for the conversions of Mg into X, and Z(s) into Y.
Mg to X ...............................................................................................................................
Z to Y .................................................................................................................................. [2]
[Total: 21]
November, 2014/21/22
PAGE 84
9. A sample of a hydrated double salt, Cu(NH4)x(SO4)2.6H2O, was boiled with an excess of

sodium hydroxide. Ammonia was given off.
The ammonia produced was absorbed in 40.0 cm3 of 0.400 mol dm–3 hydrochloric acid. The
resulting solution required 25 cm3 of 0.12 mol dm–3 sodium hydroxide to neutralise the excess
acid.
(a) Write the ionic equation for the reaction between ammonium ions and hydroxide ions.
.............................................................................................................................................. [1]
(b) (i) Calculate the amount, in moles, of hydrochloric acid in 40.0 cm3 of 0.400 mol dm–3 solution.
[1]
(ii) Calculate the amount, in moles, of sodium hydroxide needed to neutralise the excess
acid. This will be equal to the amount of hydrochloric acid left in excess.
[1]
(iii) Calculate the amount, in moles, of hydrochloric acid that reacted with ammonia.
[1]
(iv) Calculate the amount, in moles, of ammonium ions in the sample of the double salt.
[1]
(v) The sample contained 0.413 g of copper. Use this information and your answer to (iv) to
calculate the value of x in Cu(NH4)x(SO4)2.6H2O.
[2]
(vi) Calculate the Mr of Cu(NH4)x(SO4)2.6H2O.
[1]
[Total: 8]
June, 2014/23
PAGE 85
10. A 6.30 g sample of hydrated ethanedioic acid, H2C2O4.xH2O, was dissolved in water and the
solution made up to 250 cm3.
A 25.0 cm3 sample of this solution was acidified and titrated with 0.100 mol dm–3 potassium
manganate(VII) solution. 20.0 cm3 of this potassium manganate(VII) solution was required to
react fully with the ethanedioate ions, C2O42–, present in the sample.
(a) The MnO4– ions in the potassium manganate(VII) oxidise the ethanedioate ions.
(i) Explain, in terms of electron transfer, the meaning of the term oxidise in the sentence
above.
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) Complete and balance the ionic equation for the reaction between the manganate(VII)
ions and the ethanedioate ions.
[3]
(b) (i) Calculate the number of moles of manganate(VII) used in the titration.
[1]
(ii) Use the equation in (a)(ii) and your answer to (b)(i) to calculate the number of moles of
C2O42– present in the 25.0 cm3 sample of solution used.
[1]
(iii) Calculate the number of moles of H2C2O4.xH2O in 6.30 g of the compound.
[1]
(iv) Calculate the relative formula mass of H2C2O4.xH2O.
[1]
(v) The relative formula mass of anhydrous ethanedioic acid, H2C2O4, is 90.
Calculate the value of x in H2C2O4.xH2O.
[1]
[Total: 9]
PAGE 86
11. (a) Explain what is meant by the term nucleon number.
....................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [1]
(b) Bromine exists naturally as a mixture of two stable isotopes, 79Br and 81Br, with relative
isotopic masses of 78.92 and 80.92 respectively.
(i) Define the term relative isotopic mass.
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [2]
(ii) Using the relative atomic mass of bromine, 79.90, calculate the relative isotopic abundances
of 79Br and 81Br.
[3]
(c) Bromine reacts with the element A to form a compound with empirical formula ABr3. The
percentage composition by mass of ABr3 is A, 4.31; Br, 95.69.
Calculate the relative atomic mass, Ar, of A.

Ar of A = ....................... [3]
(d) The elements in Period 3 of the Periodic Table show different behaviours in their reactions with
oxygen.
(i) Describe what you would see when separate samples of magnesium and sulfur are
reacted with oxygen.
Write an equation for each reaction.
magnesium
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
PAGE 87
sulfur
.............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................. [4]
(ii) Write equations for the reactions of aluminium oxide, Al2O3, with
sodium hydroxide,
.............................................................................................................................................
hydrochloric acid.
............................................................................................................................................. [2]
(e) Phosphorus reacts with chlorine to form PCl5.
State the shape of and two different bond angles in a molecule of PCl5.
shape of PCl5 ............................................................................................................................
bond angles in PCl5 ............................ ............................ [2]

[Total: 17]
June,2014/22
12. The commonest form of iron(II) sulfate is the heptahydrate, FeSO4.7H2O. On heating at 90 0C
this loses some of its water of crystallisation to form a different hydrated form of iron(II) sulfate,
FeSO4.xH2O.
3.40 g of FeSO4.xH2O was dissolved in water to form 250 cm3 of solution.
A 25.0 cm3 sample of this solution was acidified and titrated with 0.0200 mol dm–3 potassium
manganate(VII).
In this titration 20.0 cm3 of this potassium manganate(VII) solution was required to react fully
with the Fe2+ ions present in the sample.
(a) The MnO4– ions in the potassium manganate(VII) oxidise the Fe2+ ions in the acidified
solution.
(i) Explain, in terms of electron transfer, the meaning of the term oxidise in the sentence
above.
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) Complete and balance the ionic equation for the reaction between the manganate(VII)
ions and the iron(II) ions.
[3]
(b) (i) Calculate the number of moles of manganate(VII) used in the titration.
[1]
PAGE 88
(ii) Use the equation in (a)(ii) and your answer to (b)(i) to calculate the number of moles of
Fe2+ present in the 25.0 cm3 sample of solution used.
[1]
(iii) Calculate the number of moles of FeSO4.xH2O in 3.40 g of the compound.
[1]
(iv) Calculate the relative formula mass of FeSO4.xH2O.
[1]
(v) The relative formula mass of anhydrous iron(II) sulfate, FeSO4, is 151.8.
Calculate the value of x in FeSO4.xH2O.
[1]
[Total: 9]
13. (a) Explain what is meant by the term ionisation energy.
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [3]
(b) The first seven ionisation energies of an element, A, in kJ mol–1, are
(i) State the group of the Periodic Table to which A is most likely to belong. Explain your
answer.
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [2]
PAGE 89
(ii) Complete the electronic configuration of the element in Period 2 that is in the same group
as A.
1s2 ................................................................................................................................. [1]
(c) Another element, Z, in the same period of the Periodic Table as A, reacts with chlorine to
form a compound with empirical formula ZCl2. The percentage composition by mass of ZCl2
is Z, 31.13; Cl , 68.87.
(i) Define the term relative atomic mass.
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [2]
(ii) Calculate the relative atomic mass, Ar, of Z.

