WAVE MALL, NOIDA

CASE STUDY- SHOPPING MALL

ROHIT SUNNY
SRIHA.M
SNEHA.M
RISHAB SRIRAM
SITE:
PRIMARY ROAD
(MAHARAJA AGRASEN
MARG)

SECONDARY ROAD
(ACCESS TO MALL)

TOPOGRAPHY: PLAIN

SITE AREA: 8777sq.m

GROUND COVERAGE:
41%

BUILT UP AREA:
20,576sq.m

HEIGHT: 26m(G+6)

SETBACKS: Front-25m
Side- 7.5m
rear - 4m
PARKING AND AREA STATEMENT PARKINGS are
provided on the
basement and
lower ground floor
levels.

Total parking area

of 4700sq.m is
allocated for
parking.

Separate entry and

exits ensure an
efficient layout
and a smooth flow
of traffic within
the site.

Parking area is
about 23% of built
up area.

PLAN OF LOWER GROUND FLOOR Centralized air

conditioners with
chiller plants are
About 60% of built up area (according to laws) have provided.
been provided in order to accommodate the crowd. HVAC, electrical,
generator rooms
are provided at
this level.
HORIZONTAL AND VERTICAL CIRCULATION

● The mall is got a centrally located

atrium that enhances the lighting in
all the 6 floors.

● Fire exits have been clearly

demarcated.

● Staircase, Escalators and lifts are

provided for vertical movement
(shifting from one floor to another)
at different accessible locations.

● Seperate Washrooms for men and

women are located on every floor.

● Service corridors are differentiated

from the common corridors. They are
given access to the exterior of the
mall.

● The common corridors help in

moving across the floor.
LOWER GROUND FLOOR ZONING ● Circulation
follows a linear
hierarchy.

● Corridors are 3m
wide with 2 lifts,
2 escalators and
5 staircases.

● Adequate
common areas
are provided for
visitors to move
around and
having a visual
access to the
space.

● Since eating is a
necessary, food
courts are
provided with
sufficient area.
GROUND FLOOR ZONING Characterised
by huge open
area since its
the main floor
of the mall.

Area of
atrium=512sq.m

Food courts
Anchor stores
Small stores
entertainment
FIRST FLOOR ZONING Anchor
stores can be
located away
from
immediate
reach so that
other shops
also have
footfall.

Since main
element of
attraction
becomes the
anchor store,
the other
smaller
stores feel
neglected.
SECOND FLOOR ZONING
THIRD FLOOR ZONING
The multiplex
occupies major
area in this
floor. (2
SCREENS)

The box office

of could have
been located in
this floor for
higher footfall.

There are no
shopping zones
in this floor.
FOURTH FLOOR ZONING
There is ample
space for
movement
and
accommodatio
n of the
visitors.

This floor also

does not have
any shops
predominantly
FIFTH FLOOR ZONING
This floor
houses 3
screens and
a common
buffer
space.

Gaming
zones etc
are
provided in
the floors
above.
SIXTH FLOOR ZONING
MULTIPLEX
LITERATURE
STUDY

