FRACTIONS & EXPONENTS

FRACTIONS

This presentation will help you to:

• add
• subtract
• multiply and
• divide fractions
Adding fractions

To add fractions together the

denominator (the bottom bit) must be
the same.

Example
1 2
 
8 8
Adding fractions

To add fractions together the

denominator (the bottom bit) must be
the same.

Example
1 2 1 2
  
8 8 8
Adding fractions

To add fractions together the

denominator (the bottom bit) must be
the same.

Example
1
 
21  2 3

8 8 8 8
Now try these

Click to see the next slide to reveal the answers.

2 1
1. 1 1
  2.  
3 3 4 4

2 4 3 7
3.   4.  
7 7 12 12
Now try these

1. 2. 21  3
1 1 2
 
3 3 3 4 4 4

3. 2 4 6 4. 3 7 10
   
7 7 7 12 12 12
Subtracting fractions
To subtract fractions the denominator
(the bottom bit) must be the same.

Example

3 2
 
8 8
Subtracting fractions
To subtract fractions the denominator
(the bottom bit) must be the same.

Example

3 2 32
  
8 8 8
Subtracting fractions
To subtract fractions the denominator
(the bottom bit) must be the same.

Example

3 2 32 1
  
8 8 8 8
Now try these
Click on the next slide to reveal the answers.

1. 2 1 2. 2 1
   
3 3 4 4

3. 4 3 4. 7 3
   
7 7 12 12
 Now try these
.

1. 2 1 1 2. 2 1 1
   
3 3 3 4 4 4

3. 4 3 1 4. 7 3 4
   
7 7 7 12 12 12
Multiplying fractions
To multiply fractions we multiply
the tops and multiply the bottoms

Top x Top
Bottom x Bottom
Multiplying fractions
Example

1 1
 
2 3
Multiplying fractions
Example

1 1 11 
 
2 3 2 3
Multiplying fractions
Example

1 1 11  1
 
2 3 2 3 6
Now try these
Click on the next slide to reveal the answers.

1. 1 1 2. 2 1
   
3 3 4 4

3. 2 4 4. 1 3
   
4 5 3 5
 Now try these
.

1. 1 1 1 2. 2 1 2
   
3 3 9 4 4 16

3. 2 4 8 4. 1 3 3
   
4 5 20 3 5 15
Dividing fractions
Once you know a simple trick,
dividing is as easy as multiplying!

• Turn the second fraction upside down

• Change the divide to multiply

• Then multiply!
 Dividing fractions
1 1
 ?
Example 6 3

•Turn the second fraction upside down 1 3


6 1
 Dividing fractions
1 1
 ?
Example
6 3

•Turn the second fraction upside down 1 3


6 1
•Change the divide into a multiply 1 3

6 1
 Dividing fractions
1 1
 ?
Example
6 3

•Turn the second fraction upside down 1 3


6 1
•Change the divide into a multiply 1 3

6 1
1 3 1 3
•Then multiply   
6 1 6 1
 Dividing fractions
1 1
 ?
Example 6 3

•Turn the second fraction upside down 1 3


6 1
•Change the divide into a multiply 1 3

6 1
1 3 1 3 3
•Then multiply   
6 1 6 1 6
Now try these
Click on the next screen to reveal the answers.

1. 1 1 2. 1 2
   
3 2 4 3

3. 1 2 4. 1 4
   
4 6 2 5
Now try these

1. 1 1 2 2. 1 2 3
   
3 2 3 4 3 8

3. 1 2 6 4. 1 4 5
   
4 6 8 2 5 8
 mmon denominators
Com

To add or subtract fractions together the

denominator (the bottom bit) must be
the same.

So, sometimes we have to change the

bottoms to make them the same.

In “maths-speak” we say we must get

common denominators
 mmon denominators
Com

To get a common denominator we have

to:

1.Multiply the bottoms together.

2.Then multiply the top bit by the correct

number to get an equivalent fraction
 mmon denominators
Com

1 1
For example  ?
2 3
 mmon denominators
Com

1 1
For example  ?
2 3

1. Multiply the bottoms together

23  6
 mmon denominators
Com

1 1
For example  ?
2 3

2. Write the two fractions as sixths

1 ? 1 ?
 