Ar of Z = ....................... [2]
(d) The chlorides of elements in Period 3 of the Periodic Table show different behaviours on
addition to water, depending on their structure and bonding.
(i) Write equations to show the behaviour of sodium chloride, NaCl , and silicon chloride,
SiCl4 , when separately added to an excess of water.
NaCl ...................................................................................................................................
SiCl4 ................................................................................................................................. [2]
(ii) State and explain the differences in behaviour of these two chlorides when added to water,
in terms of their structure and the bonding found in the compounds.
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................ [4]
(e) Sulfur reacts with fluorine to form SF6. State the shape and bond angle of SF6.
shape of SF6 ..............................................................................................................................
bond angle of SF6 ............................................................................................................... [2]

[Total: 18]
June, 2014/21
PAGE 90
14. Chile saltpetre is a mineral found in Chile and Peru, and which mainly consists of sodium
nitrate, NaNO3. The mineral is purified to concentrate the NaNO3 which is used as a fertiliser
and in some fireworks.
In order to find the purity of a sample of sodium nitrate, the compound is heated in NaOH(aq)
with Devarda's alloy which contains aluminium. This reduces the sodium nitrate to ammonia
which is boiled off and then dissolved in acid.
The ammonia gas produced is dissolved in an excess of H2SO4 of known concentration.
The amount of unreacted H2SO4 is then determined by back-titration with NaOH of known
concentration.
(a) A 1.64 g sample of impure NaNO3 was reacted with an excess of Devarda's alloy.
The NH3 produced was dissolved in 25.0 cm3 of 1.00 mol dm–3 H2SO4.
When all of the NH3 had dissolved, the resulting solution was titrated with NaOH(aq).
For neutralisation, 16.2 cm3 of 2.00 mol dm–3 NaOH were required.
(i) Calculate the amount, in moles, of H2SO4 present in the 25.0 cm3 of 1.00 mol dm–3
H2SO4.
(ii) Calculate the amount, in moles, of NaOH present in 16.2 cm3 of 2.00 mol dm–3 NaOH.
(iii) Use your answer to (ii) to calculate the amount, in moles, of H2SO4 that reacted with
16.2 cm3 of 2.00 mol dm–3 NaOH.
(iv) Use your answers to (i) and (iii) to calculate the amount, in moles, of H2SO4 that
reacted with the NH3.
(v) Use your answer to (iv) to calculate the amount, in moles, of NH3 that reacted with
the H2SO4.
PAGE 91
(vi) Use your answer to (v) to calculate the amount, in moles, of NaNO3 that reacted with
the Devarda's alloy.
(vii) Hence calculate the mass of NaNO3 that reacted.
(viii) Use your answer to (vii) to calculate the percentage by mass of NaNO3 present in
the impure sample.
Write your answer to a suitable number of significant figures.
[9]
(b) The above reaction is an example of a redox reaction.
What are the oxidation numbers of nitrogen in NaNO3 and in NH3?
NaNO3 ....................... NH3 ....................... [1]

[Total: 10]
June, 2013/22
15. A sample of a fertiliser was known to contain ammonium sulfate, (NH4)2SO4, and sand only.
A 2.96 g sample of the solid fertiliser was heated with 40.0 cm3 of NaOH(aq), an excess, and
all of the ammonia produced was boiled away.
After cooling, the remaining NaOH(aq) was exactly neutralised by 29.5 cm3 of 2.00 mol dm–3
HCl.
In a separate experiment, 40.0 cm3 of the original NaOH(aq) was exactly neutralised by
39.2 cm3 of the 2.00 mol dm–3 HCl.
(a) (i) Write balanced equations for the following reactions.
NaOH with HCl
....................................................................................................................................
(NH4)2SO4 with NaOH
....................................................................................................................................
PAGE 92
(ii) Calculate the amount, in moles, of NaOH present in the 40.0 cm3 of the original
NaOH(aq) that was neutralised by 39.2 cm3 of 2.00 mol dm–3 HCl.
(iii) Calculate the amount, in moles, of NaOH present in the 40.0 cm3 of NaOH(aq) that
remained after boiling the (NH4)2SO4.
(iv) Use your answers to (ii) and (iii) to calculate the amount, in moles, of NaOH that
reacted with the (NH4)2SO4.
(v) Use your answers to (i) and (iv) to calculate the amount, in moles, of (NH4)2SO4 that
reacted with the NaOH.
(vi) Hence calculate the mass of (NH4)2SO4 that reacted.
(vii) Use your answer to (vi) to calculate the percentage, by mass, of (NH4)2SO4 present
in the fertiliser.
Write your answer to a suitable number of significant figures.
[9]
(b) The uncontrolled use of nitrogenous fertilisers can cause environmental damage to lakes
and streams. This is known as eutrophication.
What are the processes that occur when excessive amounts of nitrogenous fertilisers get
into lakes and streams?
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [2]
PAGE 93
(c) Large quantities of ammonia are manufactured by the Haber process.

Not all of this ammonia is used to make fertilisers.
State one large-scale use for ammonia, other than in the production of nitrogenous
fertilisers.
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
[Total: 12]
June, 2013/21
PAGE 94
Answer sheet for mole AS level
1.
2.
3.
PAGE 95
4.
5.
PAGE 96
6.
PAGE 97
7.
8.
PAGE 98
9.
PAGE 99
10.
11.
PAGE 100
12.
13.
PAGE 101
14.
PAGE 102
PAGE 103
Answer of mole worksheet (As level)

1. D 2. C 3. B 4. D 5. B 6. C 7. C
8. B 9. A 10. D 11. B 12. A 13. C 14. D
15. C 16. B 17. D 18. D 19. A 20. C 21. C
22. B 23. A 24. D 25. B 26. B 27. A 28. C
29. C 30. D 31. D 32. B 33. D
Answer of mole assignment sheet (As level)

1. A 2. D 3. C 4. C 5. C 6. A 7. C
8. B 9. A 10. C 11. B 12. C 13. C 14. C
15. C 16. C 17. B 18. C 19. D 20. B 21. A
22. D 23. C 24. B 25. A 26. A 27. D 28. A
29. A 30. C 31. D 32. D 33. D 34. B 35. C