GROUP MEMBERS
RISHAB SRIRAM
SNEHA M
SRIHA M
ROHIT SUNNY

• A shopping center is a complex of retail stores end related
facilities planned as a unified group to give maximum shopping
convenience to the customer .
• To trace the complete history of commerce back to its inception,
we must travel to a time when wooly mammoths still walked the
Earth. People exchanged cows and sheep in trade as far back as
9000 BC. The first proper currency extends as far back as 3000 BC
in Mesopotamia.
• The first retail stores take up the mantle a bit further down the
line. By 800 BC in ancient Greece, people had developed markets
with merchants selling their wares in the Agora in the city center.
• These ruins are of an ancient Greek agora. People would come
there not only to shop but to socialize and participate in
government.
1. Mom and Pops: 1700s–1800s.
• A “mom and pop” store is a colloquial phrase for a small, family-
owned, independent business.
• In the 18th and 19th centuries, and particularly by the 1880s,
these stores were plentiful throughout the United States. Many
of these stores were drug stores or general stores selling
everything from groceries and fabrics to toys and tools.
• People during this time were also expanding settlement across
the country and creating new towns.
The word “agora” derives from the ancient Greek term
ageirein, meaning “to gather together” and is attested as
early as the eighth century BCE.
It is commonly translated as “assembly,” “assembly
place,” and “market place.”
2. Department stores arrive: Mid 1800s – Early 1900s.
• The pioneering spirit of people moving west and both
opening and shopping at local general stores evolved as the
United States moved into the 20th century.
• In the late 19th and early 20th centuries,
• America’s business and economic sectors changed
dramatically. Agriculture — which had previously been the
dominant business — was replaced by manufacturing and
industry.
• Oil, steel, textile, and food production in factories brought
new jobs and new standards of living.
HISTORY
• 3. The first cash register was invented by
James Ritty in 1883.
• Ritty was a saloon keeper in Ohio and
nicknamed the invention the “incorruptible
cashier.” The machine used metal taps and
simple mechanics to record sales.
• A bell sounded when a sale was completed,
leading to the phrase “ringing up” — which we
still use today.
• This invention went on to spark the ease of
customer checkout for over a century, as it
was quickly adopted for retail sales.
• 4. In the 1920s, credit cards or “charge
cards” began to take hold of the American
shopper. However, these early cards were usually
issued by hotels or individual businesses and could
only be used within their companies.
• The first universal credit card that could be used at
multiple establishment was the Diners Club card in
1950.
• The first bank-run credit card was started by Bank
of America in 1958. Unlike today, a credit card’s
main use was so people didn’t have to travel to a
bank and withdraw money to shop.
• Today it is far more of a bookkeeping/convenience
use.
5. Shopping malls: 1950s.
 TYPES OF MALLS
REGIONAL MALL
• A regional mall is a shopping place which offers general merchandise (a large
percentage of which is apparel) and services in depth and width. A typical regional
mall is usually enclosed with an inward orientation of the stores connected by a
common walkway and parking surrounds the outside perimeter.
• As per International Council of Shopping Centers any mall which is designed to
cater large number of local people and is larger with 400,000 sq ft (37,000 m2) to
800,000 sq ft (74,000 m2) gross leasable area with at least two anchor stores is
known as regional mall. These malls are proved to be good tourist attractions if are
located in vacation areas.
• The unique feature of such malls is that their goods such as clothes, fashion
accessories, grocery, etc are made in their regionsDuring weekends and holidays,
these become a place for fun and social get together.
SUPER REGIONAL MALLS
• A super regional mall, as the vary name implies, is a shopping place which is an
extension of regional malls in terms of size and merchandise assortment.
• As per International Council of Shopping Centers, any mall which is designed to
cater large population base and is larger with over 800,000 sq ft (74,000 m2) of
gross leasable area, and serves as the dominant shopping venue for the region (25
miles) in which it is located is known as super regional mall
• A super regional mall usually is an enclosed mall with three or more anchors
catering visitors with mass merchants, more variety, and a deeper selection of
merchandise.
• Most of the regional malls are multilevel and serve as dominant shopping venues
for the region in which they are located.
The concept of vertical mall came in
existence because of the complexities of
densely populated cities/nations where land
price were so high that it was becoming
difficult for existing retailers to think of any
kind of horizontal expansion to
accommodate increasing crowd to their
retail outlets.
It contains a hotel, luxury condominiums, and office space and sits
atop a block-long base containing an eight-level atrium-style retail
mall that fronts on the Magnificent Mile.
VERTICAL
The mall which is still operational has almost 100 shops spread in
MALLS eight different levels. Besides this, mall contains several
restaurants, eateries, a live theatre, arranged around a chrome-
and-glass
 HISTORY’S FIRST MALL
• Shopping center in the heart of the business district The Emperor
Trajan's architect, the Greek slave Apollodorus, built a shopping
center adjacent to the Roman Forum in A.D . 110 .
• It had a two-level enclosed and ventilated mall lined with open-
fronted shops startlingly similar to today's most upto-date concept

• The analyst, from his available statistical records, and based

on the income level, population, ethnic origins, and other
characteristics of the trade area, then makes estimates of
the amount of family income likely to be allocated to such
categories as food, drugs, furniture, women's and men's
clothes, shoes, department store purchases, etc and, from
these estimates

• Detailed Analysis prior to planning is done by Analyst : the market analyst • He prepares charts indicating the
makes a complete survey of the anticipated trade area surrounding the recommended total amount of floor
proposed site for the center . area to be built and how much of this
• The analyst assembles data on existing population, future population trends, floor area should be devoted to the
income levels, car ownership, existing shopping facilities and their probable various kinds of merchandise and
future competitive effect, and also projected facilities already announced or services .
likely to be announced by other developers • These data then form the basis for the
architectural planning .
MALL STORE LAYOUTS
SHOPS BAKERY/ BAKERS STORE