2 6 3 6
 mmon denominators
Com

1 1
For example  ?
2 3

To get ½ into sixths we have multiplied

the bottom (2) by 3. To get an
equivalent fraction we need to multiply
the top by 3 also
 mmon denominators
Com

1 1
For example  ?
2 3

To get ½ into sixths we have multiplied

the bottom (2) by 3. To get an
equivalent fraction we need to multiply
the top by 3 also
1 1 3 3
 
2 6 6
 mmon denominators
Com
For example 1 1
 ?
2 3
 To get 1/3 into sixths we have multiplied the
bottom (3) by 2. To get an
equivalent fraction we need to multiply the top by
2 also
 mmon denominators
Com
For example
1 1
 ?
2 3
 To get 1/3 into sixths we have multiplied the
bottom (3) by 2. To get an
equivalent fraction we need to multiply the top by
2 also

1 1 2 2
 
3 6 6
 mmon denominators
Com

1 1
For example  ?
2 3

We can now rewrite

1 1
 
2 3
 mmon denominators
Com

1 1
For example  ?
2 3

We can now rewrite

1 1 3 2
  
2 3 6 6
 mmon denominators
Com

1 1
For example  ?
2 3

We can now rewrite

1 1 3 2 3 2
   
2 3 6 6 6
 mmon denominators
Com

1 1
For example  ?
2 3

We can now rewrite

1 1 3 2 3 2 1
    
2 3 6 6 6 6
 mmon denominators
Com

This is what we have done:

1 1
 ??
2 3 6 6

1. Multiply the
bottoms
 mmon denominators
Com

This is what we have done:

1 1
  ?  ?  1 3  ?
2 3 6 6 6 6
1. Multiply the 2.Cross
bottoms multiply
 mmon denominators
Com

This is what we have done:

1 1
  ?  ?  1 3  ?  3  1 2
2 3 6 6 6 6 6 6
1. Multiply the 2.Cross
bottoms multiply
 mmon denominators
Com

This is what we have done:

1 1
  ?  ?  1 3  ?  3  1 2  3  2
2 3 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6
1. Multiply the 2.Cross
bottoms multiply
Now try these
Click on the next slide to reveal the answers.

1. 1 1 2. 1 2
   
3 2 4 3

3. 3 1 4. 4 1
   
4 6 5 2
 Now try these
.

1. 1 1 5 2. 1 2 11
   
3 2 6 4 3 12

3. 3 1 14 7 4. 4 1 3
    
4 6 24 12 5 2 10
LAWS OF EXPONENTS
 Exponents
exponent

5 3

base

Example: 125  53 means that 53 is the exponential

form of the number 125.

53 means 3 factors of 5 or 5 x 5 x 5
The Laws of Exponents:
#1: Exponential form: The exponent of a power indicates
how many times the base multiplies itself.

x  x  x  x x  x  x  x
n

n times

n factors of x

Example: 5  5  5  5
3
#2: Multiplying Powers: If you are multiplying Powers
with the same base, KEEP the BASE & ADD the EXPONENTS!

m n
x x  x
m n

So, I get it!

When you
multiply
Powers, you 2 6  23  2 6  3  29
add the  512
exponents!
#3: Dividing Powers: When dividing Powers with the
same base, KEEP the BASE & SUBTRACT the EXPONENTS!
m
x mn
n
 x m
 x n
 x
x
So, I get it!
When you 26
6 2
divide  2  2 4

22
Powers, you
subtract the  16
exponents!
Try these:
12
s
1. 3  3 
2 2 7. 4

s
2. 5  5 
2 4
3 9
8. 
3. a  a 
5 2 5
3
12 8
4. 2s  4s 
2 7 s t
9. 4 4

st
5. (3)  (3) 
2 3
5 8
36a b
10. 
s t s t 
2 4 7 3 4 5
6. 4a b
 SOLUTIONS
2 2
1. 3  3  3  3  81
2 2 4