PAGE 104
36. A 37.C 38. C 39. B 40. C 41. D 42. B
43. C 44. B 45. D 46. D 47. C 48. C 49. B
50. A 51. D 52. D 53. C 54. A 55. A 56. A
57. B 58. D 59. D 60. C 61. D. 62. B 63. C
64. B 65. C 66. B 67. D 68. A 69. B 70. D
71. C 72. D 73. A 74. A 75. B 76. B 77. C
78. B 79. C 80. D 81. B

PAGE 105
Answer Sheet for Assignment theory sheet
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Chemical bonding Assignment worksheet for As level
1. A slow stream of water from a tap can be deflected by an electrostatically charged plastic rod
because water is a polar molecule.
Why is a water molecule polar?
A) Molecules are bonded together by hydrogen bonds

B) The oxygen and hydrogen atoms have different electronegativities
C) The oxygen atom has two lone pairs of electrons
D) Water is able to dissociate into ions
2. Why does copper wire conduct electricity when a potential difference is applied?
A) Bonding electrons in the crystal lattice move

B) Copper(II) ions move to the cathode
C) The atoms of copper become ionised
D) The crystal lattice breaks down
3. When heated, solid iodine readily forms iodine vapour.
What does this information suggest about the nature of the particles in these two physical states
of iodine?
4. The African weaver ant defends its territory by spraying an intruder with a mixture of
compounds.
The ease by which these compounds are detected by other ants depends upon the volatility,
which decreases as the strength of the intermolecular forces in the compound increases.
Which compound would be the most volatile?
A) CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3
B) CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CHO
C) CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2NH2
D) CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2OH
5. Which of the following molecules has no permanent dipole?
A) CCl2F2 B) CHCl3 C) C2Cl4 D) C2H5Cl

PAGE 115
6. Which is the most likely shape of a molecule of hydrazine, N2H4?
7. Which of the following exists in the solid state as a giant covalent lattice?
A) ice B) iodine C) silicon(IV) oxide D) tin(IV) chloride
8. Which of the following solids has a simple molecular lattice?
A) magnesium oxide B) sodium

C) silicon(IV) oxide D) sulphur
9. Which molecule contains only six bonding electrons?
A) C2H4 B) C2F6 C) H2O D) NF3
10. Chemists have been interested in the properties of hydrogen selenide, H2Se, to compare it with
‘bad egg’ gas hydrogen sulphide, H2S.
Which set of data would the hydrogen selenide molecule be expected to have?
11. Magnesium oxide is used to line industrial furnaces because it has a very high melting point.
Which type of bond needs to be broken for magnesium oxide to melt?
A) co-ordinate B) covalent C) ionic D) metallic

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12. Which solid exhibits more than one kind of chemical bonding?
A) brass B) copper C) diamond D) ice
13. The gecko, a small lizard, can climb up a smooth glass window. The gecko has millions of
microscopic hairs on its toes and each hair has thousands of pads at its tip. The result is that the
molecules in the pads are extremely close to the glass surface on which the gecko is climbing.
What is the attraction between the gecko’s toe pads and the glass surface?
A) co-ordinate bonds B) covalent bonds

C) ionic bonds D) van der Waals’ forces
14. What are the bond angles in the PH3 molecule likely to be?
A) 90 B) 104 C) 109 D) 120
15. The diagram shows the variation of the boiling points of the hydrogen halides.
What explains the higher boiling point of hydrogen fluoride?
A) The bond energy of HF molecules is greater than in other hydrogen halides.

B) The effect of nuclear shielding is much reduced in fluorine which polarises the HF
molecule.
C) The electronegativity of fluorine is much higher than for other elements in the group.
D) There is hydrogen bonding between HF molecules.
16. Three substances, R, S, T, have physical properties as shown.

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17. The diagram shows part of the lattice structures of solids X and Y. [In X, represent
particles of different elements.]
What are the types of bonding present in X and Y?
18. Which diagram describes the formation of a π bond from the overlap of its orbitals?
19. Magnesium oxide may be used for the lining of an electric furnace for making crockery.
Which properties of magnesium oxide help to explain this use?
PAGE 118
20. The CN– ion is widely used in the synthesis of organic compounds.
What is the pattern of electron pairs in this ion?
21. Plastic bottles for ‘fizzy drinks’ are made from a polymer with the following structure.
The ability of the polymer to prevent escape of carbon dioxide through the wall of the bottle
depends on the ability of the group X to form hydrogen bonds with the carbon dioxide in the
drink.
Which group X best prevents loss of carbon dioxide?
A) Cl B) CN C) CO2CH3 D) OH
22. Hydrogen bonding can occur between molecules of methanal, HCHO, and molecules of
liquid Y.
What could liquid Y be?
A) CH3OH B) CH3CHO C) CH3COCH3 D) CH3CO2CH3
23. Lycra is a polyurethane fibre used in the fashion industry. It is a polymer made from two
monomers, one of which has the following formula.
What is the O–C–N bond angle in this molecule?
A) 90 ° B) 109 ° C) 120 ° D) 180 °
24. What are the lattice structures of solid diamond, iodine and silicon(IV) oxide?
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25. When barium metal burns in oxygen, the ionic compound barium peroxide, BaO2, is
formed.
Which dot-and-cross diagram represents the electronic structure of the peroxide anion in
BaO2?
26. In this question, the methyl group, CH3, is represented by Me.
Trimethylamine, Me3N, reacts with boron trifluoride, BF3, to form a compound of

formula Me3N.BF3.
How may this reaction be written in terms of the shapes of the reactants and products?
27. Which pair of elements have bonds of the same type between their atoms in the solid state?
A) aluminium and phosphorus B) chlorine and argon

C) magnesium and silicon D) sulphur and chlorine
28. Which quantity would best indicate the relative strengths of the hydrogen bonds between
the molecules in liquid hydrogen halides?
A) bond dissociation energies

B) enthalpy changes of solution
C) enthalpy changes of formation
D) enthalpy changes of vaporisation
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29. A substance commonly found in the house or garden has the following properties.
• It is combustible.
• It is an electrical insulator.
• It melts over a range of temperature.
What could the substance be?
A) brass B) paper C) poly(ethene) D) silicon(IV) oxide
30. Which statement explains why the boiling point of methane is higher than that of neon?
[Ar: H, 1; C, 12; Ne, 20]
A) A molecule of methane has a greater mass than a molecule of neon.