TYPICAL LAYOUT SECTIONAL VIEW OF SALE

VEGETABLE STORE
SHOPS

SEA FOOD/POULTRY
STORE
SHOPS
CHEMIST SHOE STORE
 STAIRS
• Max of 16 risers allowed in each flight. With very long stairways VERTICAL
must be change of direction of 30° or more at landing after not more
than 36 rises in consecutive flights CIRCULATION
• Carpet fixing: Avoid step and, particularly, nosing
• Landings between flights must be level and unobstructed, with going
not less than width of stair. • Injurious materials: The stair as well as the handrails
• Clear headroom of 2000 must be maintained, measured vertically and balustrading should be free from projecting
from pitch line (line of nosings). elements, sharp edges and corners, and any rough
surfaces, bars, rods, and other elements that have a
• All parallel treads must have same going; tapered treads must have small section.
same rate of taper, narrow ends at same side, and same going when
measured in centre. . • Materials: Handrails should not be too slippery or too
rough.
• Continuous handrails required on any flight rising more than 600.
Height must be 800—1 000 above pitch line. Rails required at both
sides on stairs wider than 1 000.
ESCALATORS
Types of
escalators

These limitations are as follows:

• Since the equipment does not stop, the passenger must accelerate
to full speed in the action of stepping on, that is in the length of one
step.
• Movement is linear, with passengers exiting in the order they
entered. This means that each machine can only operate between RAMPS
two fixed points, unlike an elevator, which can have many
intermediate stops. • Minimum length of ramp
• The angle of incline is limited. Therefore any significant vertical rise should be 9m with
is accompanied by a far greater horizontal movement, whether this is handrail at a height of
desired or not. A moving walk (that is, with a surface that does not 800mm-900mm.
form steps during its travel), can be built at any angle from horizontal Minimum gap of handrail
to 15°. to wall should be 50 mm
For escalators (which do form steps) the angle is normally 30°, and • Prevent installation of
deviations from this are rare. steel ramp
• Riding on an escalator requires a certain degree of agility and • Provide a flat landing of
locomotor skill. It is not suitable for a wheelchair. A baby carriage or a 1500mm at top and
small baggage trolley can be carried, with some inconvenience. bottom to prevent loss of
It presents difficulty for the visually impaired, since it is necessary to control
observe the arrival of the treads.
 CLUSTER ARRANGEMENT OF LIFTS
LIFTS
CORRIDORS
HORIZONTAL CIRCULATION
 MAX WIDTH OF ROAD
PARKING SYSTEM STANDARDS FOR TWO WAY

BASEMENT PARKING

ADJACENT PARKING RAMP TYPES :