2 4
2. 5  5  5  5
2 4 6
5 2
3. a  a  a
5 2
a 7

27
4. 2s  4s  2  4  s
2 7
 8s 9

23
5. (3)  (3)  (3)
2 3
 (3)  243
5

6. s t s t 
2 4 7 3
s 2 7 43
t s t
9 7
 SOLUTIONS
12
s 12  4
s 8
7. 4
 s
s
9
3 9 5
3  3  81 4
8. 5

3
12 8
s t 12  4 8 4
s t s t 8 4
9. 4 4

st
5 8
36a b 5  4 8 5
36  4  a b  9ab

3
10. 4 5
4a b
#4: Power of a Power: If you are raising a Power to an
exponent, you multiply the exponents!

x 
n
m
x mn

So, when I
take a Power
to a power, I
multiply the (5 )  5
3 2 32
5
5
exponents
#5: Product Law of Exponents: If the product of the
bases is powered by the same exponent, then the result is a
multiplication of individual factors of the product, each powered
by the given exponent.

 xy  x y
n n n

So, when I take

a Power of a
Product, I apply
the exponent to (ab)  a b2 2 2

all factors of
the product.
#6: Quotient Law of Exponents: If the quotient of the
bases is powered by the same exponent, then the result is both
numerator and denominator , each powered by the given exponent.
n
 x x n

   n
 y y
So, when I take a
Power of a
Quotient, I apply 4
2 2
4
the exponent to 16
all parts of the    4 
quotient. 3 3 81
Try these: 5
s
1. 3  
2 5
 7.   
t
 
2. a 3 4 9 2
3 
8.  5  
3. 2a   2 3
3 
2

4. 2 a b  5 3 2  st 
8
9.  4  
2

 rt 
5. (3a )  2 2
5 8 2
 36a b 
10.  4 5  
 
6. s t 2 4 3
  4a b 
 SOLUTIONS

 
1. 3 2 5
 310

 
2. a 3 4
 a12

 
3. 2a 2 3
 2 a
3 23
 8a 6

 2
4. 2 a b 5 3 2
  222 a 52b32  24 a10 b 6  16a10 b 6

5. (3a )   3  a 22  9a 4
2 2 2

 
6. s t 2 4 3
s t
23 43
s t
6 12
 SOLUTIONS
5
s
5
s
7.   
t
5
t
2
3 
9
8.  5   34 2  38
3 
2
 st  8
 st 4 2
 s 2 8
t
9.  4      2
 rt  
 r  r
2
 36a b
5 8

10  4 5
 4a b
  9ab 3

 
2
9 a b
2 2 32
 81a b
2 6
#7: Negative Law of Exponents: If the base is powered
by the negative exponent, then the base becomes reciprocal with the
positive exponent.
m 1
So, when I have a
x  m
Negative Exponent, I x
switch the base to its
reciprocal with a
Positive Exponent.
Ha Ha! 3 1 1
5  3 
If the base with the 5 125
negative exponent is in and
the denominator, it
moves to the 1
numerator to lose its 2
 3 2
9
3
negative sign!
#8: Zero Law of Exponents: Any base powered by zero
exponent equals one.

x 1
0

So zero 50  1
factors of a
and
base equals 1.
That makes a0  1
sense! Every and
power has a (5a ) 0  1
coefficient
of 1.
Try these: 1
2 
2

1. 2a b 2 0
 7.   
 x 2
4
2. y y 
2
 39 
8.  5  
3. a  5 1
 3 
2
4. s  4s 2 7 s t 
2 2
9.  4 4  
s t 

5. 3x y 2
 3 4
 36a 5 2

10.  4 5  
6. s t  
2 4 0
 4a b 
 SOLUTIONS


1. 2a b  1
2
0

  5 1
1
3. a  5
a
2
4. s  4s  4s
7 5

   
8
2 3 4 4 12 x
5. 3x y  3 x y 8

81 y12

 
6. s t 2 4 0
 1
 SOLUTIONS
1 1
2  2 4 x
7.    x   4
 x  
9 2
 3 
3  4 2 8 1
8.  5  3  8
3  3
2

9.  4 4   s t   s t
s t 
2 2
 2  2 2 4 4

 s t  2 10
 36a 5   b

10.  4 5    9 2
a 2
b10
 2
81 a
 4a b 