B) Molecules of methane form hydrogen bonds, but those of neon do not.
C) Molecules of methane have stronger intermolecular forces than those of neon.
D) The molecule of methane is polar, but that of neon is not.
31. A crystal of iodine produces a purple vapour when gently heated.

Which pair of statements correctly describes this process?
32. The antidote molecule shown can help to prevent liver damage if someone takes too many
paracetamol tablets.
What is the order of decreasing size of the bond angles x, y and z?
33. Which molecule has the largest overall dipole?

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34. PCl5 dissociates as follows.
The extent of dissociation is 13 % at 160 °C and 100 % at 300 °C.
Which pair of statements about this formation of PCl3 is correct?
35. Which graph correctly describes a trend found in the halogen group?
[X represents a halogen atom.]
36. Organic nitrates in photochemical smog can cause breathing difficulties.

The diagram shows an example of an organic nitrate molecule.
What is the correct order of the bond angles shown in ascending order (smallest first)?
A) 1 → 2 → 3 B) 2 → 1 → 3 C) 3 → 1 → 2 D) 3 → 2 → 1
37. The ability of an atom in a covalent bond to attract electrons to itself is called its
electronegativity.
The greater the difference between the electronegativities of the two atoms in the bond, the
more polar is the bond.
Which pair will form the most polar covalent bond between the atoms?
A) chlorine and bromine B) chlorine and iodine

C) fluorine and chlorine D) fluorine and iodine
PAGE 122
38. The table gives the radii, in pm, of some ions. [1 pm = 10–12 m]
Caesium chloride, CsCl, has a different lattice structure from both sodium chloride, NaCl,
and magnesium oxide, MgO.
Which factor appears to determine the type of lattice for these three compounds?
A) the charge on the cation B) the ratio of the ionic charges

C) the ratio of the ionic radii D) the sum of the ionic charges
39. Which molecule or structure does not contain three atoms bonded at an angle between
109° and 110°?
A) ethanoic acid B) graphite C) propane D) silicon(IV) oxide
40. Which solid has a simple molecular lattice?
A) calcium fluoride B) nickel C) silicon(IV) oxide D) sulfur
41. In which sequences are the molecules quoted in order of increasing bond angle within the
molecule?
42. The concepts of bond energy, bond length and bond polarity are useful when comparing the
behaviour of similar molecules, e.g. thermal stability.
For example, it could be said
“Compared with the HCl molecule, the bond ……….X…………. of the HI molecule is
………..Y……….. .”
Which pairs of words correctly complete the above sentence?

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43. Which of the following are features of the structure of metallic copper?
1 ionic bonds
2 delocalised electrons
3 lattice of ions
44. Silicon tetrachloride, SiCl4, is a liquid of low boiling point. In the presence of water it
decomposes to form silicon(IV) oxide and hydrogen chloride.
What types of bonding occur in SiCl4(I)?
1 co–ordinate bonding
2 covalent bonding
3 van der Waals forces
45. Long-chain alkanes are converted on an industrial scale into alkylsulphates for use as
detergents, e.g. sodium lauryl sulphate.
What deductions about the properties of this substance can be made from this structure?
1 Part of the structure is polar and is water–attracting.

2 The alkyl chain is soluble in oil droplets.
3 All the C-C-C bond angles are tetrahedral.
46. Which of the following statements are correct for the sequence of compounds below considered
from left to right?
NaF MgO Al N SiC
1 The electronegativity difference between the elements in each compound increases.

2 The formula-units of these compounds are isoelectronic (have the same number of
electrons).
3 The bonding becomes increasingly covalent.
47. Which statements concerning the third period elements (sodium to argon) and their compounds
are correct?
1 The elements become more electronegative from sodium to chlorine.

2 Aluminium oxide is the only oxide which is insoluble in water.
3 The maximum oxidation state is shown by silicon.
48. Which pairs of compounds contain one that is giant ionic and one that is simple molecular?
1 Al 2O3 and Al2Cl6

2 SiO2 and SiCl4
3 P4O10 and PCl3
49. Which of the following molecules and ions have a regular trigonal planar shape?
1 Al Cl3
2 CH3+
3 PH3
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50. Which molecules are planar?
1 BCl3
2 NH3
3 PH3
51. Boron is a non-metallic element which is placed above aluminium in Group III of the
Periodic Table. It forms a compound with nitrogen known as boron nitride which has a
graphite structure.
Which of the following conclusions can be drawn from this information?
1 The empirical formula of boron nitride is BN.

2 The boron and nitride atoms are likely to be arranged alternately in a
hexagonal pattern.
3 Boron nitride has a layer structure with van der Waals’ forces between the
layers.
52. The Group IV elements carbon, silicon and germanium all exist in a diamond structure. The
bond lengths in these structures are given below.
Why does the bond length increase down the group?
1 Orbital overlap decreases down the group.

2 Atomic radius increases down the group.
3 Nuclear charge increases down the group.
53. Which of the following solids contain more than one type of chemical bond?
1 brass (an alloy of copper and zinc)

2 graphite
3 ice
54. Chlorine is a greenish-yellow gas, bromine is a dark red liquid and iodine is a dark grey solid.
What causes these differences in volatility?
1 the halogen-halogen bond energy

2 the magnitude of the van der Waals’ forces between the molecules
3 the number of electrons in the halogen molecule
55. Which physical properties are due to hydrogen bonding between water molecules?
1 Water has a higher boiling point than H2S.

2 Ice floats on water.
3 The H−O−H bond angle in water is approximately 104°
56. Sodium hydrogensulfide, NaSH, is used to remove hair from animal hides.
Which statements about the SH– ion are correct?
1 It contains 18 electrons.
2 Three lone pairs of electrons surround the sulfur atom.
3 Sulfur has an oxidation state of +2.
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57. Which diagrams represent part of a giant molecular structure?
58. Which types of intermolecular forces can exist between adjacent urea molecules?
1 hydrogen bonding
2 permanent dipole-dipole forces
3 temporary induced dipole-dipole forces
59. Which statements about covalent bonds are correct?
1 A triple bond consists of one π bond and two σ bonds.