SPIRAL/ HELICAL RAMP
SLOPED RAMP PARKING

PARKING SYSTEM WITH

DOUBLE HELICAL RAMP TURNING RADIUS OF
CARS
BARRIER FREE DESIGN WHEELCHAIR STANDARDS

WITH WALKING STCK HANDRAIL REQUIREMENT

CAR PARKING WITH WHEEL CHAIR ACCESS

WHEEL CHAIR ACCESS
FIXTURE
LOCATION IN
TO LIFTS TO W.C.
ELEVATION

ACCESS DEFINED BY
SPACE AND DOOR
SYMBOLS AND SIGNS

The main purpose of signs should be to provide a clear destination of places ,

warnings and routing information.
A person in wheel chair is less than 1200mm high ,a person
who is partially sighted needs contrasting textures along side walkways and
audible signs for dangerous areas.
Signs should be useful to everyone easily seen from eye level, readable by
moving the fingers and well lighted for night time identification
MULTIPLEX THEATRE
ACCORDING TO SECTION 80-IB OF THE INCOME-TAX ACT,
• The total built-up area occupied by all the cinema theatres comprised in the multiplex shall not be less than 22,500 square feet, and shall
consist at least 50% of the total built-up area of the multiplex excluding the area specified for parking.
• The multiplex theatres shall be comprised of at least three cinema theatres and at least three commercial shops.
• Total seating capacity of all the cinema theatres comprised in the multiplex shall be at least 900 seats, and no cinema theatre should
consist of less than 100 seats.
• The total built-up area occupied by all the commercial shops comprised in the multiplex theatre shall not be less than 3000 sq. ft., and the
minimum built-up area of each shop shall not be less than 250 sq. ft.
• There shall be at least one lobby or foyer in the cinema theatres, whose area shall be at least 3 sq. ft. per seat.
• The multiplex theatre shall have adequate parking, toilet blocks and other public conveniences, as per local building or cinema regulations,
and shall also fulfil all local building or cinema regulations in respect of fire and safety.
• The cinema theatres comprised in the multiplex theatre shall use modern stereo projection systems with at least two screen speakers per
screen and one surround speaker per 25 seats in a theatre.
• The cinema theatres shall use seats with seat pitch not less than 20" (centre to centre).
• Ticketing system employed by the cinema theatres shall be fully computerised.
• The multiplex theatre cinema shall be centrally air-conditioned.
MULTIPLEX THEATRE
TYPICAL LAYOUT OF 3
CINEMA THEATRES
WITH LOBBY/FOYER
TAMIL NADU STANDARDS (TNCD&BR)
Erection of solar photo voltaic
panels.- Installation of Solar Energy
System is mandatory in all buildings
in the category of High Rise Buildings
and Non High Rise Buildings
exceeding 16 dwelling units and 300
sq.m of commercial building,
Accordingly (a) Minimum terrace
area to be reserved for erecting solar
photo voltaic panels shall be 1/3rd
of total terrae area. (b) The space
required for erecting solar photo
voltaic panels is about 10sq.m. for
generating 1 KW of electricity. (c)
The electricity generated from solar
photo voltaic system so erected will
Building requirements
be used for common electricity
(i) Approach to plinth level: Every
requirements like staircase lights,
building should have at least one
setback lights, lifts, pumps and non-
entrance accessible to the differently
floor space index areas, etc
abled and shall be indicated by proper
signage. This entrance shall be
approached through a ramp together
with the stepped entry. (ii) Ramped
Approach: Ramp shall be finished with
non-slip material to enter the building.
Minimum width of ramp shall be
1800mm with maximum gradient 1:12.
PARKING REQUIREMENTS: Length of ramp shall not exceed 9.0
meter having 800mm high hand rail on
both sides extending 300mm beyond
top and bottom of the ramp. Minimum
gap from the adjacent wall to the hand
 ● Plinth Regulations No plinth or any part of the building should be less
than 30cm above the determined level of: • The center part of abutting
street. • The foot path of the abutting street. • The highest part of the
service lane which determines the drainage of the premises. • Any
portion of the ground within 3m distance of such a building. • Undulating
or slopping land 1.2m above the drainage or country water level.

● Rest Room • The height of the water closets measure from the surface of
the floor to the lowest point to the ceiling shall not be less than 2m. • The
area of water closet shall be 1.1m with the minimum width of 0.9m. 6 • It
should have a ventilator opening to the shaft of open pace of area not
less than 0.3m2 with side not less than 0.3m.

● Parapet Wall • Parapet walls and handrails provided on the edge of roof
terrace shall not be less than 1.05m and not more than 1.2m in height
from finished floor level. 2.2.4 Boundary Wall • Except from with special
permission of the authority, the maximum height of the compound wall
shall be 1.5m above the centre line of the front street.

● Compound wall up to 2.4m height may be permitted if the top 0.9m is of

● Stair case • For shopping complex building the
minimum width of stair case is 1.2m • The rise should
not be more than 200 mm and the tread should not be
less than 200mm
the open type, the construction of the design is to be approved by the
authority. • In case of corner plot, the height of the boundary wall shall
be restricted to 0.75m for a length of 10m on the front and side of the
intersections and the balance height of 0.75m if required in accordance
with open type constructions and the design is to be approved by the
authority

● Septic Tank • Septic tank have minimum width of 75cm, a minimum

depth of 1m below the water level and the minimum liquid capacity of
1m3. • The length of the tank shall be 3 to 4 times the width. • The
ventilation pipe shall have extend to a height on which would cause to
smell nuisance to any building in that area.
LONG SPAN BUILDINGS 3. TAPERED GIRDERS:
● It is cost effective solution, span range 15 to 25m.
Long-span buildings create unobstructed, column-free spaces ● Allows structural services to be accommodated within the structural
greater than 30 metres (100 feet) for a variety of functions. These floor zone.
include activities where visibility is important for large audiences ● Depth increases midspan
(auditoriums and covered stadiums), where flexibility is important
(exhibition halls and certain types of manufacturing industries),
and where large movable objects are housed (aircraft hangars).