2 The electron density in a σ bond is highest along the axis between the two bonded atoms.
3 A π bond restricts rotation about the σ bond axis.
60. Which are features of the structure of metallic copper?
1 a lattice of ions
3 ionic bonds
61. Which descriptions of the ammonium ion are correct?
1 It contains ten electrons.

2 It has a bond angle of 109.5°.
3 It has only three bonding pairs of electrons
62. What is involved when a hydrogen bond is formed between two molecules?
1 a hydrogen atom bonded to an atom less electronegative than itself

2 a lone pair of electrons
3 an electrostatic attraction between opposite charges
63. Two conversions are outlined below.
What similar feature do these two conversions have?
A) a lone pair of electrons in the product

B) change in oxidation state of an element
C) decrease in bond angle of the species involved
D) disappearance of a π bond
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64. What is always involved in a carbon-carbon π bond?
1 a shared pair of electrons

2 a sideways overlap of p orbitals
65. What is the most likely shape of a molecule of hydrazine, N2H4?
66. Which solid contains more than one kind of bonding?
A) iodine B) silicon dioxide C) sodium chloride D) zinc
67. Which molecule has the largest overall dipole?
68. Which of the following molecules and ions have a regular trigonal planar shape?
69. Compared with the HCl molecule, the bond ……X…… of the HBr molecule is ……Y……
Which pairs of words correctly complete the above sentence?
70. Sodium borohydride, NaBH4, and boron trifluoride, BF3, are compounds of boron.
What are the shapes around boron in the borohydride ion and in boron trifluoride?
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71. Some car paints contain small flakes of silica, SiO2.

In the structure of solid SiO2
● each silicon atom is bonded to x oxygen atoms,

● each oxygen atom is bonded to y silicon atoms,
● each bond is a z type bond.
What is the correct combination of x, y and z in this statement?
72. In which pair do the molecules have the same shape as each other?
A) H2O and CO2 B) H2O and SCl2
C) NH3 and BH3 D) SCl2 and BeCl2
73. Carvone is found in spearmint.
How many σ and π bonds are present in this molecule?
74. How may nitrogen exist in compounds?
1 bonded by a triple covalent bond

2 as part of a cation
3 having lost 3 electrons to form an anion
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75. Which of these substances have a giant structure?
1 silicon(IV) oxide
2 baked clay found in crockery
3 phosphorus(V) oxide
76. Which statement can be explained by intermolecular hydrogen bonding?
A) Butane has a higher boiling point than propane.

B) Hydrogen bromide forms an acidic solution when dissolved in water.
C) SiH4 has a higher boiling point than CH4.
D) Water has a higher boiling point than CH4.
77. Which diagram represents the overlap of two orbitals which will form a π bond?
78. Which molecule is planar?
79. The diagram shows a molecule that has σ bonds and π bonds.
How many σ bonds are present in this molecule?
80. In the gas phase, aluminium chloride exists as the dimer, Al2Cl6.
By using this information, which of the following are structural features of the Al2Cl6 molecule?
1 Each aluminium atom is surrounded by four chlorine atoms.

2 There are twelve non-bonded electron pairs in the molecule.
3 Each aluminium atom contributes electrons to four covalent bonds.
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81. Valence shell electron pair repulsion theory should be used to answer this question.
Which species are trigonal planar?
82. Dicarbon monoxide, C2O, is found in dust clouds in space. Analysis of it shows that the
sequence of atoms in this molecule is C – C – O. All bonds are double bonds and there are no
unpaired electrons.
How many lone pairs of electrons are present in a molecule of C2O?
A) 1 B) 2 C) 3 D) 4
83. Which statement about ammonia is completely correct?
A) Ammonia acts as a nucleophile by accepting a pair of electrons when it reacts with

bromoethane.
B) Ammonia can form a co-ordinate bond with a hydrogen ion to form an ammonium ion.
C) Ammonia is a base and accepts hydroxide ions.
D) The shape of the ammonia molecule is pyramidal with bond angles of 109.5°.
84. Which substances contain delocalised electrons?
1 cyclohexene 2 graphite 3 sodium
85. Which compound is the only gas at room temperature and pressure?
86. Which formula represents the empirical formula of a compound?
87. How do the strengths of the covalent bonds within molecules, and the van der Waals’ forces
between molecules, vary going down Group VII from chlorine to bromine to iodine?
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88. In a famous experiment, Wöhler heated ‘inorganic’ ammonium cyanate in the absence of air.
The only product of the reaction was ‘organic’ urea, CO(NH2)2. No other products were formed
in the reaction.
What is the formula of the cyanate ion present in ammonium cyanate?
89. Which diagrams represent part of a giant molecular structure?
90. Which types of bond breakage and bond formation occur in the addition polymerisation of
alkenes?
91. Which solid contains more than one kind of bonding?
A) copper B) diamond C) ice D) magnesium oxide
92. Ammonia exists as simple covalent molecules, NH3. Ammonia can react with suitable reagents
to form products containing ammonium ions, NH4+. Ammonia can also react with suitable
reagents to form products containing amide ions, NH2–.
Which of these nitrogen-containing species are present in an aqueous solution of ammonia?
A) ammonia molecules, ammonium ions and amide ions

B) ammonia molecules and ammonium ions only
C) ammonia molecules only
D) ammonium ions only
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93. The table shows the physical properties of four substances.
Which substance has a giant covalent structure?
94. AlCl3 vapour forms molecules with formula Al2Cl6 as it is cooled.
What happens to the bond angles during the change from AlCl3 to Al2Cl6?
A) Some decrease, some remain the same.

B) Some increase, some remain the same.
C) They all decrease.
D) They all increase.
95. What is the order of increasing melting point of the four chlorides shown?
96. P and Q are two liquid compounds with similar Mr values. Molecules of P attract each other by
hydrogen bonds. Molecules of Q attract each other by van der Waals’ forces only.
How do the properties of P and Q differ?
1 P has a higher surface tension than Q.

2 P is less soluble in water than Q.
3 P has a lower melting point than Q.
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97. Substances X, Y and Z are all solids. Some of their physical properties are given in the table.
What type of lattice could each substance have?
98. P and Q are two compounds with similar Mr values. Molecules of P attract each other by
A sample of liquid P is compared to a sample of liquid Q.
How will their properties differ?
1 P is more soluble in water than Q.

2 P has a higher melting point than Q.
3 P is more viscous than Q.
99. Which elements have atoms which can form π bonds with atoms of other elements?
1 oxygen 2 nitrogen 3 fluorine
100. Which compound has the greatest total number of lone pairs of electrons in the valence shells of
all of its atoms?
101. Four substances have the physical properties shown.
Which substance is an ionic solid?

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102. X is an element in Period 2.
In which fluoride is the F – X – F angle the largest?
103. P and Q are two liquid compounds with similar Mr values. Molecules of P attract each other by
How do the properties of P and Q differ?
1 P has higher surface tension than Q.

2 P has a higher boiling point than Q.
3 P is less viscous than Q.
104. The intermolecular forces between iodine molecules are instantaneous dipole-induced dipole
forces.
Which statements explain why iodine has these intermolecular forces?
1 An iodine molecule is polar and experiences an attraction from a lone pair of electrons on an
adjacent molecule.
2 An iodine molecule has a fluctuating dipole because the electrons in a molecule are more
mobile than the nuclei.
3 The electron charge cloud within an I2 molecule may become unsymmetrical and may then
attract other I2 molecules.
105. The table shows the physical properties of four substances.
Which substance could be hydrogen chloride?
106. Methylpropan-1-ol and butan-1-ol are structural isomers. Methylpropan-1-ol has a lower boiling
point.
Which statement explains why the boiling point of methylpropan-1-ol is lower than that of
butan-1-ol?
A) Methylpropan-1-ol cannot form hydrogen bonds.

B) Methylpropan-1-ol has weaker covalent bonds than butan-1-ol.
C) Methylpropan-1-ol has weaker van der Waals’ forces than butan-1-ol.
D) Methylpropan-1-ol molecules have more surface area than butan-1-ol molecules.
PAGE 134
107. Which row shows properties of a ceramic material?
108. Copper and iodine are both shiny crystalline solids.
Which forces exist between particles in solid copper and between neighbouring iodine molecules
in solid iodine?
109. X, Y and Z are compounds of three elements in Period 3. Their electrical conductivities are
shown in the table.
110. Which types of intermolecular forces can exist between adjacent urea molecules?
1 hydrogen bonding
2 permanent dipole-dipole forces
3 instantaneous dipole-induced dipole forces
PAGE 135
111. Which quantity gives the best indication of the relative strengths of the hydrogen bonds between
the molecules in liquid hydrogen halides?
A) bond dissociation energies

B) enthalpy changes of formation
C) enthalpy changes of solution
D) enthalpy changes of vaporisation
112. The double bond between the two carbon atoms in an ethene molecule consists of one σ bond
and one π bond.
Which orbitals overlap to form each of these bonds?
113. Urea is a product of animal metabolism. It can also be used as a fertiliser.
The diagram shows angle x in this molecule.
Which statements about the structure of urea are correct?
114. Phosphorus forms a compound with hydrogen called phosphine, PH3. This compound can react
with a hydrogen ion, H+.
Which type of interaction occurs between PH3 and H+?
A) dative covalent bond B) dipole-dipole forces
C) hydrogen bond D) ionic bond
115. Why does aluminium chloride, Al2Cl6, sublime at the relatively low temperature of 180 °C?
1 The intermolecular forces between the Al2Cl6 molecules are weak.

2 The co-ordinate bonds between aluminium and chlorine are weak.
3 The covalent bonds between aluminium and chlorine are weak.
PAGE 136
116. Which pair has species with different shapes?
117. Which statement can be explained by intermolecular hydrogen bonding?
A) Ethanol has a higher boiling point than propane.

B) Hydrogen chloride has a higher boiling point than silane, SiH4.
C) Hydrogen iodide forms an acidic solution when dissolved in water.
D) Propanone has a higher boiling point than propane.
118. Nitrogen exists in air as covalently bonded diatomic molecules, N2.
Which features are present in one N2 molecule?
1 three π bonds
2 three shared pairs of electrons
3 two lone pairs of electrons
119. Nitrogen, N2, and carbon monoxide, CO, both have Mr = 28.
The boiling point of N2 is 77 K.

The boiling point of CO is 82 K.
What could be responsible for this difference in boiling points?
A) CO molecules have a permanent dipole, the N2 molecules are not polar.

B) N2 has σ and π bonding, CO has σ bonding only.
C) N2 has a strong N≡N bond, CO has a C=O bond.
D) The CO molecule has more electrons than the N2 molecule.
120. Some car paints contain small flakes of silica, SiO2.

In the structure of solid SiO2
● each silicon atom is bonded to x oxygen atoms,

● each oxygen atom is bonded to y silicon atoms,
● each bond is a z type bond.
What is the correct combination of x, y and z in these statements?

PAGE 137
121. The Group IV elements carbon, silicon and germanium can all exist in the giant molecular
structure which is also found in diamond. The bond lengths in these structures are given below.
Why does the bond length increase down the group?
1 Orbital overlap decreases down the group.

2 Atomic radius increases down the group.
3 Nuclear charge increases down the group.
122. Which type of bonding is never found in elements?
A) covalent B) ionic C) metallic D) van der Waals’ forces
123. Three substances have the physical properties shown in the table.
What could be the identities of U, V and W?
Which row correctly compares the electrical conductivity and first ionisation energy of
magnesium and aluminium?
125. Which descriptions of the ammonium ion are correct?
1 It contains ten electrons.

2 It has a bond angle of 109.5°.
3 It has only three bonding pairs of electrons
PAGE 138
Chemical bonding Assignment theory sheet
1. (d) In the boxes below, draw diagrams to show the shapes of an ammonia molecule and an
ammonium ion. Clearly show the bond angles on your diagrams.
[4]
2. Sulphur and its compounds are found in volcanoes, in organic matter and in minerals.
Sulphuric acid, an important industrial chemical, is manufactured from sulphur by the

Contact process. There are three consecutive reactions in the Contact process which are
essential.
(a) Write a balanced equation (using where appropriate) for each of these reactions
in the correct sequence..
1 ......................................................................................................................................
2 ......................................................................................................................................
3 ................................................................................................................................ [4]
(b) What catalyst is used?
................................................................................................................................... [1]
Hydrogen sulphide, H2S, is a foul-smelling compound found in the gases from volcanoes.
Hydrogen sulphide is covalent, melting at –85 °C and boiling at –60 °C.
(c) (i) Draw a ‘dot-and-cross’ diagram to show the structure of the H2S molecule.
(ii) Predict the shape of the H2S molecule.
.............................................................
(iii) Oxygen and sulphur are both in Group VI of the Periodic Table.
Suggest why the melting and boiling points of water, H2O, are much higher than
those of H2S.
.................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................ [4]
PAGE 139
3. Carbon disulphide, CS2, is a volatile, stinking liquid which is used to manufacture viscose
rayon and cellophane.
(a) The carbon atom is in the centre of the CS2 molecule.
Draw a ‘dot-and-cross’ diagram of the carbon disulphide molecule.