1. PARALLEL BEAM APPROACH

● For spans upto 20m.
● Services can be integrated within 2 layers
● The depth of the beam can be reduced without incurring expense.

4. LONG SPAN TRUSS:

● Triangulated system of straight interconnect structural elements.
● Long span, light weight, reduced deflection.

1. COMPOSITE BEAMS WITH WEB OPENINGS 5. PORTAL FRAMES:

● Web openings are typically formed in beams to allow services to pass ● Series of transverse frames braced longitudinally.
through them, thereby reducing the depth of construction. ● Consists of columns , rafters and bracings.
● Used for spans in the range 50 to 30m ● Span 20 to 100m.
 ATRIUMS, AWNINGS AND KIOSKS
Awnings are extended coverings which can
be attached to a building or freestanding.
They are usually constructed from tubular steel
or aluminum frames and covered with fabric.
Mostly, awnings are custom manufactured and
can be designed to fit most any architecture.
Awnings offer the flexibility of covering large
areas at a fraction of the cost compared to
traditional building methods. Restaurants and
hotels often use awnings to cover substantial
outdoor areas for outdoor dining, parties, or
reception. On commercial store front
buildings, graphics are often applied
displaying information like the companies
name, address or branded logo. This allows
the awning to act as a sign or billboard as
well as providing shade, breaking strong
winds, and protecting from rain or snow.
The configuration of the surrounding
architecture will play a major role in
determining the configuration of the awning.
Common post and beam structures, such as
pole barns, are rendered stable by the
addition of siding, roofing, “X”- bracing and
fixed cantilevered footings.
Kiosks are small open fronted cubicles from
which newspapers, refreshments etc. are
sold.
prefabricated and built with aluminum panels or,
most commonly, with wooden elements.
easily removable, thus not attached to a
permanent foundation. For this reason, you can use
materials that can be dry mounted.
stand-alone, i.e. not sharing any walls with the
next building while the customers’ seating area is
built around the structure.
intended for serving food and drinks, thus
interiors are organized in relation to these functions. the atrium was the central open area of a
We also need to make further distinctions. In fact, house, but today the term atrium is
spaces must be organized differently depending on typically associated with commercial and
the type of food being served (that can be either public buildings including offices, health
packaged food or prepared on site). care facilities, libraries, hotels, educational
Inter-floor height 2.70 m institutions etc.
Width of internal circulation flows > In architecture, an atrium (plural: atria) is a
0,70 m large open-air or skylight-covered space
Staff bathroom surface > 2 m² surrounded by a building. Atria were a
common feature in Ancient Roman dwellings,
Countertop / counter 0.30 m
providing light and ventilation to the interior.
Worktop 0.70 m
Lighting and ventilation ratio in the
service area > 1/8
Lighting and ventilation ratio in the
bathroom > 1/12
 Primary stage
SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANTS The primary stage involves
separating solids from liquids. The
sewage is pumped into
construction projects, including multi-storey apartment buildings, IT parks and other
sedimentation tanks, where gravity
commercial establishments, having a built-up area of more than 20,000 sq.mt., should
forces solids to the bottom of the
get the TNPCB’s consent to operate an STP under the Water (Prevention and Control of
tank. The water is then released,
Pollution) Act, 1974, and the Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981. The Secondary treatment is the biological
leaving behind a sludge/slurry.
proponents who have got the consent shall get it renewed regularly. treatment stage that breaks down
organic contaminants in wastewater.
The two most frequently used
processes are activated sludge (aerated
ponds) and filter beds (sewage tricked
over aggregate), where ‘good’ bacteria
in the sludge/aggregate break down the
pathogens in the wastewater.
After secondary treatment, wastewater
can sometimes be released, providing
Wastewater is considered clean after
there’s a low risk to human and animal
secondary treatment, but tertiary
life and the environment.
treatment returns it to an even higher
quality for release in protected waters.
The type of tertiary treatment depends
on the wastewater.