[2]
(b) Suggest the shape of the molecule and give its bond angle.
shape .........................................................
bond angle ................................................. [2]
4. Ethene, C2H4, and hydrazine, N2H4, are hydrides of elements which are adjacent in the
Periodic Table. Data about ethene and hydrazine are given in the table below.
(a) Ethene and hydrazine have a similar arrangement of atoms but differently shaped
molecules.
(i) What is the H-C-H bond angle in ethene?
.................................................................................................................................
(ii) Draw a ‘dot-and-cross’ diagram for hydrazine.
(iii) What is the H-N-H bond angle in hydrazine?
................................................................................................................................. [4]
(b) The melting and boiling points of hydrazine are much higher than those of ethene.
Suggest reasons for these differences in terms of the intermolecular forces each
compound possesses.
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [3]
PAGE 140
(c) Explain, with the aid of a diagram showing lone pairs of electrons and dipoles, why
hydrazine is very soluble in ethanol.
[3]
Ethene and hydrazine each react with HCl.
(d) When ethene is reacted with HCl, C2H5Cl is the only product.
(i) Using structural formulae, give an equation for the reaction between ethene and
HCl.
(ii) What type of reaction occurs between HCl and ethene?
.................................................................................................................................
(iii) Explain why there is no further reaction between C2H5Cl and HCl.
................................................................................................................................. [3]
(e) When aqueous hydrazine is reacted with HCl, a solid compound of formula N2H5Cl may
be isolated. When an excess of HCl is used, a second solid, N2H6Cl2, is formed.
(i) Suggest what type of reaction occurs between hydrazine and HCl.
.................................................................................................................................
(ii) What feature of the hydrazine molecule enables this reaction to occur?
.................................................................................................................................
(iii) Suggest why one molecule of hydrazine is able to react with one or two molecules
of HCl.
.................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................. [3]
[Total: 16]
5. (b) Covalent bonding occurs when two atoms share a pair of electrons. Covalent bonding
may also be described in terms of orbital overlap with the formation of σ bonds.
(i) How are the two atoms in a covalent bond held together? In your answer, state which
particles are attracted to one another and the nature of the force of attraction.
.................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................
PAGE 141
(ii) Draw sketches to show orbital overlap that produces the σ bonding in the H2 and
HCl molecules.
[4]
(c) The bond in the HCl molecule is said to be ‘polar’.
(i) What is meant by the term bond polarity?
.................................................................................................................................
(ii) Explain why the HCl molecule is polar.
.................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................. [2]
(d) The bonding in ethene may be described as a mixture of σ and π bonding.

Each carbon atom in ethene forms three σ bonds as shown below.
On the diagram, sketch the π bond that is also present in ethene. [1]
6. (e) When solid aluminium chloride is heated above 451 K, a vapour is formed which has
Mr = 267.
When this vapour is heated above 1100 K, the vapour has Mr = 133.5.
(i) What are the molecular formulae of these two forms of aluminium chloride?
at 460 K ........................................ at 1150 K ........................................
(ii) Draw a ‘dot-and-cross’ diagram of the form of aluminium chloride that exists at the
higher temperature.
(iii) Draw a displayed formula of the form of aluminium chloride that exists at the lower
temperature. Indicate clearly the different types of bonds present.
[5]
PAGE 142
7. The structural formulae of water, methanol and methoxymethane, CH3OCH3, are given
below.
(a) (i) How many lone pairs of electrons are there around the oxygen atom in
methoxymethane?
.................................................................................................................................
(ii) Suggest the size of the C–O–C bond angle in methoxymethane.
................................................................................................................................. [2]
The physical properties of a covalent compound, such as its melting point, boiling point,
vapour pressure, or solubility, are related to the strength of attractive forces between the
molecules of that compound.
These relatively weak attractive forces are called intermolecular forces. They differ in their
strength and include the following.
A interactions involving permanent dipoles
B interactions involving temporary or induced dipoles
C hydrogen bonds
(b) By using the letters A, B, or C, state the strongest intermolecular force present in each
of the following compounds.
For each compound, write the answer on the dotted line.
ethanal CH3CHO ..............
ethanol CH3CH2OH ..............
methoxymethane CH3OCH3 ..............
2-methylpropane (CH3)2CHCH3 .............. [4]
(c) Methanol and water are completely soluble in each other.
(i) Which intermolecular force exists between methanol molecules and water molecules
that makes these two liquids soluble in each other?
.................................................................................................................................
(ii) Draw a diagram that clearly shows this intermolecular force. Your diagram should
show any lone pairs or dipoles present on either molecule that you consider to be
important.
[4]
PAGE 143
(d) When equal volumes of ethoxyethane, C2H5OC2H5, and water are mixed, shaken, and
then allowed to stand, two layers are formed.
Suggest why ethoxyethane does not fully dissolve in water. Explain your answer.
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [2]
[Total: 12]
8. Elements and compounds which have small molecules usually exist as gases or liquids.
(a) Chlorine, Cl2, is a gas at room temperature whereas bromine, Br2, is a liquid under the
same conditions.
Explain these observations.
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................... [2]
(b) The gases nitrogen, N2, and carbon monoxide, CO, are isoelectronic, that is they have
the same number of electrons in their molecules.
Suggest why N2 has a lower boiling point than CO.
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................... [2]
(c) A ‘dot-and-cross’ diagram of a CO molecule is shown below. Only electrons from outer
shells are represented.
In the table below, there are three copies of this structure.

On the structures, draw a circle round a pair of electrons that is associated with each of
the following.
[3]
PAGE 144
(d) Hydrogen cyanide, HCN, is a gas which is also isoelectronic with N2 and with CO.
Each molecule contains a strong triple bond with the following bond energies.
Although each compound contains the same number of electrons and a strong triple
bond in its molecule, CO and HCN are both very reactive whereas N2 is not.
Suggest a reason for this.
.........................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................... [1]
9. (e) Sulfur dioxide is used as a food preservative.
What property of sulfur dioxide enables it to act in this way?
.................................................................................................................................... [1]
(f) Another sulfur compound which is present in the Earth’s atmosphere is carbonyl sulfide,
OCS. The sequence of atoms in the molecule is oxygen-carbon-sulfur and the molecule
is not cyclic.
(i) Draw a ‘dot-and-cross’ diagram of the OCS molecule.

(ii) Suggest a value for the O – C – S bond angle.
................................... [2]
10. (c) Sulfur forms the compound S4N4 with nitrogen. The structure of S4N4 is shown below.
Assume all bonds shown are single bonds.
(i) Determine the number of lone pairs of electrons around a nitrogen atom and a sulfur
atom in S4N4.
nitrogen atom ................................
sulfur atom ................................

PAGE 145
(ii) Which bond angle, a or b, in the S4N4 molecule will be smaller? Explain your answer.
...................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................... [2]
PAGE 146
Answer Sheet for Chemical bonding assignment MCQ's

1. B 2. A 3. D 4. A 5. C 6. D 7. C
8. D 9. D 10. B 11. C 12. D 13. D 14. B
15. D 16. C 17. B 18. B 19. A 20. C 21. D
22. A 23. D 24. A 25. D 26. C 27. D 28. D
29.C 30. C 31. C 32. C 33. B 34. A 35. B
36. C 37. D 38. C 39. B 40. D 41. D 42. C
43. C 44. C 45. A 46. C 47. D 48. D 49. B
50.D 51. A 52. B 53. C 54. C 55. B 56. B
57. B 58. A 59. C 60. B 61. B 62. C 63. C
64. B 65. D 66. A 67. B 68. A 69. A 70. D
71. C 72. B 73. D 74. B 75. B 76. D 77. B
78. A 79. C 80. D 81. B 82. C 83. B 84. C

PAGE 147
85. D 86. A 87. B 88. A 89. B 90. A 91. C
92. B 93. D 94. C 95. B 96. D 97. C 98. A
99. B 100. B 101. C 102. A 103. B 104. C 105. B
106. C 107. D 108. D 109. C 110. A 111. D 112. A
113. D 114. A 115. D 116. C 117. A 118. C 119. A
120. C 121. B 122. B 123. D 124. B 125. B

PAGE 148
Chemical bonding assignment sheet answer
1.
2.
3.
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4.
5.
PAGE 150
6.
7.
PAGE 151
8.
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9.
10.

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Atomic structure, worksheet 1

1) The atoms X and Y electronic configurations shown below.

X = 1s2, 2s2, 2p6, 3s2, 3p6, 3d10, 4s2

Which one of the following compounds are they likely to form

A) XY B) XY2 C) X2Y D) XY4

A) 1s2, 2s1 B) 2s1, 2p2 C) 3p3 D) 4s2, 4p1

A) Chemical reactivity C) First ionization energy

1st 2nd 3rd 4th 1st 2nd 3rd 4th

1st 2nd 3rd 4th 1st 2nd 3rd 4th

6) Which of the following electronic configuration represents an element that forms a

A) D3O+ B) He+ C) OD- D) OH-

10) Which of the following ions contains an unpaired electron?

A) Ca2+ B) Cu2+ C) K+ D) Ti4+

11) The use of the Data Booklet is relevant to this question

The successive ionization energies, in kJ mol-1, of an element X are given below

870 1800 3000 3600 5800 7000 13200

A) Ca(g) Ca2+(g) + 2e- H = +1150

B) Ca+(g) Ca2+(g) + e- H = + 1150

C) Ca(s) Ca2+(aq) + 2e- H = +1150

D) Ca+(s) Ca2+(g) + e- H = +1150

A) 1s2, 2s2, 2p6, 3s2 C) 1s2, 2s2, 2p6, 3s2, 3p2

Element Atomic number

584 620 660 660 680

Where in the Periodic Table is this sequence of elements likely to be located?

A) Group II C) Group VII

Least endothermic Most endothermic

18) Use of the Data Booklet is relevant to this question.

A) Argon B) Calcium C) Chlorine D) Potassium

19) The orbital of a nitrogen atom may be represented as shown

A) A spherically-shaped orbital C) Either an ‘s’ or ‘p’ orbital

In which order are the electrons lost in forming Ga4+ ion?

1st 2nd 3rd 4th

A) The number of electrons C) The number of neutrons

A) 1s2, 2s2, 2p3 C) 1s2, 2s2, 2p4

24) Which equation relates to the first ionization energy of bromine?

25) Which of the following ions contains five unpaired d-electrons?

A) Cr3+ B) Fe3+ C) Mn3+ D) Ni2+

What are sub-shells x and y?

A) x = 3d, y = 4s B) x = 4s, y = 3d C) x = 4s, y = 4p D) x = 4p, y = 3d

27) An ion Q2+ contains 44 protons

What is the electronic configuration Q2+?

A) 14N+ B) 16O2+ C) 17F+ D) 28Si

1. Each 's' orbital can contain a maximum of two electrons

30) Gaseous particle X has a proton number n and charge of +1

Gaseous particle Y has a proton number n+1 and is isoelectronic with X.

Which of the following statements correctly describe X and Y?

1. X has larger radius than Y

32) A species Z has the following electronic configuration.

What could Z be?

1. Cl+ ion 2. S atom 3. Ar2- ion

33) Which statement about atomic particles is correct?

1. The nucleon number of an element is the number of neutrons in one

35. Use of the Data Booklet is relevant to this question.

What is the transition element?

870 1800 3000 3600 5800 7000 13 200

A) 33As B) 40Zr C) 52Te D) 53I

38. Unnilpentium is an artificial element. One of its isotopes is 105262Unp.

Which of the following statements is correct?

A) 105262Unp has a nucleon number of 105.

What could be the formula of the chloride of X?

A) XCl B) XCl2 C) XCl3 D) XCl4