● Microfiltration (where water passes through tiny

holes at high pressure).
● Ion exchange (where ions in the water are
exchanged for other ions).
● Activated carbon adsorption (which removes
organics).
● Disinfection (where UV light or chemicals kill
organic pathogens leftover).
VENTILATION IN UNDERGROUND PARKING
As vehicles enter, exit and drive through the enclosed DUCTED MECHANICAL EXTRACT SYSTEMS
parking space, they release taxic gases which include carbon
monoxide, carbon-di-oxide, oxides of nitrogen etc. Traditional mechanical systems use sheet metal duct work to transport fumes or smoke
to the atmosphere.
Two methods of ventilation - natural and mechanical ventilation.
They must be evenly distributed around the car park.
Natural Ventilation - Simply requires opening to fresh air
They run underneath the ceiling reducing the restricted height.
Mechanical ventilation - limits the concentration of CO,
CO2 and other harmful gases to below 30ppm

Jet fans can be used for partial smoke extraction,

ventilation or even in case of fire. They are positioned to
ensure that fumes and smoke are removed quickly and
efficiently.
 Boom barriers and iBMS
A bar or pole that can be lowered to block vehicular access through
a controlled location, or raised to allow traffic to pass.
Building management system (BMS) also known as building automation
system (BAS) refers to a computer-based control system that needs to be
installed within buildings to monitor and regulate the building's electrical and
mechanical equipment such as power system, lighting, and ventilation

After installation, the boom barriers require only minimal

human intervention and can be operated from anywhere via
buttons.

Authorized Access

Minimal Space Requirements

Power failures don’t impede the operations These systems may include access control, video surveillance, fire alarms,
HVAC control, programmable lighting and electric power management.
value for money

Durable The iBMS provides control and monitors

The five components include individual components by providing access
Sensors to full range of data
Controllers
Output Devices It improves system efficiency, reduce cost
Communication Protocols and increase safety.
Terminal interface
Can identify problems in advance
SURVEILLANCE CAMERAS:
The visual range of a security camera depends on a variety of
features. Generally speaking, security cameras have a range of
anywhere between 10 and 70ft during the day. Alternatively,
some night-vision security cameras have a range of 100-200ft!
Closed-circuit television, abbreviated as CCTV camera is a self-
contained surveillance system that transfers the video recordings of
the connected cameras to a DVR (Digital Video Recorder) through
coaxial cabling.
Because the system makes use of traditional radio frequency (RF), it
is considered to be the most efficient and cost-effective means of
video surveillance.
Surveillance cameras are video cameras that monitor the area
where they are installed. These work in conjunction with security
systems. These cameras can be installed in any public places to
ensure security and also deter criminal activity. The recorded footage
of these cameras is also used as a piece of evidence in case of the
occurrence of the crime.
the laws relating to CCTV cameras in India provide a balance
between the protection of safety and security, and the protection of
individuals' privacy rights. They also help to promote transparency
and accountability in the use of CCTV cameras, and can assist in
the efficient operation of law enforcement.
It is important to note that the use of CCTV cameras should be in
compliance with the Right to Privacy under the Indian Constitution.
It's also mandatory to display the signs of CCTV surveillance at the
entry and exit points of the premises where the cameras are
installed.
The Information Technology Rules, 2021, and the Right to Privacy
and Data Protection Bill, 2019 also deal with surveillance. However,
there are no detailed guidelines and legislation for CCTV
surveillance in India.
while organizations are required to obtain consent from individuals
before collecting, storing, and using their personal information,
there are exceptions, such as the use of CCTV cameras for the
protection of safety and security.
BACKUP GENERATORS:

EMERGENCY COMMERCIAL GENERATORS

These backup generator systems automatically provide backup power in the event of power loss due to a power outage. You can find different
types of emergency power supply systems in the NFPA code. These units must provide power within 10 seconds to all safety systems, which
commonly include:
Exit lighting Diesel generators are one of the most commonly installed generators in the market for emergency backup
Smoke alarms power and standby generator selections. Their versatility means various industries can use them for different
needs. Additionally, these models require less overall maintenance, so you may be able to save money in the
Evacuation systems
long run.
Fire alarms The drawback to diesel generators is how the capacity of their fuel tanks restricts their maximum operating
Escalators runtime. Therefore, you should have a plan for providing fuel to refill the tanks.
Elevators
FIRE SAFETY: Tamil Nadu Fire & Rescue Services Department
FIRE SAFETY: Underground shopping
centres